Proteus vulgaris

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Proteus vulgaris
Proteus vulgaris cultivated after 24 hours

Proteus vulgaris cultivated after 24 hours

Systematics
Department : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Enterobacteria (Enterobacterales)
Family : Morganellaceae
Genre : Proteus
Type : Proteus vulgaris
Scientific name
Proteus vulgaris
Hauser 1885
emend. Judicial Commission 1999

Proteus vulgaris is the name of a gram-negative bacterial species whose cells are rod-shaped and which belongs to the genus Proteus in the Morganellaceae family. Proteus vulgaris is part of the normal intestinal flora of animals and humans and, as a saprophyte, utilizes dead biomass , for example in the soil or sewage . There are cases in which the bacterium has caused diseases, but its medical importance compared to Proteus mirabilis is to be regarded as minor. The genome of the bacterium was completely sequenced in 2018.

features

Appearance

Proteus vulgaris is a gram - negative rod-shaped bacterium, the cells are flagellated peritrich and thus capable of active movement, they are motile . The “swarm phenomenon” typical of representatives of the genus Proteus can be seen on culture media .

Growth and metabolism

As usual with the representatives of the Morganellaceae, the oxidase test is negative. Proteus vulgaris is facultatively anaerobic ; H. the bacteria can grow with or without oxygen . As a typical fermentation , mixed acid fermentation is carried out to generate energy. In contrast to Proteus mirabilis , P. vulgaris shows a positive reaction in the indole test . However, since indole-positive strains of P. mirabilis also exist, another distinguishing feature is the detection of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC): P. mirabilis has this enzyme (ODC-positive), P. vulgaris, however, not (ODC-negative). Further information can be found in the Evidence section .

Simple nutrient media are suitable for cultivation , the bacteria can be grown on casein soy peptone agar (CASO agar) or LB agar , for example , blood agar is also suitable, as is selective nutrient media that are suitable for isolating and differentiating representatives of enterobacteria , for example MacConkey agar . Proteus vulgaris is mesophilic , optimal growth occurs in a temperature range of 30–37 ° C.

genetics

The genome of the bacterial strain Proteus vulgaris FDAARGOS_366 was completely sequenced in 2018 and published in 2019. The genome has a size of 3962 kilobase pairs (kbp), which is roughly comparable to the genome size of Escherichia coli . 3462 proteins are annotated . The results of the sequencing show a GC content (the proportion of the nucleobases guanine and cytosine ) in the bacterial DNA of 38  mol percent . Four different plasmids were also sequenced, their size is between 3 and 217 kilobase pairs, they contain 4–300 genes .

Pathogenicity

In Proteus vulgaris is a facultative pathogenic (opportunistic) pathogens that frequently even in healthy people in the intestine occurs and not necessarily causing disease. P. vulgaris is  assigned to risk group 2 by the Biological Agents Ordinance in conjunction with the TRBA ( Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466 .

proof

→ See also: Section Evidence in the article on the genus Proteus

The lactose-negative colonies typical of the genus Proteus are shown on selective culture media which are suitable for isolating and differentiating representatives of enterobacteria and which contain lactose (e.g. MacConkey agar) . Biochemical features, such as the enzymes present and the resulting metabolic properties, can be used in a colored row to identify Proteus species or to distinguish them from other representatives of enterobacteria.

Proteus vulgaris produces the enzyme urease , which can break down urea , and the enzyme phenylalanine deaminase is also present. In contrast, the enzymes lysine decarboxylase (LDC), arginine dihydrolase (ADH) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are missing . The latter is an important feature to differentiate it from Proteus mirabilis (ODC-positive). P. vulgaris can form hydrogen sulfide from sulfur-containing amino acids and form indole . The positive indole test is another important feature to distinguish it from P. mirabilis (indole negative). Some strains are able to hydrolyze gelatin , but not all of them. In addition, it is checked which carbohydrates can be used with acid formation.

These examinations can be used for miniaturized test systems (e.g. the API 20 E system). The results for Proteus vulgaris can be viewed in the freely accessible database BacDive of the DSMZ ( German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures ). Systems that are automated in terms of equipment (e.g. the Vitek system) are also based on the metabolic properties. Especially in laboratories with a high sample throughput, the biochemical diagnostic tests are increasingly being replaced by mass spectrometric measurements ( MALDI-TOF ), as these provide faster and more reliable results at the species level.

Systematics and taxonomy

Proteus vulgaris (the same applies to P. mirabilis ) was discovered in 1885 by the Erlangen pathologist Gustav Hauser and was first described . The article is called On Putrid Bacteria and Their Relationship to Septicemia. A contribution to the morphology of the split fungi. The epithet P. vulgaris means "common, normal, common". P. vulgaris is the type species of the genus Proteus .

Taxonomy of the Proteus vulgaris group
 Proteus vulgaris  
Hauser  1885 
 biogroup 1  

Proteus penneri Hickman et al. 1983


 biogroup 2  

Proteus vulgaris Hauser 1885 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Judicial Commission 1999


 biogroup 3  
 Genomic Species 3  

Proteus hauseri O'Hara et al. 2000


 Genomic Species 4 

 


 Genomic Species 5 

 


 Genomic Species 6 

 


Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3Template: Klade / Maintenance / 4

Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3

Changes in the taxon Proteus vulgaris
according to O'Hara et al. (2000)

In the past few decades the taxon Proteus, especially Proteus vulgaris , has undergone some changes in taxonomy . In 1982 Proteus vulgaris was separated into three groups (English biogroups ) on the basis of indole production , the utilization of salicin and the aesculin cleavage . The first group ( biogroup 1 ) behaves negatively in all three reactions and was separated off as a new species ( Proteus penneri ). The second group ( biogroup 2 ) behaved positively in all three reactions and remained as Proteus vulgaris . The third group ( biogroup 3 ) is positive in the indole test , but negative for the utilization of salicin and the decomposition of aesculin. Genetic investigations in 1995 with the help of DNA hybridization led to the subdivision of biogroup 3 into four taxa ( genome species 3 to 6), which initially were not described as species until better characterized; one of them (genome species 3) was described in 2000 as Proteus hauseri . Because of the changed taxonomy, the term Proteus vulgaris group is also used in the literature , consisting of P. vulgaris , P. hauseri and the genome species.

The genetic and phenotypic studies by Brenner , O'Hara et al. a. comprised 36 strains of biogroup 3 , including the Proteus vulgaris NCTC 4175 (= ATCC 13315) strain, which was then defined as the type strain of the species . After the division into four genome species it was found that genome species 3 contained only this strain and one more. As a member of biogroup 3 , the type strain at that time showed not only genetic differences but also atypical results in biochemical reactions. This would mean that hundreds of biogroup 2 strains with the information on P. vulgaris collected over decades would now have to be assigned to a different species, since the species is defined by the type strain, in accordance with the rules of the bacteriological code ( International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria ). To prevent this, the scientists involved suggested another strain - ATCC 29905 from biogroup 2 - as a neotype.

1999, this was in the Judicial Opinion 70 of the Judicial Commission (as "judicial or impartial commission") of the International Commission for the systematics of prokaryotes ( International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes , ICSP) confirmed. Consequently the correct name of the species is Proteus vulgaris Hauser 1885 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Judicial Commission 1999. The new type strain of the species is Proteus vulgaris ATCC 29905, in other strain collections it is listed as CCUG 35382 = CCUG 39507, CDC PR1, CIP 104989, DSM 13387, LMG 16708 or NCTC 13145.

Occurrence

→ See also: Section Occurrence in the article on the genus Proteus

Proteus vulgaris is part of the normal intestinal flora of humans . As saprophyte ( Decomposer organic substances) the bacterium is in the ground , in waste water or animal carcasses before. In a study carried out in 2000 to classify certain groups of Proteus vulgaris strains (biogroup 2, biogroup 3) , the isolates came mainly from urine , and also from faeces , wound swabs , sputum and other medical test material from human patients and two isolates from animals .

In an article published in the scientific journal Microbial Ecology in 2016 , Dominika Drzewiecka evaluates over 150 scientific articles on the topic of “Importance and functions of Proteus spp. Bacteria in the Natural Environment ”. The Proteus species is not specified in all documented finds ; if this is the case, information is also provided on the P. vulgaris group (including P. hauseri , which was later separated as a separate species, and the genome species). P. vulgaris is found in the intestines or digestive tract of numerous animals , including domestic pigs , domestic cattle , birds (including sparrows , blackbirds and cowbirds ) and the western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ). The bacterium belongs to the microbiome of the cloaca , sometimes also of the oral cavity of some amphibians , e.g. B. Lissotriton vulgaris ( pond newt ) and Pelophylax ridibundus ( sea ​​frog ) and reptiles , e.g. B. Natrix natrix ( Ringelnatter ) Ptyas mucosus ( Indian snake rats ) and various turtles TYPES as Mauremys rivulata ( Balkan Pond Turtle ), Chelonia mydas ( Green Turtle ) and Caretta caretta ( loggerhead ).

In a study published in 2018, the occurrence of Proteus species was examined in a total of 52 specimens from five different turtle species that are also kept as pets. P. vulgaris was detected in seven specimens, four times each with Ocadia sinensis (or Mauremys sinensis , Chinese striped turtle from the genus of the river tortoises ), twice with Pseudemys concinna concinna ( Western hieroglyphic ear turtle , a subspecies of the common ear turtle ) and once with Pelusios castaneus ( West African folding-chest pelomeduse from the family of pelomeduse turtles ). For comparison: P. mirabilis was detected in 15 animals and P. hauseri in two animals. The turtles' excrement and the water used to keep them served as samples.

If P. vulgaris is found in or on fish , it is assumed that faeces in the water are the cause. Evidence of the bacterium was found in Scomber scombrus ( mackerel ), Scomber japonicus ( Japanese mackerel ), Limanda herzensteini (from the plaice family ) and Oreochromis niloticus (from the cichlid family ); the isolates came from the gills , the digestive tract and / or from the body surface. In the mackerel, the Proteus bacteria were the only representatives of the enterobacteria that were found.

Medical importance

In Proteus vulgaris is a facultative pathogenic (opportunistic) pathogens that frequently even in healthy people in the intestine occurs and not necessarily causing disease. It plays a role as a pathogen causing nosocomial infections , e.g. B. urinary tract infections - often with long-term use of urinary catheters - or wound infections. However, P. vulgaris accounts for less than 10% of infections with bacteria of the genus Proteus , which is probably related to its overall lower incidence in humans. For example, by Proteus spp. urinary tract infections caused in most cases P. mirabilis the pathogen and not P. vulgaris . Notes on antibiotics can be found in the section Antibiotic Resistance and Effective Antibiotics in the Proteus article .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g C. M. O'Hara, FW Brenner, JM Miller: Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella . In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews . tape 13 , no. 4 . American Society for Microbiology, Washington October 2000, p. 534-546 , doi : 10.1128 / cmr.13.4.534-546.2000 , PMID 11023955 , PMC 88947 (free full text).
  2. ↑ a b J. M. Matsen, DJ Blazevic, JA Ryan, WH Ewing: Characterization of indole-positive Proteus mirabilis . In: Applied Microbiology . tape 23 , no. 3 , March 1972, p. 592-594 , doi : 10.1128 / cmr.13.4.534-546.2000 , PMID 4553804 , PMC 380392 (free full text).
  3. ↑ a b c German collection of microorganisms and cell cultures (DSMZ): Proteus vulgaris, Type Strain. In: Website BacDive . Retrieved December 23, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b Jim Manos, Robert Belas: The genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella (Chapter 3.3.12) . In: Martin Dworkin , Stanley Falkow , Eugene Rosenberg , Karl-Heinz Schleifer , Erko Stackebrandt (eds.): The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria, Volume 6: Proteobacteria: Gamma Subclass . 3. Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25496-8 , pp. 245-257 , doi : 10.1007 / 0-387-30746-X_12 .
  5. ↑ Proteus vulgaris. In: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome website . Retrieved December 23, 2019 .
  6. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). August 25, 2015, p. 346 , accessed on December 23, 2019 (last change on August 14, 2019).
  7. ↑ Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Jack Parker: Brock Microbiology. German translation edited by Werner Goebel, 1st edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg / Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8274-0566-1 , pp. 531-536.
  8. ↑ Neelja Singhal, Manish Kumar, Pawan K. Kanaujia, Jugsharan S. Virdi: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 6 , August 2015, doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2015.00791 .
  9. ^ A b c Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus Proteus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, Systematics of Bacteria (LPSN) . Retrieved January 3, 2020 .
  10. ↑ a b c d C. M. O'Hara, FW Brenner, JM Miller, B. Holmes, PA Grimont, JL Penner, AG Steigerwalt, DJ Brenner, BC Hill, PM Hawkey: Classification of Proteus vulgaris biogroup 3 with recognition of Proteus hauseri sp . nov., nom. rev. and unnamed Proteus genomospecies 4, 5 and 6. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . tape 50 , no. 5 , September 2000, pp. 1869-1875 , doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-50-5-1869 .
  11. ↑ a b c d e Dominika Drzewiecka: Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments . In: Microbial Ecology . tape 72 , no. 4 , January 2016, p. 741-758 , doi : 10.1007 / s00248-015-0720-6 , PMID 26748500 , PMC 5080321 (free full text).
  12. ↑ DJ Brenner, FW Hickmann-Brenner, B. Holmes, PM Hawkey, JL Penner, PAD Grimont, CM O'Hara: Replacement of NCTC 4175, the Current Type Strain of Proteus vulgaris, with ATCC 29905: Request for an Opinion . In: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology . tape 45 , no. October 4 , 1995, doi : 10.1099 / 00207713-45-4-870 .
  13. ↑ a b Enterobacteria, Proteus . In: Helmut Hahn, Stefan HE Kaufmann, Thomas F. Schulz, Sebastian Suerbaum (eds.): Medical microbiology and infectious diseases . 6th edition. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-46359-7 , p. 237, 250 .
  14. ↑ HNKS Pathirana, BCJ De Silva, SHMP Wimalasena, S. Hossain, GJ Heo: Comparison of virulence genes in Proteus species isolated from human and pet turtle. In: Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. Volume 19, Number 1, 2018, pp. 48-52, PMID 29805463 , PMC 5960773 (free full text).
  15. ^ BW Senior, DL Leslie: Rare occurrence of Proteus vulgaris in faeces: a reason for its rare association with urinary tract infections . In: Journal of Medical Microbiology . tape 21 , no. 2 , March 1986, p. 139-144 , doi : 10.1099 / 00222615-21-2-139 , PMID 3512839 .