Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia

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Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia (* 1955 in Hong Kong ) is an American historian, author and professor of history. He is one of the leading experts on the history of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation . His areas of expertise also include the history of anti-Semitism and the encounter between Europe and Asia.

Live and act

Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia was born in Hong Kong in 1955. In 1977, he completed his Bachelor with highest honors in the social sciences , in history and political science at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania from. After a Masters in History from Harvard University in 1978, Yale University in 1979 and a Masters of Philosophy in History from Yale University in 1980, he also received his PhD in History from Yale in 1982. Hsia has been a US citizen since 1980.

1982-1984 was Hsia lecturer in history and scholarship of the humanities at Columbia University . 1984-1987 he was an assistant professor at Cornell University . Until 1989 he was an associate professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . He then worked for eleven years as a professor at New York University .

In 1995 Hsia received the Humboldt Fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for History in Göttingen . In July 2000 he was elected an academic at the Academia Sinica in Taiwan and in July 2001 he was elected Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of History at the Pennsylvania State University .

From 2004 to 2018 Hsia held various visiting professorships of history at Chengchi National University in Taiwan, the Fudan University in Shanghai, the Nanjing University , the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Advanced Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences.

Hsia currently works at Pennsylvania State University . His ongoing project is entitled ' Jesuit Silk: The Cultural Practices of Catholic Conversion in early modern Europe and China '. It examines the history of the cultural encounter between the Counter Reformation in Europe and the empires of the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty . He teaches courses on early modern Europe and is particularly interested in the history of the development of the world, comparative history courses in the early modern period and especially in the history of religion . The history of the explorations, the rise of Western Europe, the comparative history of the early modern empires and the history of Christian mission (especially in China) form his current teaching and research focus.

Thanks to his knowledge of the most important modern and also classical languages ​​(Latin, Greek, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, English and Chinese), Hsia was able to provide science with a wide range of previously unpublished works. Hsia gradually began to explore areas in the field of sinology .

Reception of his works (selection)

'Society and Religion in Münster: 1535-1618'

In 1984 Hsia's work 'Society and Religion in Münster: 1535-1618' was published. It covers the period from the suppression of the Anabaptist movement to the beginning of the Thirty Years War . It deals with the conflict between the city and the spiritual territorial state , as well as the implementation of re-Catholicization with its effects on people's lives. The study focuses on the socio-historical side of the Counter Reformation and its political consequences for the urban community. Hsia worked out the theses that the Counter-Reformation strengthened the parish organization and thus expanded the spiritual control over the daily life of the individual. At the same time, the Counter Reformation promoted the emergence of a spiritual elite - the Jesuit order .

James Perkins of Baylor University praised the depth of research and the wealth of resources cited. Harm Klueting describes the work as an important contribution to the political and social history of the confessional age in Germany. Details are still to be corrected by local research. According to Klueting, Hsia repeatedly confirms a thesis expressed by Wolfgang Reinhard in his book , according to which the administrative inability of the early modern state to exercise power through the means of denominational social discipline was replaced by denominational churches.

'Social Discipline in the Reformation, Central Europe: 1550-1750'

The book 'Social Discipline in the Reformation, Central Europe: 1550-1750' was published in 1989 and offers an overview of the institutionalization of the urban Reformation in Germany between 1548 and the expulsion of Protestants from Salzburg in 1731. Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia deals at the beginning with the internal development in Lutheranism , Calvinism and Roman Catholicism . He dedicates a brief description to each of these three denominations. Hsia argues that the Reformation and Counter-Reformation were structurally similar developments in the long-term social transformation of the German-speaking area of ​​early modern Central Europe. It is an inseparable process. According to Jeremy Black , Hsia's main thesis is that the confessionalization of daily life replaces the sacralization of society. John Theibault also emphasizes that Hsia argues that a common characteristic of all denominations is the attempt to convey a discipline. By this he means, according to Jeremy Black, the internalization of discipline based on decency and piety and the suppression or diversion of violence and anger. According to Kaspar von Greyerz , Hsia argues that confessionalization has in common not only the foundation of denominational churches, but also the consolidation of the church, the early modern state, and the imposition of social discipline by church and state. According to Alister McGrath , Hsia bases his conclusion on careful documentation of the social, institutional, and educational and cultural aspects of the phenomenon of " confessionalization ".

Alister McGrath praises Hsia's work as an excellent resource book for anyone interested in the shaping of early modern Europe and the relationship between religion and society. Kaspar von Greyerz agrees with McGrath and describes the book as a concise and well-written introduction to a complex subject. According to McGrath, through the work, Hsia provided many studies and historical results that were previously inadequate in English. Black sees the book as a useful synthesis of religious and social aspects. John Theibault praises Hsia's coverage of the broad range of topics in just a few pages, without being reductionist. Theibault describes the contemporary and generous recognition of the contributions of the scientists as a strength of the work.

Jeremy Black criticizes the exaggeration of the importance of the government during this period and believes that Hsia's account of the rise of the state can be questioned. The extent to which princely authority relied on cooperation needed to be emphasized more clearly. Black criticizes that the relationship between the parties of the "popular and elite religions" is more complex than suggested by Hsia. Von Greyerz criticizes Hsias for too narrow a focus on Germany and not on all of Central Europe. According to von Greyerz, there are occasional glimpses of Austria and Switzerland, but the categories used come from German history and do not always match developments on the periphery of the Holy Roman Empire . According to von Greyerz, this applies in particular to the term "Calvinism". According to von Greyerz, the term is too general to take into account the differences in religious belief and ecclesio-political perspective that are characteristic of Protestantism in Switzerland. Theibault describes the work as possibly confusing for less knowledgeable readers. According to Theibault, however, specialists may find Hsia's connections to be inadequate. As an example, he cites that Hsia discusses the conversions of members of princely lines on two pages without arguing why these conversions, besides the fact that Catholicism was revived, took place. Theibault criticizes that this irrelevant list of conversions under the heading "The Catholic Social Order" is confusing. Hsia tried with a lot of historiographical justification to avoid arguments that the impulses for social discipline came strictly from above. The different elements that Hsia mentions do not solve the problem from where the impulse may have originated, according to Theibault. Thus, this book is not an entirely successful attempt to connect the history of religious mentalities. Theibault describes the work as "suggestive in detail".

'In and Out of the Ghetto: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany'

In 1995 'In and Out of the Ghetto: Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany' was published in collaboration with Hartmut Lehmann . The volume originally emerged from an international and interdisciplinary conference in 1991 at the University of California in Los Angeles . A total of 30 experts on the history of the Jews from the 14th to the late 18th century took part. The volume contains thematically diverse articles on a period that has long been neglected by the historical research of the Jews, not only in Germany. In the commentaries of historians of general Jewish and early modern history (Theodore K. Rabb, Gershon David Hundert, Carlo Ginzburg, etc.), suggestions for further research were given and the contributions were critically appraised. In his essay on the depiction of Jews as usurers in the late 15th and early 17th centuries by Christian authors, Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia draws attention to early examples of racist statements. According to Gerd Mentgen of the University of Trier , Carlo Ginzburg wrongly described this in a commentary as an anachronistic approach.

'Trent 1475: Stories of A Ritual Murder Trial'

The work Trent 1475: Stories of A Ritual Murder Trial was published in 1992 and five years later in German translation with the title Trient 1475. History of a ritual murder trial . Hsia focuses on the blood slander . Hsia tells of the legal proceedings and their consequences for most members of a local Jewish community. After the lifeless body of a Christian boy named Simon von Trient was found in the basement of a Jewish household, this was initiated against them with fatal consequences for the accused. The boy, however, was declared a martyr . The book also discusses how the papal investigation into the case ended in failure. Sigurður Gylfi Magnússon assigns the work to Anglo-Saxon micro - history . This focuses more and more on a specific case and often disregards larger historical contexts and a further interest in knowledge, which is why their assignment to microhistory is controversially discussed. According to Otto Ulbricht , two aspects are characteristic of a widespread American understanding of microhistory. On the one hand, she often deals with ordinary people. On the other hand, the goal is to tell. Works should be attractive to an interested public and thus spread historical knowledge.

Christopher R. Friedrichs of the University of British Columbia praises Hsia's research in the local archives and his reconstruction of the specific court hearings as being complex and detailed. According to Friedrichs, Hsia's book is a compelling attempt to explain the trend towards ritual murder court hearings. According to Friedrichs, such negotiations increased rapidly in Central Europe in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and decreased sharply from the middle of the 16th century. Thomas Robisheaux of Duke University describes the work as a contribution to the understanding of the history of anti-Semitism and the formation of myths. Volker Hunecke from the Technical University of Berlin praises Hsia's successful description of the connection between the spatially and temporally widely spaced accusations of attacks against Jews. Thomas Robisheaux criticizes, among other things, Hsia's argumentation on the formation of myths as simplistic.

'The World of Catholic Renewal: 1540-1770'

The work The World of Catholic Renewal: 1540-1770 appeared parallel to the German translation Gegenreformation: Die Welt der Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770 in 1998. Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia shows a diverse overall picture of the Counter Reformation and Catholic culture of the early modern period . The work contains an analysis of the latest research results on the institutional, political, social and gender-historical dimensions of the Counter Reformation, especially from the perspective of power relations. It shows the prehistory, course and results or cultural consequences of the Catholic reform from the beginning of the Council of Trent to the abolition of the Jesuits . In it, Hsia deals chronologically with the fate of the Jesuit mission - representative of the spiritual and institutional church renewal movement. He understands the Counter-Reformation as a complex phenomenon and a long-term factor of social change. Outlined in three chapters on 'Ecclesia triumphans' ( Portugal , Spain , Italy ), 'militans' ( Poland , Catholic Netherlands, France, 'Germany', 'Austria', Bohemia) and 'afflicta' (England, northern Netherlands, Ireland) Hsia also different paths of the Counter Reformation as a result of dealing with the respective political conditions. Hsia's main thesis is that Catholic renewal is largely the work of the institution builders of the Catholic Church. Hsia emphasizes that the era of Catholic renewal was one of the earliest eras in world history. He largely treats Catholic renewal as an extension of the Tridentine reforms (after the Council of Trent). But ultimately power relations, social privileges, gender inequalities and racism determined the institutional character of post-Tridentine Catholicism. Precisely because Tridentine Catholicism was so well adapted to hierarchies, early modern Catholicism increased the divisions in society.

According to Regina Pörtner of Swansea University , Hsia's interpretation of the Counter-Reformation is conclusive, taking into account the central assumptions of confessionalization theory. She underlined the effectiveness of clerical elites in strengthening dominant social and political hierarchies. According to Pörtner, it highlights the varied European social and political geography and reform chronology. It will be expanded with treatments from Asia , South America and Africa and a special comparison of Catholicism in three Asian societies: the Philippines , Japan and China . Despite this change, a clear and consistent argument emerges according to Pörtner. Pörtner describes centralization, discipline and education as the catchwords of Hsia's study. In discussing the papacy , curia , charity, priesthood, and episcopate , Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia emphasizes how family strategies for social advancement and income, and prevailing gender inequalities, have shaped and limited the extent of reform. Pörtner praises his clear emphasis on the relationship between religion and the prevailing political power and social structures. These do not in any way drive out Hsia's sense of complexity, contradiction and paradox. In his discussion of new religious orders, Hsia showed how mission, art and teaching enabled complex cultural, cognitive and emotional adaptations. These shape a new, early modern Catholic culture. The personal asceticism of the most influential new orders represents a counter-example to the laxity and worldliness of established orders. According to Pörtner, Hsia makes deliberate and skillful decisions in order to represent the content and dynamics of the Catholic renewal. Pörtner describes Hsia's presentation as an elegantly formulated, factual, sensibly rounded, methodologically up-to-date, if somewhat brief overall presentation. Ann W. Ramsey of the University Extension, University of Texas calls Hsia's overview the best framework available for studying early modern Catholicism. It has clear themes and structures, it evokes regional and national differences exceptionally well, and it has a good balance between analysis, interpretative generalization, basic quantification and illustrative example. According to Ramsey, his work underscores how much work is still needed to analyze the emotional and psychological situation of the laity in Catholic reform. Trevor Johnson ( University of the West of England ) commends Hsia for extensive research in numerous languages ​​and impressive synthetic skills. He recommends the book as a standard work on the Counter Reformation.

'A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci 1552-1610'

In 2010 'A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci 1552-1610' was published. Ronnie Po-Chia Hsia writes the biography of the co-founder of the Jesuit mission in China on the 400th anniversary of his death . He contextualizes Matteo Ricci's extraordinary life in late Ming China in a social, political and religious context. Hsia proceeds chronologically and explains important points in Ricci's life. Then he expands his narrative geographically. Readers are drawn further and further into Ricci's life and into the heart of Chinese culture. For example, Hsia spends a lot of time describing the voyages instead of quickly narrating Ricci from Rome to Macau. This gives the reader the necessary insight into Ricci's pre-China experiences and the status of sea passages is situated in a prehistoric network of similar journeys. The narrative is also enriched with original character sketches from Ricci's environment.

Timothy Billings of Middlebury College particularly highlights Hsia's use of both European and Chinese sources. He describes him on the one hand as a rigorous historian and as a popular biographer. His biographical work differs from other biographies in the method of paraphrasing or translating essential points from Chinese sources. Rather than simply reproducing Ricci's notes and descriptions, Hsia consult the appropriate Ming record, magazines, or letters for another perspective. In this way, he succeeds in shedding light on the network around Matteo Ricci. Much of the material was first translated into a European language by Hsia. By including the latest research by Chinese historians, information is added that was previously completely unknown to biographers. Gianni Criveller from the Holy Spirit Seminary College of Theology and Philosophy describes Hsia's book as arguably the most detailed and informative biography of Matteo Ricci. He also praises his in-depth research. According to him, the scientific contribution contains a significant part of the amount of new information about relevant late Ming sources. Hsia provided the first long translations or summaries of some of Ricci's Chinese writings in a Western language. Markus Friedrich emphasizes positively that Hsia refers to the mostly overlooked contribution of Michele Ruggieri to the China mission. He also describes the sovereign embedding of individual life in the course of time as remarkable. The integration into the immediate regional environment is a particular strength. Elisabetta Corsi from La Sapienza University and Thierry Meynard from Nanzan University also recognize Hsia's book as an important standard work. Jeremy Clarke ( Boston College ) sees one of the strengths of Hsia's book in its description of the publications related to Matteo Ricci over the past hundred years since Ricci's 300th anniversary of his death. Hsia shows that research is moving from the publication of "monuments to the memory of Ricci" to the field of critical science. His book itself is a good example of this. He sees another strength in the inclusion of original Chinese materials. Hsia's focus, according to Clarke, is on meticulous details and gentle prose.

Clarke points out minor translation errors. For example, names such as Chindezhen for Jingdezhen (p. 99), Shaoshou for Shaozhou (p. 133) or confusing movement back and forth between Huang and Wang (Chinese Jesuit Huang Mingsha (p. 139 and 279 compared to p. 163)). However, he does not consider these to be serious considering the amount of primary and secondary sources. Criveller criticizes that complex historical questions are overly simplified. The bibliographic overview includes titles without academic value that leave out valuable biographies such as Fernando Bortones.

Fonts (selection)

  • Jesuit Silk, The Cultural Practices of Catholic Conversion in early modern Europe and China. (Currently in progress at Oxford University Press)
  • Matteo Ricci and the Catholic Mission to China, 1583-1610: A Short History with Documents. Hackett Publishing Co, Inc. Cambridge Ma 2016, ISBN 978-1-62466-433-5 .
  • A Jesuit in the Forbidden City, Matteo Ricci 1552-1610. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-965653-0 .
  • The Jesuit Encounter with Buddhism in Ming China. Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Rome 2009, ISBN 978-88-7041-368-7 .
  • With Peter Bruke: Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, ISBN 978-0-511-49719-3 .
  • The Cambridge History of Christianity, Vol. 6: Reform and Expansion 1500-1660. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, ISBN 978-1-139-05484-3 .
  • Noble Patronage and Jesuit Missions, Maria Theresia von Fugger-Wellenburg (1690-1762) and Jesuit Missionaries in China and Vietnam. Institutum Historicum Societatis Jesu, Rome 2006, ISBN 978-3-95786-045-3 .
  • With Henk van Nierop: Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002, ISBN 978-0-511-49676-9 .
  • With Lynn Hunt et al .: The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Boston Bedford / St. Martin's, Boston 2000, ISBN 978-0-312-40959-3 .
  • The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998, ISBN 978-0-521-84154-2 . German translation: Counter Reformation: The world of Catholic renewal, 1540-1770, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt 1998, ISBN 978-3-596-60130-1 .
  • Trent 1475, Stories of A Ritual Murder Trial. Yale University Press, New Haven 1992, ISBN 978-0-300-06872-6 . German translation: Trient 1475: stories of a ritual murder trial. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt 1997, ISBN 978-3-10-062422-2 .
  • With Hartmut Lehmann: In and Out of the Ghetto, Jewish-Gentilie Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995, ISBN 978-1-139-05264-1 .
  • With Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Bonnie Smith and Barbara Rosenwein: The Challenge of the West, Peoples and Cultures from the Stone Age to the Global Age. DC Heath & Company, Lexington Massachusetts 1994, ISBN 978-0-669-12164-3 .
  • Social Discipline in the Reformation, Central Europe 1550-1750. Routledge, London 1989, ISBN 978-0-415-01149-5 .
  • The Myth of Ritual Murder, Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany. Yale University Press, New Haven 1988, ISBN 978-0-300-04746-2 .
  • Society and Religion in Münster, 1535-1618. Yale University Press, New Haven 1984, ISBN 978-0-300-03005-1 . German translation: Society and Religion in Münster 1535-1618. Aschendorff Verlag, Münster 1989 ISBN 978-3-402-06630-0 .

Awards (selection)

  • Netherlands Institute of Advanced Study Fellowship (2005-2006)
  • Institute of Arts and Humanities Resident Scholarship, Pennsylvania State University (2010)
  • Humanities Doctoral Seminar Grant, Mellon Foundation (2009–2011)
  • Käte Hamburger Fellow, Ruhr University Bochum , Germany (2012)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d http://www.americanacademy.de/person/ronnie-po-chia-hsia/
  2. ↑ Christopher R. Friedrichs: Review of The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany . In: Journal of Church and State . tape 32 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0021-969X , pp. 428-429 , JSTOR : 23916985 .
  3. ↑ a b https://history.la.psu.edu/directory/rxh46
  4. ^ A b Ronnie Hsia - Asian Studies. Retrieved June 28, 2019 .
  5. ↑ https://asian.la.psu.edu/people/rxh46
  6. ^ A b Elisabetta Corsi: "Visiting Humanists" and Their Interpreters: Ricci (and Ruggieri) in China . In: China Review International . tape 19 , no. 1 . University of Hawai'i Press, 2012, ISSN  1069-5834 , pp. 1-8 , JSTOR : 23733385 .
  7. ^ W. James Perkins: Review of Society and Religion in Münster, 1535-1618. Yale Historical Publications, misc. 131 . In: Journal of Church and State . tape 27 , no. 3 , 1985, ISSN  0021-969X , pp. 545-546 , JSTOR : 23916340 .
  8. ^ Harm Klueting: Review of Society and Religion in Münster, 1535 - 1618 . In: Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung (=  Yale Historical Publications, Miscellany . Volume 131 ). tape 15 , no. 4 . Duncker & Humblot GmbH, 1988, ISSN  0340-0174 , p. 484-485 , JSTOR : 43567841 .
  9. ^ A b c d Alister McGrath: Review of Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe 1550-1750. (Christianity and Society in the Modern World.) . In: The Journal of Theological Studies . tape 41 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0022-5185 , pp. 818-819 , JSTOR : 23965726 .
  10. ^ A b c Jeremy Black: Review of Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550-1750 . In: Teaching History . No. 65 , 1991, ISSN  0040-0610 , pp. 45-45 , JSTOR : 43257563 .
  11. ↑ a b c John Theibault: Review of Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550-1750 . In: The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . tape 22 , no. 3 , 1992, ISSN  0022-1953 , pp. 515-517 , doi : 10.2307 / 205007 , JSTOR : 205007 .
  12. ^ A b c Kaspar von Greyerz: Review of Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550-1750,; The Denominational Age, 1525-1648,; Empire and Split Faith: Germany, 1500-1600 . In: The English Historical Review . tape 107 , no. 423 , 1992, ISSN  0013-8266 , pp. 395-396 , JSTOR : 575078 .
  13. ^ A b Gerd Mentgen: Review of In and Out of the Ghetto. Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany, (Publications of the German Historical Institute) . In: Journal for Historical Research . tape 23 , no. 3 , 1996, ISSN  0340-0174 , p. 393-394 , JSTOR : 43572415 .
  14. ^ Jörg Deventer: Review of In and out of the Ghetto. Jewish-Gentile Relations in Late Medieval and Early Modern Germany . In: Historical magazine . tape 265 , no. 1 , 1997, ISSN  0018-2613 , pp. 148-150 , JSTOR : 27631564 .
  15. ↑ Christopher R. Friedrichs: Review of The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany . In: Journal of Church and State . tape 32 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0021-969X , pp. 428-429 , JSTOR : 23916985 .
  16. ↑ a b Sigurður Gylfi Magnússon, István M. Szijárto: What is Microhistory ?, Theory and practice . Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London / New York 2013, ISBN 978-0-415-69208-3 , pp. 53 .
  17. ↑ Otto Ulbricht: Micro history: people and conflicts in the early modern times . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-593-38909-7 , pp. 25-26 .
  18. ↑ Christopher R. Friedrichs: Review of The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany . In: Journal of Church and State . tape 32 , no. 2 , 1990, ISSN  0021-969X , pp. 428-429 , JSTOR : 23916985 .
  19. ↑ a b Thomas Robisheaux: Review of The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany . In: Journal of Ritual Studies . tape 5 , no. 2 , 1991, ISSN  0890-1112 , pp. 133-135 , JSTOR : 44398757 .
  20. ↑ Volker Hunecke: Review of Trient 1475. History of a ritual murder trial . In: Journal for Historical Research . tape 27 , no. 1 , 2000, ISSN  0340-0174 , p. 120-121 , JSTOR : 43569328 .
  21. ↑ a b Regina Pörtner: Review of Counter Reformation. The world of the Catholic renewal 1540-1770,; The World of Catholic Renewal 1540-1770, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia . In: Journal for Historical Research . tape 28 , no. 1 , 2001, ISSN  0340-0174 , p. 143-144 , JSTOR : 43569540 .
  22. ^ A b Ann W. Ramsey: Review of The World of Catholic Renewal 1540-1770,; Cardinal Jean Jouffroy (1473): Life and Work,; Seventeenth-Century Cultural Discourse: France and the Preaching of Bishop Camus . In: Renaissance Quarterly . tape 56 , no. 2 , 2003, ISSN  0034-4338 , p. 509-512 / 204-204 , doi : 10.2307 / 1261889 , JSTOR : 1261889 .
  23. ^ Trevor Johnson: Review of The World of Catholic Renewal 1540-1770 . In: History . tape 85 , no. 278 , 2000, ISSN  0018-2648 , pp. 333-333 , JSTOR : 24424918 .
  24. ^ Timothy Billings: Review of A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci 1552-1610 . In: Renaissance Quarterly . tape 64 , no. 3 , 2011, ISSN  0034-4338 , p. 981-983 , doi : 10.1086 / 662918 , JSTOR : 10.1086 / 662918 .
  25. ↑ Jeremy Clarke: Review of A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610 . In: Journal of World History . tape 23 , no. 1 , 2012, ISSN  1045-6007 , p. 181-184 , JSTOR : 41508064 .
  26. ↑ a b c Gianni Criveller: Review of Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court; A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610,; Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East . In: The Journal of Asian Studies . tape 71 , no. 3 , 2012, ISSN  0021-9118 , p. 768-773 , JSTOR : 23263591 .
  27. ^ Timothy Billings: Review of A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci 1552-1610 . In: Renaissance Quarterly . tape 64 , no. 3 , 2011, ISSN  0034-4338 , p. 981-983 , doi : 10.1086 / 662918 , JSTOR : 10.1086 / 662918 .
  28. ↑ Markus Friedrich: NEW SOURCE PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS ON THE HISTORY OF THE JESUIT ORDER: A collective meeting . In: Journal for Historical Research . tape 38 , no. 3 , 2011, ISSN  0340-0174 , p. 441-458 , JSTOR : 43572501 .
  29. ^ Thierry Meynard: The Overlooked Connection between Ricci's: "Tianzhu shiyi" and Valignano's "Catechismus Japonensis" . In: Japanese Journal of Religious Studies . tape 40 , no. 2 , 2013, ISSN  0304-1042 , p. 303-322 , JSTOR : 23595658 .
  30. ↑ a b Jeremy Clarke: Review of A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610 . In: Journal of World History . tape 23 , no. 1 , 2012, ISSN  1045-6007 , p. 181-184 , JSTOR : 41508064 .
personal data
SURNAME Hsia, Ronnie Po-Chia
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American historian and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH 1955
PLACE OF BIRTH Hong Kong