S-300P

S-300P
S-300PMU-2 favorite
General Information
Type	Surface-to-air guided missile system
Local name	S-300P, S-300PT, S-300PS, S-300PM, S-300PMU, S-300PMU-1, S-300PMU-2
NATO designation	SA-10 Grumble, SA-20 Gargoyle
Country of origin	Soviet Union / Russia
Manufacturer	Almas share
development	1967
Commissioning	1979
Working time	in service
Technical specifications
length	7.25 m
diameter	519 mm
span	1,134 mm
First stage drive	Solid rocket engine
speed	over 2,000 m / s
Range	200 km
Service ceiling	27,000 m
Furnishing
steering	INS , data link
Target location	semi-active radar target search ( SARH ) with TVM
Warhead	143 kg fragmentation warhead
Detonator	Impact and proximity fuses
Weapon platforms	Vehicles / trailers, ships
Lists on the subject

S-300P (NATO designation SA-10 Grumble and SA-20 Gargoyle ) is a long -range surface-to-air guided missile system that was developed in the Soviet Union and is used today by the Russian armed forces , among others . It is a variant of the S-300 anti-aircraft missile system . The S-300P system is not to be confused with the S-300W system ( NATO code name : SA-12A Gladiator, SA-12B Giant).

development

The origin of the development of the S-300P is based on a study by MKB Strela (later Almas) from 1966. The aim of this study was the development of a common surface-to-air guided missile system for the various branches of the Soviet Union. The planned S-500U system was to be used by the air defense forces as well as the air defense forces of the ground forces and the navy . During the development of the S-500U, the developers were confronted with widely divergent needs and the requirements listed in the specification sheet could only be implemented with difficulty in a uniform air defense system. Finally, in 1967, the S-500U project was stopped and declared over by Dmitry Ustinov . As a result, the various branches of the armed forces each had an air defense system tailored to their needs. The system intended for the air defense forces was named S-300P , that for the air defense forces of the ground forces S-300W and that for the navy S-300F . The development of the S-300P in the Almas design office began in 1967. In the early 1980s, the new system was to include the S-25 (SA-1 Guild) and later the S-75 (SA-2 Guideline) and S-125 (SA- 3 Goa). Persistent problems with the development of the various components, particularly the phased array radar systems, resulted in long delays. Finally, in 1979, the first S-300PT systems were delivered to the Soviet Air Defense Forces (PWO). In 1981 the S-300PT was finally operational. After that, the system was continuously developed and modernized. The mobile version S-300PS was ready for use in 1985. The improved version S-300PM followed in 1989, which was developed as a temporary solution until the introduction of the modernized S-300PM-1. In 1992 the S-300PM-1 version was introduced. This is a profoundly modernized version of the S-300PS with a new system architecture and new search and control algorithms. A new type of guided missile is also used. The final version S-300PM-2 was presented in 1995 and was developed under the name S-300PMU-2 Favorit-S primarily for the export market. The S-400 system , which is based on the components of the S-300PM-2, is to be regarded as a further development stage . The successor system to the S-300P is the S-350 .

technology

The S-300P is used to combat combat aircraft and cruise missiles at all altitudes. It can be used mobile and is suitable for all weather conditions. From the S-300PS version, ballistic missiles can also be intercepted.

There are primarily three different versions of the S-300P system: the S-300PT version installed on a trailer system and the self-propelled S-300PS version, installed on trucks . The later version of the S-300PM is based on a trailer system. In all versions, all system components can be laid quickly and are mobile on the road. The S-300P system consists roughly of the following components: a fire control radar , a surveillance radar, a fire control station, the guided missile starters and other components for autonomous or combined use.

Radars

Fire control radar

76N6 radar (left) 30N6 radar (right)

The S-300PT fire control radar is designated 5N63 and has the NATO code name Flap Lid-A . The version S-300PS is designated 5N63S and has the NATO code name Flap Lid-B . It also has the export designation 30N6 . The S-300PM version uses the 30N6-1 fire control radar (NATO code name Tombstone ). The S-300PM-1/2 versions use the improved 36N85 fire control radar (NATO code name Tombstone ). All fire control radar types use phased array antennas with an area of ​​around 2.75 m² and are equipped with around 16,000 phase shifters . The antennas work on the principle of passive, frequency-controlled phased array antennas (PESA). While the 5N63 fire control radar operates at a frequency of 3 to 8  GHz , the 5N63S fire control radar uses a frequency range of 2 to 3 GHz. The S-300PM's 30N6-1 fire control radar operates in a frequency range of around 3 GHz. A frequency range of 2 to 3 GHz is used for the 36N85 fire control radar of the S-300PM-1 / -2. The fire control radars have a friend-foe detection (IFF) and have a range of 100 to 300 km (depending on the version). For better detection of low-flying targets, the radar can be placed on the 15 m high 40W6 antenna mast .

Surveillance radar

64N6 surveillance radar

The 5N64K surveillance radar is used in conjunction with the S-300PT version . This bears the NATO code name Big Bird-A . In the S-300PS version, this radar is referred to as the 5N64 (NATO code name Big Bird-B ). From the S-300PM onwards, the modified type 64N6 surveillance radar is used. This is called Big Bird-C / D by NATO . All types of surveillance radar use double-sided phased array antennas with a horn antenna . The antenna surface has approximately 3,500 phase shifters per side and is about 30% greater than that of the AN / SPY-1 -Multifunktionsradars the cruisers the Ticonderoga-class . The antenna of these surveillance radars also work according to the principle of passive, frequency-controlled phased array antennas (PESA). The surveillance radars work in a frequency range of 2 to 6 GHz. The radar system has a friend-foe detection (IFF) and has a range of over 300 km. A flight target with a radar cross-section of 0.4 m² can be located at a distance of 127 km. The radar can simultaneously detect 300 targets and monitor 100 of them. The surveillance radars are used at regiment level in cooperation with a central fire control station.

If the S-300P system is used autonomously as a single battery , the surveillance radar 5N59 (ST-68M), which bears the NATO code name Tin Shield, is used. More modern versions of this radar are known as the 36D6 and ST-68UM . The ST-68 radar works in a frequency range of 2 to 7 GHz and, depending on the version, has a range of 70 to 150 km. For better detection of low-flying targets, the radar can be placed on the 15 m high 40W6 antenna mast . The S-300PM-2 version uses the 96L6 radar (NATO code name Cheese Board ) for autonomous use. This is an all-weather 3D surveillance and target tracking radar and has a detection range of 5 to 300 km. It can simultaneously accompany up to 100 targets at a speed between 30 and 2800 m / s and works with wavelengths in the centimeter range in a frequency range of 4 to 6 GHz. The radar is installed on an MZKT-7930 truck. This radar can also be placed on the 40W6M or 40W6MD antenna mast .

Low-flying radar

The 5N66 radar (76N6) is used with the S-300P to detect and track low-flying targets such as cruise missiles . This has the NATO code name Clam Shell . A more modern version of this radar is called the 76N6M. The 76N6 radar is a frequency -modulating continuous wave radar (Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave = FMCW). The radar antenna is either mounted on the 23.80 m high 40W6M antenna mast or on the 38.80 m high 40W6M2 antenna mast. The 5N66 radar operates in a frequency range of 3.5 to 4 GHz and has a range of over 120 km. With the S-300PM-2 version, the 96L6 radar (NATO code name Cheese Board ) is used for low- flying detection (see above).

Fire control station

With the S-300P system, a central fire control station is used at regiment level . With the S-300PT this is referred to as 5N83 / 5K56 . In the S-300PS version, it has the designation 5N83S / 5K56S . From the later versions S-300PM / PM-1 / PM-2 the fire control station 83M6 / 54K6 is called. The fire control station is connected directly to the surveillance and target tracking radar. The operators lead the fire fight from the fire control station, whereby they can also receive instructions from a higher-level command post . In cooperation with the surveillance and target tracking radar, 300 flight targets can be detected at the same time and 100 can be accompanied by them. Of these, in turn, 36 targets can be passed on to the batteries (six per battery) for fighting. The fire control center can coordinate the fire fighting of six S-300P batteries. An S-300P regiment with six batteries can simultaneously deploy 72 guided missiles against 36 air targets. The fire control center has extensive communication facilities that allow combat command personnel to communicate with various reconnaissance and command systems. The fire control station carries out the following actions:

• Control and monitoring of the battery radars
• Acquisition, identification, tracking of air targets
• Friend-Foe Detection (IFF)
• Prioritization of the individual air targets and the relaying of the most dangerous ones to the fire control radars of the battery
• Control and coordination of electronic countermeasures
• Coordination of the battery in autonomous or combined use
• Data exchange with neighboring units as well as the higher level

Guided missile starters

Launch vehicle S-300PMU-2 Favorit based on a KrAZ-6446

The first version, the S-300PT, uses the 5P851 guided missile starters . They each carry four anti-aircraft missiles , which are transported in closed and maintenance-free containers. This guided missile launcher is installed on a trailer and pulled by a truck . In this position , the launcher is disconnected from the truck. Power is supplied via cables from the towing vehicle or from an external power generator . The data is transmitted via copper cables . In the S-300PS version, the four guided missile containers are installed on all-terrain 8 × 8 MAZ-7910 trucks . These transport and launch vehicles are named 5P85S and 5P85D . The vehicles use extendable antennas for data transmission among each other . From the later version S-300PM, the four guided missile containers are installed on a trailer of the type 5P85T . The towing vehicle no longer has to be uncoupled for the guided missile launch and the power supply is provided by a power generator located on the trailer. Optionally, the 5P85SM launch vehicle based on the MAZ-7910 can also be used with the S-300PM-1 / -2 versions. The data transfer takes place with extendable antennas. To make the missile starter ready to fire, the missile containers are moved from the horizontal transport position to the vertical position and placed on the floor.

Guided missiles

The 5W55 guided missiles are delivered from the manufacturing plant in sealed transport and launch containers that protect against the effects of the weather. The guided weapons can be transported and stored in the cylindrical containers for ten years without being checked. For control purposes, the guided missiles have a built-in electronic self-test that can be carried out by the operating personnel on a control box on the starting containers. Four transport and launch containers are installed on each launch vehicle. The guided missiles are launched vertically. Using a catapult , the guided weapons are thrown out of the transport and launch containers to a height of 20-30 m. Only then does the missile's solid rocket engine ignite . The minimum start interval is 3 seconds. After take-off, the guided missiles accelerate with a load factor of up to 31  g . The solid rocket engine has a burn time of 11 to 12 seconds and accelerates the rocket to 1,700 to 1,850 m / s. Then the rest of the flight takes place without power. At an altitude of 25,000 m, with a flight distance between 27 and 75 km, the speed of the guided weapon is still 1,040 to 1,560 m / s. At low altitudes, the guided missiles can perform flight maneuvers with a maximum lateral load of 18  g . At heights over 20,000 m, the load limit drops to 3 to 7  g . The guided weapons have a typically cylindrical body and are divided into four sections: The seeker head , the electronics and the proximity fuse are located behind the tip of the guided weapon . Immediately behind it is the 5Sch93 fragmentation warhead. When detonated, this generates 21,900 fragments of 2.5 grams each . This is followed by the single-stage solid rocket engine. The actuators and the thrusters for the thrust vector control are located in the stern . There are also four trapezoidal control surfaces at the stern . The newer 48N6 guided missiles are similar to the 5W55 missiles, but are equipped with new electronics, a more powerful solid rocket engine and enlarged control surfaces. The warhead was also enlarged and optimized for fighting ballistic missiles. The 48M6D guided missile is equipped with a bidirectional warhead weighing 143 kg. A further development of this guided weapon, the 48N6DM is used with the S-400 system.

The S-300PT version primarily uses the 5W55K guided missile (W-500K) with a range of 47 km. This type of guided weapon is steered to the target with command steering . Later, with the S-300PT-1, the improved guided missile types 5W55KD and 5W55P with a range of 75 km were used. There was also the 5W55S (W-500S) version with a nuclear warhead with a variable explosive force of 0.1 to 5  kT .

The S-300PS version primarily uses the 5W55R guided missile (W-500R) with a range of 75 km. With this type of guided missile, the principle of semi-active radar homing with track-via-missile is used. There is also the guided missile type 5W55WM with a passive radar search head and the 5W55S guided missile (W-500S) with a nuclear warhead.

With the S-300PM version, the 5W55RD guided missiles with a range of 92 km are primarily used. The export guided missile 5W55RUD and the 5W55PM guided missile with a passive radar seeker head are also available for the S-300PM .

The S-300PM-1 version uses the 48N6 guided missile with a range of 150 km. The export designation is 48N6E. The older guided missiles 5W55RUD and 5W55PM can also be used.

The S-300PM-2 version uses the 48N6D guided missile, which is optimized for fighting ballistic missiles. It has a range of 200 km and has the export designation 48N6E2.

Overview of guided missiles

Technical specifications

system	S-300PT	S-300PS	S-300PM	S-300PM-1	S-300PM-2
Guided missile	5W55K (W-500K)	5W55R (W-500R)	5W55RD	48N6	48N6D
length	7.11 m			7.50 m
Hull diameter	514 mm	508 mm	514 mm	519 mm
Wingspan	1,124 mm	1,118 mm	1,124 mm	1,134 mm
Dimensions	1,612 kg	1,601 kg	1,625 kg	1,800 kg	1,835 kg
drive	1 stage, solid
Warhead	133 kg fragmentation warhead			145 kg fragmentation warhead	143 kg fragmentation warhead
Detonator	Impact and radar proximity fuze
Airspeed	over 1,800 m / s			over 2,000 m / s
Extermination zone	7-47 km	5–75 km	5-92 km	5-150 km	3-200 km
Bet height	25-25,000 m		25-27,000 m	10-27,000 m	10-25,000 m
Steering system	Inertial navigation + radio command control	Inertial Navigation + SARH + TVM

Versions

S-300PT Birjusa

This first version of the S-300P was introduced in 1979. This guided weapon complex installed on a trailer system is designed for use in fixed positions. A complete battery is called 5Sch15 . The 5N63 fire control radar can simultaneously attack three targets with six guided missiles at a distance of 47 km. S-300PT uses the 5W55K guided missiles. The system index of the Russian armed forces is 70R6 . The NATO code name of the S-300PT is SA-10A Grumble .

S-300PT-1

Ukrainian S-300PT in 2016

This improved version was introduced in 1983. It was created parallel to the S-300PS and is equipped with its newer electronics. The S-300PT-1 is designed for connected and autonomous use in unprepared positions. The improved 5N63 fire control radar can simultaneously attack six targets with twelve guided missiles at a distance of 75 km. The standard guided weapon is the type 5W55R. The system index of the Russian armed forces is 70R6-1 .

S-300PT-1A

The S-300PT-1A is a modernized version of the S-300PT-1. In addition to various improvements, the 5P851A guided missile starters are used, which have their own power generation unit. All previous S-300PT systems have been upgraded to this status. The standard guided weapon is the type 5W55R.

S-300PS

S-300PS

The S-300PS is the self-propelled version installed on MAZ-7910 trucks. It was introduced in 1985 and exported under the designation S-300PMU from then on. Compared to the previous models, a new comes in this embodiment system architecture with the modern 5E266 - the central computer used. The 5N63S fire control radar can simultaneously attack six targets with twelve guided missiles at a distance of 75 km. The later versions of the S-300PS can also combat short-range ballistic missiles . These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 1200 m / s over a distance of 30 km. The standard guided weapon is the type 5W55R. The system index of the Russian armed forces is 75R6 . A complete battery is called 5Sch15S . The NATO code name of the S-300PS is SA-10B Grumble .

S-300PM

The S-300PM was introduced in 1989 as an interim solution for the later S-300PM-1. The S-300PM can fight 6 targets at the same time with 12 guided missiles at a distance of 92 km. Ballistic missiles with a maximum flight speed of 2788 m / s can also be fought over a maximum distance of 30 to 40 km. S-300PM uses guided missiles of the type 5W55RD or their export version 5W55RUD. The system index of the Russian armed forces is 35R6, and a complete battery is called 90Sch6 . The NATO code name of the S-300PM is SA-10C Grumble .

Erecting the starting container of a Russian S-300PM-1

Azerbaijani S-300PMU-2 launch vehicles (2013)

S-300PM-1

The S-300PM-1 is a profoundly modernized version of the S-300PS with new electronics and the 40U6 central computer as well as new software . The guided missile complex was introduced in 1992. The 36N85 fire control radar can simultaneously attack six targets with twelve guided missiles at a distance of 150 km. Ballistic medium-range missiles can also be intercepted. These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 2788 m / s over a distance of 40 km. The standard guided weapon is the type 48N6. The NATO code name of the S-300PM-1 is SA-20A Gargoyle .

S-300PM-2

This version was presented in 1995. It is a modified version of the S-300PM-1, which has been optimized for combating medium-range ballistic missiles. The S-300PM-2 can intercept medium-range ballistic missiles with a maximum range of 1000 km. These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 2800 m / s over a distance of 40 km. The standard guided missile is the 48N6D type with a range of 200 km. The system index of the Russian armed forces is 35R6-2 . The NATO code name of the S-300PM-2 is SA-20B Gargoyle .

S-300PMU

This is the export version of the S-300PS which has been offered in different versions on the export market since 1985. A complete battery is called 90Sch6E . The standard guided weapon is the type 5W55R.

S-300PMU-1

This is the export version of the S-300PM-1. A complete battery is called 90Sch6E1 .

S-300PMU-2 Favorit-S

This is the export version of the S-300PM-2. A complete battery is designated 90Sch6E2 .

S-300F Fort

The S-300F is the marine version of the S-300PS and is used on the cruisers of the Project 1144 (Kirow class) and Project 1164 (Slava class). The 3R41 fire control radar can simultaneously attack six targets with twelve guided missiles at a distance of 75 km. The standard guided weapon is the type 5W55RM. The NATO code name of the S-300F is SA-N-6 Grumble .

S-300FM Fort-M

The S-300FM is the naval version of the S-300PM-1 and is installed on the cruiser Pjotr ​​Veliki of Project 1144 (Kirov class). The 30N6 fire control radar can attack six targets with twelve guided weapons at the same time. The guided missile type 48N6F with a range of 150 km is used. The NATO code name of the S-300FM is SA-N-20 Gargoyle .

S-300F Rif

This is the export version of the S-300F.

S-300FM Rif-M

This is the export version of the S-300FM.

HQ-9

Further development of the S-300PMU from the People's Republic of China . HQ-9 uses guided missiles with a range of 125 km. The anti-radar version is called FT-2000 . The export version is called FD-2000 .

HHQ-9

The HHQ-9 is the marine version of the HQ-9. The HHQ-9 is used on the Destroyer Class Type 052B of the Navy of the People's Republic of China .

Overview of the S-300P systems

Composition of the S-300 systems

system	S-300PT	S-300PS	S-300PM	S-300PM-1	S-300PM-2
NATO code name	SA-10A Grumble	SA-10B Grumble	SA-10C Grumble	SA-20A Gargoyle	SA-20B Gargoyle
Introductory year	1979	1983	1989	1992	1997
Fire control radar	5N63 (Flap Lid-A)	5N63S (Flap Lid-B)	30N6-1 (tombstone)	30N6 / 36N85 (tombstone)
Fire control station	5N83 / 5K56	5N83S / 5K56S	83M6 / 54K6
Surveillance radar	5N64K (Big Bird-A)	5N64S (Big Bird-B)	64N6 (Big Bird-C)	64N6 (Big Bird-D)
Low-flying radar	5N66 (Clam Shell)	5N66M (Clam Shell)	76N6 / 76N6M (Clam Shell)	76N6M (Clam Shell)	96L6 (Cheese Board)
Guided missile starters	5P851	5P85S + 5P85D	5P85T
Guided missile	5W55K	5W55R	5W55RD	48N6	48N6D
Extermination zone	7-47 km	5–75 km	5-92 km	5-150 km	3-200 km

User states

Current users

•  Algeria - As of January 2019, 3 S-300PMU-2 batteries, which were delivered between 2008 and 2011 with 300 48N6E2 guided missiles, are in service.
•  Armenia - As of January 2019, 2 S-300PS batteries and an unknown number of S-300PM batteries from Russian stocks are in service.
•  Azerbaijan - As of January 2019, there are 2 S-300PMU-2 batteries that came with 200 48N6E2 guided missiles in 2011.
•  Bulgaria - As of January 2019, an unknown number of S-300Ps are in service.
•  People's Republic of China - As of January 2019, there are 32 S-300PMU, 64 S-300PMU-1 and 64 S-300PMU-2 in service.
•  Greece - As of January 2019, there are 12 S-300PMU-1 (2 batteries) in service, which were handed over to Greece in the 1990s due to pressure from Turkey on Cyprus .
•  Iran - As of January 2019, there are 32 S-300PMU-2s in service, which were first tested in the Damvand military maneuver in 2017.
•  Kazakhstan - As of January 2019, 40 S-300PS (10 batteries) from Russian stocks are in service.

•  Russia
  Space Forces - As of January 2019, 90 S-300PM-1 and PM2 are in service.
  Marines - As of January 2019, there are 40 S-300PS and 56 S-300PM-1 in service.
  Air Force - As of January 2019, 160 S-300PS and 150 S-300PM-1 and S-300PM-2 launch vehicles are in service.
•  Slovakia - As of January 2019, an unknown number of S-300PS are in service.
•  Syria - As of January 2019, there are 24 S-300PMU-2 (3 batteries) in service. After Russia had supplied S-300PM and S-300PM-2 from its own stocks in October 2019, these systems in Syria were upgraded to the version S-300PMU-2 by November 2018.
•  Ukraine - As of January 2019, there are 250 S-300PS and S-300PT in service.
•  Vietnam - As of January 2019, there are 12 S-300PMU-1 in service.
•  Belarus - As of January 2019, 1 Brigade S-300PS from Russian stocks is in service.

Former users

•  Estonia - 2 batteries S-300PMU. Decommissioned in 2011.
•  German Democratic Republic - After the S-300PMU was introduced into the NVA in 1989, these were returned to the Soviet Union before reunification .
•  Croatia - Decommissioned in 2018
•  Latvia - 5 batteries S-300PMU. Decommissioned in 2011.

•  Lithuania - 1 battery S-300PMU. Decommissioned in 2011.
•  Moldova - 1 battery S-300PMU Decommissioned in 2011.
•  Poland - 1 battery S-300PMU. Decommissioned in 2011.

literature

• Bernd Biedermann, Jürgen Gebbert, Wolfgang Kerner: The anti-aircraft missile complex S-300PMU in the NVA. Steffen Verlag, Friedland, 2012, ISBN 3-942477-22-X .
• Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. Aerospace Daly & Defense Report, Aviation Week, August 2015.
• Duncan Lennox: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems . Edition 2001, 34th edition Edition, Jane's Information Group, 2001, ISBN 0-7106-0880-2 .
• Michal Fiszer: Name of the Roses: Russia's “joint” S-300 air defense system turned out to be nothing of the sort . In: Military Microwaves Supplement . Collegium Civitas, Warsaw June 1, 2006 ( preview [accessed December 31, 2017]).
• SM Ganin, AW Karpenko: The S-300 surface-to-air guided missile system . Saint-Petersburg 2001, p. 50–62 ( site3f.ru [PDF; 8.0 MB ; Retrieved December 31, 2017] Russian: зенитная ракетная система С-300 .).
• Sean O'Connor: The S-300P / S-400. I&A Volume 1, Number 3, April 2011, IMINT & Analysis, at geimint.blogspot.com
• Wladimir Korowin, WG Swetlow: The rooks of the design office "Fakel" . RIA Gloria-Art, Moscow 2003 (Russian: Ракеты " Факела " / Fakel's Missiles .).

Web links

Commons : S-300P  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Detailed system description from DTIG (German)
• Documentary about the development of the S-300P - film at youtube.com
• Test shooting with S-300PMU - film at youtube.com
• Russian Air Defense (Russian)
• С-300П зенитная ракетная система (Russian)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Adrian Ochsenbein: The surface-to-air guided missile system SA-10 GRUMBLE. In: scribd.com. Defense Threat Informations Group, accessed December 27, 2017 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Michal Fiszer: Name of the Roses: Russia's “joint” S-300 air defense system turned out to be nothing of the sort. Military Microwaves 2016, pp. 30–35.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} S. M. Ganin, AW Karpenko: The S-300 surface-to-air guided missile system. 2001
4. ↑ ^{a b} Michal Fiszer: Moscow's Air-Defense Network Part I – III. Journal of electronic Defense, November 29, 2004.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Bernd Bidermann, Jürgen Gebbert, Wolfgang Kerner: The anti-aircraft missile complex S-300PMU in the NVA. 2012
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Adrian Ochsenbein: The surface-to-air guided missile system SA-20 Gargoyle. In: scribd.com. Defense Threat Informations Group, accessed July 5, 2018 . 
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Steven J. Zaloga: Grumble - Guardian of the Skies, Part I and II. Jane's Intelligence Review, 1997
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa} Sean O'Connor: The S-300P / S-400. I&A Volume 1, Number 3, IMINT & Analysis, April 2011.
9. ↑ ^{a b} Michal Fiszer & Jerzy Gruszczynski: Castles in the Sky - The rise, fall, and rebirth of Russia's integrated air-defense network. Journal of electronic Defense, January 27, 2003.
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Dr. Carlo Kopp: Almaz S-300P / PT / PS / PMU / PMU1 / PMU2 Almaz-Antey S-400 Triumf SA-10/20/21 Grumble / Gargoyle. In: ausairpower.net. Air Power Australia, accessed December 27, 2017 . 
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Duncan Lenox: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, Edition 2001. 2001. pp. 302-305.
12. ↑ Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Rosmann: Austrian Workshop on Missile Defense 2012 - Radars for Missile Defense International Situation. (PDF) In: bundesheer.at. Federal Ministry of Defense, February 22, 2012, accessed on November 9, 2018 . 
13. ↑ ^{a b} Зенитно-ракетная система C-300ПС (C-300ПМУ). In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved December 27, 2017 (Russian). 
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. 2015. p. 10.
15. ↑ Airspeed of the W-500 depending on the flight path
16. ↑ Change of G-force, angle of attack and angle of rotation for fins in different flight zones for the guided weapon W-500
17. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. 2015. p. 9.
18. ↑ ^{a b} Индексы Главного ракетно-артиллерийского управления МО. (PDF; 686 kB) p. 53 , accessed on January 18, 2018 (Russian, GRAU index). 
19. ↑ ^{a b} Bernd Bidermann, Jürgen Gebbert, Wolfgang Kerner: The anti-aircraft missile complex S-300PMU in the NVA. 2012. p. 62.
20. ↑ Wladimir Korowin, WG Swetlow: The rakes of the design office "Fakel" . RIA Gloria-Art, Moscow 2003, p. 86 (Russian: Ракеты " Факела " / Fakel's Missiles .).
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Dan Katz: S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System. 2015. p. 6.
22. ↑ Зенитно-ракетная система C-300 ПМУ-1. In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved December 27, 2017 (Russian). 
23. ↑ Зенитно-ракетная система C-300 ПМУ-2 'Фаворит'. In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved December 27, 2017 (Russian). 
24. ↑ SM Ganin, AW Karpenko: The surface-to-air guided missile system S-300. 2001. pp. 43-47.
25. ↑ ^{a b} Dr. Carlo Kopp: CPMIEC HQ-9 / HHQ-9 / FD-2000 / FT-2000 Self Propelled Air Defense System. In: ausairpower.net. Air Power Australia, accessed December 27, 2017 . 
26. ↑ ^{a b c d} Trade Register at sipri.org , accessed on February 3, 2020
27. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2019 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2019, ISBN 978-1-85743-988-5 (English, January 2019).
28. ^ Military technology “made in Turkey”: Why Turkey wants to buy a Russian air defense system , NZZ, September 14, 2017
29. ↑ Iran tests sophisticated Russian-made air defense system
30. ↑ Jeremy Binnie: Syrian S-300 conversion reportedly completed. In: janes.com. IHS Jane's Defense Weekly, November 8, 2018, accessed November 9, 2018 . 
31. ↑ Lieutenant Colonel a. D. Dipl. Rer. mil Martin Kunze: Weapons and equipment of the NVA - where have they gone? (Part 2). Information booklet No. 16 of the Working Group on the History of the NVA and Integration of Former NVA Members in Society and the Federal Armed Forces in the Regional Executive Committee East of the DBwV, accessed on September 6, 2019 .