Oskar Schindler

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Oskar Schindler

Oskar Schindler (born April 28, 1908 in Zwittau , Moravia , Austria-Hungary ; † October 9, 1974 in Hildesheim , Germany ) was a German-Moravian entrepreneur who, together with his wife, faced about 1200 Jewish slave laborers he had employed during the Second World War murder in the death camps of the Nazis preserved.

In 1993 , the State of Israel posthumously declared Schindler to be Righteous Among the Nations for the rescue of forced laborers .

Childhood and youth

Oskar Schindler was born in Zwittau as the son of the agricultural machinery manufacturer Johann "Hans" Schindler and his wife Franziska "Fanny" (née Luser) . He had a sister named Elfriede who was eight years his junior. The children of the neighboring Jewish families were among their playmates. Schindler attended elementary and secondary school. At the age of 16, he was expelled from school after forging his certificate. He completed an apprenticeship in his father's company. He was raised Roman Catholic, but turned away from the practice of faith for a long time as an adult. The pious mother was grieved because as an adult Oskar - like his father - stayed away from church services more and more often. From 1926 to 1929 Schindler was an avid motorcyclist. At the age of 19 (1928) he married Emilie Pelzl , the daughter of a wealthy farmer from Alt Moletein . Emilie was also brought up very piously and was sent to a convent by her parents for a year. Her father, a landowner, disapproved of his daughter's early marriage to an "unfinished man". Shortly after the marriage, Schindler was drafted into the army of the First Czechoslovak Republic .

Espionage for the German Reich

After the closure of his father's agricultural machinery factory due to the effects of the global economic crisis , Schindler worked from 1935 to 1939 as an agent for the Foreign Office / Defense in Mährisch-Ostrau and Breslau . His superior at the time was Admiral Wilhelm Canaris .

As a camouflage, Schindler was employed as the commercial manager of the Moravian Electrotechnical Company in Brno . In 1935 he joined Konrad Henlein's pronational socialist party , the Sudeten German Home Front , later the Sudeten German Party (SdP).

After his espionage activity was exposed, he was sentenced to death for treason for betraying Czechoslovak railway secrets to Germany . Only Hitler's attack on the " remaining Czech Republic " in 1939 prevented the execution of the death sentence.

In order to secure industrial orders, he joined the NSDAP in 1939 (membership number: 6.421.477) and left in the same year from his work at the General Command VIII in Breslau / Amt Canaris. In the hope of being able to profit from the war on business, Schindler went to Krakow after the German invasion of Poland .

Economic rise

Factory products
Schindler's factory in Krakow (2009)

In October 1939, Schindler took over a dormant enamel factory in Zabłocie near Kraków, which he initially leased and later acquired. He made a fortune through black market trading, in which he was advised by his Polish-Jewish accountant Abraham Bankier. Sheet metal was scarce in wartime. His small factory, which produced unbreakable kitchenware for the Wehrmacht and the black market, grew by leaps and bounds. After just three months, it had 250 Polish workers, seven of whom were Jews. The Jewish ghetto in Krakow did not exist at that time.

Schindler, a hedonist and gambler, adopted the bon vivant lifestyle and enjoyed life to the full. He was described by contemporaries as a handsome, tall man who moved about the social floor with agility, knew how to celebrate extravagantly, and was successful with women. Schindler was a supporter of football. He sponsored the German Gymnastics and Sports Association (DTSG) Krakow , which played in the Gauliga Generalgouvernement , in which only clubs of the German occupiers were allowed.

Rescuing Jewish forced laborers

German Emailwarenfabrik (DEF)

From 1939 to the end of 1942, his company had grown into an enamel and ammunition factory, which was 45,000 m² in size and employed almost 800 people. Among these were 370 Jews from the Krakow Ghetto , which was established in March 1941. The German Emailwarenfabrik (DEF) was often called Emalia by Jews .

Schindler's resistance to the regime did not develop for ideological reasons. The previously opportunistic factory owners were disgusted with the treatment of the helpless Jewish population. Gradually, his financial interests gave way to the desire to save as many Jews as possible from the Nazis. At the end of this development, Schindler and his wife were not only ready to spend their entire fortune (according to today's value one million euros) on this goal, they even put their lives at risk.

The intended basis of the rescue efforts was the classification of his factory as an important production facility . He succeeded because the military administration of occupied Poland recognized his enamelling factory as an armaments factory (production of shell casings ) in 1943 . This enabled him to conclude economically lucrative contracts as well as to call on Jewish workers who were under the control of the SS .

In order to achieve this, he portrayed the prisoners as indispensable for his production, whose deportation would slow down the fulfillment of war-important orders. This deception enabled him to obtain exceptions as soon as Jews were threatened with deportation to extermination camps . For example, he saved his secretary, accountant and financier Abraham Bankier from deportation to Belzec on June 3, 1942 . In a risky way he used the coincidental identity of the name with Max Schindler in order to influence SS personnel with an intended misunderstanding. Schindler did not shy away from lying or falsifying documents by pretending to be academics and children as skilled metal workers. He was also classified as an important production company by means of a deceit in correspondence with the SS. He was also able to record successes in persistent negotiations with the SS after gifts and bribes had been received.

Plaszow forced labor camp and Schindler's sub-camp

In March 1943, the SS evacuated the Krakow ghetto. Some of the Jews were deported to extermination camps. She deported Jews who had been classified as fit for work by the SS to the Plaszow forced labor camp (Plaschau). Schindler made friends with the brutal camp commandant Amon Göth , which helped him to obtain permission to house his Jewish factory workers in his own camp on Lipowastrasse. Watchtowers were built around the newly created camp, but the SS rarely entered it. The workers were warned by a signal tone as soon as the SS planned a camp inspection. The SS were forbidden to enter his factory premises. By arranging a sub-camp it was possible for him to offer his workers comparatively good conditions and to supplement their poor nutrition rations with food that he bought on the black market .

Interrogation and trip to Hungary

Schindler was questioned several times by the Gestapo , who suspected him of irregularities, bribing the SS and favoring Jews, but this did not deter Schindler from continuing. The Gestapo arrested and interrogated Schindler in 1941 for black market activities. Another arrest was made on April 29, 1942, following a complaint; he had been denounced as a "Jew kisser". His old contacts with the Foreign Office / Defense , among other things, favored his quick release from prison.

The proximity of the contact to his former superior Admiral Canaris , for whom Schindler worked for four years at the Foreign Affairs / Defense Office, has not yet been researched by historians . Canaris had been repeatedly criticized by Hitler and suspended from duty, among other things because he employed Jews. Canaris - who was executed after the assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 - had also sent Jews abroad as V-men and thus saved them; he had also criticized the Einsatzgruppen in Poland.

In 1943, at the request of the Zionist organization Joint , Schindler secretly traveled to Budapest, where he met with Hungarian Jews in the Hotel Pannonia . He described the desperate situation of the Polish Jews and discussed ways to help. (See also: Contemporary Knowledge of the Holocaust ).

From 1944: Plaszow is converted into a concentration camp

Płaszów labor camp near Kraków (1942)

In January 1944, the Plaszow forced labor camp established in 1940 was converted into a concentration camp, that is, incorporated into the Reich-wide concentration camp system and its organizational structure. Schindler's camp, in which his workers lived, was now called a concentration camp external command , but was still an external concentration camp . The difference between a satellite camp and a field command was defined as follows in the concentration camp system: The workers of a field command were to work at the respective armaments factory during the day and slept in the concentration camp in the evening, where they also had to compete on the roll call area every day . The workers of a sub-camp , however, did not return in the evening, they lived and slept in a camp at the armaments factory, which was controlled by concentration camp guards. Here too, Schindler had tricks and gained advantages for his workers: They only had to return to the Plaszow concentration camp on weekends instead of daily and thus escaped Göth's arbitrariness, among other things.

In fact, the major innovation was that the newly created concentration camp and its supposed external command were now under the strictest control of the inspection of the concentration camps , Office Group D in Berlin. Amon Göth, to whom Schindler was so close that he was allowed to refer to him on friendly terms with his nickname Mony , had got a new manager. The situation was enormously complicated for Schindler. He now had to try to negotiate with several and still unknown people in order to get them well-disposed. He traveled to Berlin to negotiate security for his workers and his camp. He had the production of sheet metal crockery stopped, the factory now only produced ammunition.

From the summer of 1944 it became known that the Plaszow concentration camp was to be dissolved. Schindler's associated subsidiary camp had also received an evacuation order from the Heereswaffenamt Berlin . Instead of running away with the millions in profits from his war manufacturing businesses and leaving his workers to certain death, Schindler decided to move his factory and take his workers with him. The planned safer location of the new factory was Brünnlitz, which was in the Zwittau district , where Schindler was born and raised and had many contacts.

The strict control by Office Group D had further consequences. In the fall, the SS officer Amon Göth was arrested by the Nazi judiciary. One of his SS men had reported him for black market deals and embezzlement of imperial property. While Göth was in custody, SS man Arnold Büscher took over the management of the Plaszow concentration camp. Schindler also had to come to terms with this innovation.

Brünnlitz subcamp in Zwittau

Schindler's factory, Brünnlitz
Photo of the gatehouse of the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp from the camp side. Recording Stanislaw Mucha

At the end of 1944, the Plaszow concentration camp and all satellite camps had to be evacuated due to the advance of the Red Army . The SS deported over 20,000 Jews from Plaszow to extermination camps.

Schindler had succeeded in obtaining all the necessary permits to continue his war-important production in the Moravian Brünnlitz , Zwittau district. The SS had granted him 800 men and 300 women as workers. In addition to his previous workers, a large number of new names came from the Plaszow camp. In total, the list finally comprised 297 women and 781 men. The relocation of the men to the Brünnlitz labor camp began on October 15, 1944 and took place under the control of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp .

The women were transported via Auschwitz , as SS regulations required that all prisoners, men and women, be placed in quarantine before they were transferred to another camp. Body searches were also prescribed, which also extended to the intimate area. All this had to be done by women for female prisoners, but at that time Gross-Rosen had neither the appropriate staff nor the facilities to treat the three hundred Schindler women. Therefore, the women were directed to the closest concentration camp, in this case Auschwitz, about 60 km away.

Schindler managed to save the men from the Groß-Rosen camp. His personal secretary managed to negotiate the onward transport of the women in Auschwitz by promising the Gestapo an increased payment of 7 Reichsmarks per person per day. It was not, as is often reported, the only case in which such a large group was allowed to leave the extermination camps, but it was the best known.

In the last days of the war, Schindler fled to Germany. In Schindler's production facilities, none of his workers had been beaten or deported to an extermination camp, and none of them died an unnatural death.

After the end of the war

Memorial plaque for Oskar Schindler (1995), Regensburg

The post-war period was not financially successful for Schindler. From November 1945 to May 1950 he lived for one year in the old town of Regensburg in the property Am Watmarkt 7, where a memorial plaque was placed, then north of the Danube in the suburb of Steinweg . He then settled in San Vicente, Argentina , for a while , where he ran a nutria farm with his wife Emilie († 2001) . After this went bankrupt in 1957, he returned to West Germany without Emilie and worked as a sales representative . An attempt to succeed as a concrete manufacturer ended in bankruptcy in 1961 . When surviving Jews protected by him learned of his professional and financial difficulties, they invited him to Jerusalem .

From this point on, Oskar Schindler lived a “divided” life: he spent half of the year in Frankfurt am Main , where he lived in a one-room apartment at the train station, the other half of the year he stayed with the Jews he had rescued in Jerusalem. Schindler led this life until his death in 1974. He died on October 9, 1974 in the St. Bernward Hospital in Hildesheim. At his request, he found his final resting place in the Roman Catholic Franciscan cemetery on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. To this day, numerous Jews visit his grave and honor it by laying a small stone there.

Two years before his death, a room in the Hebrew University was dedicated to him, in which a book describing his deeds and a list of the names of all Jews who were saved are on display.

Oskar Schindler first became known to a broader public in Germany and the world through the film Schindler's List .

Gate marked “To Oskar Schindler's Grave”, Jerusalem

Legacy and aftermath

"Schindlerjuden"

The Jewish men and women rescued by Schindler often referred to themselves as Schindler Jews . Leopold Page , one of the rescued Jews, came into contact with the author Thomas Keneally in 1980 , who then wrote a novel about Schindler. The term Schindler Jews also spread through newspaper reports and the film Schindler's List (1993).

After their liberation in 1945, the rescued prisoners spread around the world. Some of them, including Mietek Pemper and Wolf Weil , settled in Germany. Michel Friedman's parents were also among them. It is estimated that around 400 Schindler Jews were still living in the early 1990s, half of them in Israel. The last German survivor of the Schindler Jews was Jerzy Gross , who recently reported publicly about his fate. Moshe Bejski, judge at the Supreme Court of Israel, described the nature and work of Schindler:

"Had he been an average person, he would certainly not have been able to do what he did for us."

- Moshe Bejski

According to contemporary witness reports, Schindler had several high NSDAP party awards that made a significant contribution to making an impression on the SS and helping him to open doors more easily. Schindler is said to have been a bearer of the blood order, as well as the golden party badge , as shown in the film. There is no historical evidence of ownership of the badge. However, it can be proven that Schindler was not an average NSDAP member, but rather enjoyed a heroic reputation with the SS.

Schindler's suitcase

In October 1999, a suitcase with 7,000 documents and photos was found in the attic of his last lover's apartment, Annemarie Staehr in Hildesheim. It contained an original list of the Jews rescued by Oskar Schindler and, among other things, a complete list of the favors Schindler had done to the SS. All food expenses were meticulously noted. When the two journalists of the Stuttgarter Zeitung , Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, found out about the suitcase, they had the contents viewed, cataloged and packed in acid-free folders at the Federal Archives in Koblenz. The newspaper then handed the valuable find over to the Yad Vashem Memorial .

Copies were sent to Emilie Schindler, his widow. However, she claimed the suitcase as the rightful heir for herself. In mid-2001, after a settlement, she received 25,000  DM from the Stuttgarter Zeitung, but not the suitcase that remained in Yad Vashem.

Schindlers List

Lists were an indispensable part of everyday life in a concentration camp. Schindler's list also had to be drawn up several times, i.e. typed on the typewriter. Schindler began making the list in the fall of 1944. Unlike what is shown in the film, Schindler did not dictate the list. It took more than a few hours to create. Several people were involved in the list, including Itzhak Stern , Hilde Berger , Abraham Bankier and Marcel Goldberg , who was later accused of accepting bribes in the form of gemstones to put preferred people on the lifesaving list.

According to newspaper reports, four authentic copies of Schindler's list still exist: two original copies are in the possession of the Yad Vashem memorial in Jerusalem, and another is in the possession of a US memorial.

A fourth copy, the authenticity of which has been confirmed, was in the possession of Itzhak Stern (creation date of the list: April 18, 1945), who passed it on to his nephew. In 2010, the document changed hands for 2.2 million US dollars (2,257,000 euros). The buyer was a private collector who acquired them through dealer Gary J. Zimet. Erika Rosenberg had tried in court to have the sale stopped: Oskar and Emilie Schindler wanted the evidence of the rescue of the Jews in German museums to be accessible to the public. She pointed out the poor conditions in which the Schindlers lived and criticized the millions of dollars in proceeds from the documents and the sale to private interested parties instead of museums.

In July 2013, dealer Gary J. Zimet put the list up for sale again, this time on the eBay auction platform . The starting price was three million US dollars (approx. 3,206,000 euros). The auction remained unsuccessful, despite the fact that it was attended by half a million people and had more than 13,000 observers.

Factory as a memorial and museum

Schindler had acquired his enamel factory in October 1939 after the occupation of Poland. After the end of the war, the plant was nationalized, and from 1947 a telecommunications supplier was producing electronic components there. In 2005, the city of Krakow bought the site, which was renovated with EU funding and has been a museum since 2010.

“The former factory of the German-Moravian entrepreneur Oskar Schindler in Brnenec (Brünnlitz) in East Bohemia is to become a Holocaust memorial and a destination for tourists. Behind the initiative is the Soa (Shoah) foundation fund, which has already bought the dilapidated area and is looking for more money for the project, ”reported the Czech daily Právo on August 15, 2016 , according to ORF .

Honors

Memorial plaque for Schindler on his house in Frankfurt
2008 postage stamp
  • “Whoever saves just one life saves the whole world” - this saying from the Talmud is engraved on the ring that the Jews he saved gave to Oskar Schindler as a gift. Made of real tooth gold, the ring at the end of the war was the only thing they had to thank Schindler.
  • In 1962 Schindler was allowed to plant a carob tree with his name in the "Alley of the Righteous Among the Nations" by Yad Vashem . Full recognition as Righteous Among the Nations followed 31 years later, after the worldwide success of Steven Spielberg's film. Yad Vashem honored both Oskar and Emilie Schindler.
  • In 1965, Oskar Schindler received the Federal Cross of Merit, 1st class .
  • 1967 Martin Buber Peace Prize
  • 1968 Papal New Year's Eve order by Paul VI.
  • 2000 Schindler named the asteroid (11572)
  • The Federal Republic of Germany honored Oskar Schindler in 2008 on the occasion of his 100th birthday by issuing a 145-cent special postage stamp.
  • In Augsburg, Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Hildesheim, Cologne, Nuremberg and Sendenhorst streets were named after him.
  • A school in Hildesheim bears his name.

media

novel

Film drama

Schindler's grave with stones, as seen in the film Schindler's List (1993)
Schindler's grave, side view

The American director Steven Spielberg created a cinematic monument to Oskar Schindler in 1993 with Schindler's List . The film, which is based on the 1982 biography of Thomas Keneally, won seven Academy Awards.

Film documentaries

Kathrin Sänger, the director of Schindler's List - A True Story , traveled to Israel for Spiegel-TV in the 2010s to interview the last survivors who had worked in Oskar Schindler's factory. She interviewed Ignaz and Rena Birnhack, Mietek Pemper (film role of Itzhak Stern, stenographer von Göth, author of a book of the same name from 2005) and Helen Jonas-Rosenzweig (role of Helene Hirsch; as a 17-year-old household slave at Göth, known as Susanne) , Bornislawa Horowitz Karakulska , Moshe Bejski .

Among other things, they tell of how Schindler managed to bring back 300 women who had already been deported to Auschwitz about 14 days later. It was the only such large transport of prisoners from Birkenau. When the Red Army advanced on Brünnlitz in 1945, he was able to flee Czechoslovakia a few hours before their arrival with the help of "his" Jews. You and he knew that if the Russians caught him, the Nazi and factory manager, they would hang him before he could say anything. The previous slave workers protected him with a group accompanying him as far as Bavaria. There are also reports of his visits to Israel: twice a year the impoverished Schindler from Germany went to Israel for a few weeks to relax, at the invitation of his “children”, as he called his former “employees”. His handling of the money collected for him is discussed.

A documentary by Jon Blair Schindler: His Story as Told by the Actual People He Saved (for Thames Television, broadcast in the USA in 1994 as Schindler: The Real Story ) was broadcast in England as early as 1983 . In 1998 the A&E Biography special Oskar Schindler followed: The Man Behind the List.

music

The Swedish power metal band Civil War released the song Schindler's Ark on their 2nd studio album Gods and Generals in 2015 , which deals with Schindler's rescue of the Jews from the National Socialists.

literature

See also

Web links

Commons : Oskar Schindler  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Phantastic Oskar Schindler | The Vintagent. June 21, 2018, Retrieved April 16, 2020 (American English).
  2. ↑ Johannes-Michael Noack: "Schindler's List". Authenticity and fiction in Spielberg's film. An analysis. Leipziger Universitätsverlag 1998, ISBN 3-933240-05-0 , p. 17 f.
  3. ↑ See also: Interview with Mietek Pemper, April 28, 2007 : On Oskar Schindler's patriotism and how the joint collaboration was even possible.
  4. ↑ Herbert Steinhouse, "The Real Oskar Schindler", "Saturday Night" Magazine, April, 1994 . Writing.upenn.edu. August 6, 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
  5. ↑ Thomas Urban : Black eagles, white eagles. German and Polish footballers at the heart of politics. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-89533-775-8 , p. 80.
  6. ↑ https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/konturen-eines-gerechten.984.de.html?dram:article_id=153417
  7. ↑ On the important role of Abraham Bankier: In the shadow of Schindler. At: welt.de. 22 February 2000.
  8. ↑ See Mietek Pemper.
  9. ↑ See the list of concentration camps and their external commands in accordance with Section 42 (2) BEG. External command Plaszow  = No. 767a, from January 1, 1944 to August 7, 1944.
  10. ↑ See Jewish history and culture. On: judentum-projekt.de.
  11. ↑ Schindler's List ( Memento from February 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.6 MB)
    Jitka Gruntová: The Truth about Oskar Schindler. Why there are legends about “good Nazis”. edition ost, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-360-01815-1 , p. 120.
  12. ↑ Mieczysław (Mietek) Pemper: The saving way, Schindler's list - the true story. 2nd Edition. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 2005.
  13. ↑ Pascal Cziborra: KZ Gundelsdorf, Fischer's list. Lorbeer Verlag, Bielefeld 2010.
  14. ^ Kurt Grossmann : Oscar Schindler's grateful children . In: Jedioth Chadashoth , January 28, 1972.
  15. ↑ Schindler's list is supposed to bring in millions. In: KirchenZeitung , edition 11/2017 of March 19, 2017, p. 11
  16. ↑ knerger.de: The grave of Oskar Schindler
  17. ↑ The Catholic cemetery - Oskar Schindler's grave at the portal Die Friedhöfe auf dem Zionsberg .
  18. ↑ The Just Goi and the Schindler Jews . In: Der Spiegel . No. 7 , 1983, pp. 171-180 ( Online - Feb. 14, 1983 ).
  19. ↑ Michael Brenner: After the Holocaust. Jews in Germany 1945–1950. Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39239-3 .
  20. ↑ Johannes-Michael Noack: "Schindler's List". Authenticity and fiction in Spielberg's film. An analysis. Leipziger Universitätsverlag 1998, ISBN 3-933240-05-0 , p. 33 f. ( Excerpt in the Google book search).
  21. ↑ Michael Brenner : After the Holocaust. Jews in Germany 1945–1950. Beck, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-406-39239-3 , pp. 165–169 ( excerpt in the Google book search).
  22. ↑ The last contemporary witness has died. In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger August 14, 2014, online , accessed on December 27, 2014.
  23. ^ "Schindler wore the blood-red party badge of the NSDAP". At: focus.de. June 15, 2013.
  24. ↑ On his heroic status in the SS see: schoah.org.
  25. ↑ Jürgen Dahlkamp : The last companion . In: Der Spiegel . No. 43 , 1999, p. 116 f . ( online - October 25, 1999 ).
  26. ↑ Andrea Übelhack: “Me, Oskar Schindler.” Letters from a forgotten suitcase. May 7, 2001, (haGalil.com).
  27. ↑ Schindler's suitcase. ( Memento from December 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Lecture by journalists Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, October 1999.
  28. ↑ Dispute over Schindler's suitcase. At: mietek-pemper.de.
  29. ↑ A grave, a suitcase and lists - commemorating Oskar Schindler. At: n-tv.de. April 28, 2008.
  30. ↑ Schindler's suitcase.
  31. ↑ Note: The number of Jews rescued was higher at this time than when they moved to Brünnlitz, as Schindler had rescued more Jews from a transport in the Brünnlitz satellite camp.
  32. ↑ n-tv.de, from March 22, 2011
  33. ↑ n-tv.de of July 20, 2013
  34. ↑ Schindler factory called for the production of e le products " German enamelware factory (DEF)". The spelling “Emailwarenfabrik” [with an “l”] is used in several places - e.g. B. at Judentum-Projekt.de or The Just Goi and the Schindler Jews . In: Der Spiegel . No. 7 , 1983, pp. 171-180 ( Online - Feb. 14, 1983 ). as well as epv.de ( memento from January 2nd, 2008 in the web archive archive.today ) and especially Mietek-Pemper.de .
  35. ↑ Czech Republic: Schindler's factory becomes Holocaust memorial orf.at, August 15, 2016, accessed August 15, 2016.
  36. ↑ Second class honor
  37. ↑ https://oskar-schindler-sumschule.de/schule/wer-war-oskar-schindler/
  38. ↑ Kathrin Sänger: Schindler's List - A True Story. Television documentary. 2014, Germany, 105 min. ( SPIEGEL TV, The Saturday Documentation ( Memento from January 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), film information at dokumentarfilm.info), accessed January 22, 2017
  39. ^ ZDF page with information and a link to a 45-minute version of the film ( memento from January 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), broadcast on January 22, 2017
personal data
SURNAME Schindler, Oskar
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sudeten German industrialist who saved around 1200 Jews from death
DATE OF BIRTH April 28, 1908
PLACE OF BIRTH Zwittau , Moravia , Austria-Hungary
DATE OF DEATH October 9, 1974
Place of death Hildesheim , Germany