Kenya coalition

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The Kenya coalition (also black-red-green coalition , red-black-green coalition , black-green-red coalition or Afghanistan coalition ) is a coalition of government that consists of a conservative or Christian democratic party, a socialist or social democratic party as well as a green party.

Flag of Afghanistan
Flag of Kenya

On the term Kenya Coalition

The term originated after that of the Jamaica coalition and should have been inspired by this. The term "Kenya Coalition" comes from the colors of the Kenyan flag, with black for conservatives, red for the left-wing and green for the ecological party. There is no political or substantive relationship between the term and the African state of Kenya . The expression "Kenya Coalition" leaves open in sources whether the party that is the head of government is to be black, and green is the junior partner, or red-black-green under left leadership falls under the term - a red-black-green flag has Libya , for example . The term was completely unusual in Austria, where these coalitions have existed since 2003, and was only adopted from the language used in German politics around 2008.

Germany

CDU
CSU
SPD
Alliance 90 / The Greens

In Germany, a coalition of one of the two Union parties ( CDU / CSU ), the SPD and Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen is called a black-red-green coalition.

Black-red-green at the federal level

As a result of the unsuccessful exploratory talks for the formation of a Jamaica coalition after the federal election in September 2017 , a black-green minority government was brought up for discussion under tolerance by the SPD. The political scientist Wolfgang Merkel saw an opportunity in a real Kenya coalition because of the balance of the camps in the government alliance; Wolfgang Thierse and Gesine Schwan saw such an alliance as a creative way out; But for the parliamentary group leader of the Greens Katrin Göring-Eckardt , black-green would be too unstable, black-red-green superfluous because of the majority of the SPD (153 seats), CDU (200) and CSU (46), the majority of chancellors would be 355 votes; The Union and the SPD should "explain well what they need us for". At the party congress on November 25th, the Greens decided that they would be willing to negotiate for the eco-party to participate in a minority government .

In June 2018, the dispute over the consequences of the refugee crisis in Germany escalated within the Union . It was discussed about the possible collapse of the union alliance , a dissolution of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group and thus the black-red coalition . As a possible consequence, a coalition of CDU, SPD and Greens without the participation of the CSU was brought into play.

State level

First explorations in Thuringia (2014)

In the state elections in Thuringia in 2014 , the existing black-red coalition of CDU and SPD was able to just defend its mandate majority with 46 out of 91 seats. A red-red-green coalition from the Left Party, the SPD and the Greens also got 46 seats. On the other hand, a coalition of CDU, SPD and Greens would have a secure majority of 52 seats, so that the Greens were invited to exploratory talks for the formation of a government coalition called the “Afghanistan coalition” by the media. The Green top candidate Anja Siegesmund was skeptical of such a coalition, but did not decline talks. The Thuringian CDU parliamentary group leader Mike Mohring and Jena Mayor Albrecht Schröter (SPD) spoke out in favor of the coalition . The exploratory talks failed, however, so that a red-red-green coalition was formed, which Bodo Ramelow of the Left Party elected Prime Minister.

First black-red-green coalition at state level in Saxony-Anhalt (since 2016)

As a result of heavy losses by the SPD in the state elections in Saxony-Anhalt in 2016 , the black-red coalition around Reiner Haseloff and the Haseloff I cabinet lost their majority in the state parliament. Only a coalition of the CDU and the Left Party and an alliance of the CDU and the AfD, which had risen from standing to become the second strongest force, would have been possible as two-party alliances . However, the CDU had ruled out an alliance with the AfD before the election; the left-wing top candidate Wulf Gallert declared that his party was going into the opposition. One day after the election, the leaders of the SPD and the Greens announced that they would accept the CDU's invitation to exploratory talks. After the explorations, the heads of all three parties voted to start coalition negotiations.

The negotiated coalition agreement was accepted on April 23, 2016 by the state party conferences of all three parties involved. The re-election of Reiner Haseloff as Prime Minister and the associated assumption of office of the new state ministers in the Haseloff II cabinet took place on April 25 in the second ballot.

Red-black-green coalition in Brandenburg (since 2019)

After the state elections in Brandenburg in 2019 , exploratory talks were held simultaneously about a red-black-green coalition with a potential majority of six votes in the state parliament and a red-green-red coalition that would only have had a one-vote majority. Although the Greens declared that they had preferred a coalition with the Left Party after the explorations, the bodies of all three parties decided to start coalition negotiations in September 2019. The coalition agreement was signed on November 19, 2019 and the new government under the leadership of the SPD was elected on November 20, 2019 .

Black-green-red coalition in Saxony (since 2019)

Following the state elections in Saxony in 2019 , a black-green-red coalition was the only possible alliance with an absolute majority that had not excluded any party before the election. After the CDU and SPD bodies had already voted for coalition negotiations the day before, a state party conference of the Greens also gave its approval on October 12, 2019. On December 1, 2019, the three parties CDU , Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen and SPD agreed on a coalition agreement. After approval by the CDU party congress and member votes by the Greens and the SPD, the new coalition led by the CDU was elected on December 20, 2019.

Black-red-green at the municipal level

At the municipal level, there has been a black-red-green coalition in Jena, Thuringia, since 2009, as no other majorities have emerged in numerous exploratory talks. A black-red-green coalition has ruled Frankfurt am Main since the local elections in 2016. After the municipal elections in Munich in 2014 , after the loss of the majority for the previously ruling Rainbow Coalition made up of the SPD, Greens and Pink List Munich, negotiations were held to form a black-red-green coalition; however, the talks failed. An alliance of CDU, SPD and the Greens ruled in the Berlin district of Lichtenberg from 2011 to 2016 .

Austria

SPÖ
ÖVP
The Greens - The Green Alternative

In Austria , the Kenya coalition is a coalition of the conservative ÖVP , the social democratic SPÖ and the Greens .

The Upper Austrian provincial government, which existed from 2003 to 2015, was not such a coalition. It was a black-green coalition , the red government participation existed due to the proportional representation system .

Red-black-green at the federal level

In the 2008 National Council elections , the SPÖ-ÖVP grand coalition ( Chancellor Gusenbauer - Vice Molterer ) achieved an absolute majority, but the coalition, including the Greens, would have had a two-thirds majority . This red-black-green option was first explicitly suggested by Franz Fischler . Jörg Haider from the BZÖ announced in an interview that he thinks any coalition is “better for Austria” than the grand coalition. Green leader Alexander Van der Bellen did not rule out an alliance with the ÖVP and the SPÖ, but the party base remained skeptical in many areas. Ultimately, the government was continued in the constellation Chancellor Faymann - Vice Chancellor Pröll as the SPÖ-ÖVP coalition.

Red-black-green in Carinthia 2013 to 2018

From March 2013 to April 2018, a Kenya coalition led by the SPÖ was in office in Carinthia. The early state elections in 2013 ended with historic losses for the ruling FPK . The early election became necessary after the Carinthian state parliament had unanimously dissolved after numerous corruption scandals . The SPÖ became the strongest party with its top candidate Peter Kaiser . Mathematically, the SPÖ had the possibility of forming a coalition with the ÖVP, the Greens, the Stronach team , but also the FPK. All coalitions had an absolute majority in both the state parliament and the state government. After the state elections, SPÖ leader Kaiser started talks with the party leaders of the Carinthian parties on March 5, only wanting to rule out a coalition with the FPK. At the same time, Kaiser indicated a preference for a three-party coalition with the ÖVP and the Greens from the outset, as the three parties have a constituent majority in the state parliament. Already after the election, the Greens explicitly spoke out in favor of a three-party coalition with the SPÖ and ÖVP. Around a week after the election, Kaiser finally started negotiations with the ÖVP and the Greens to form a three-party coalition, initially conducting bilateral negotiations and then holding three-party talks. On March 26, 2013, the coalition's work program and the division of departments of the state government were finally presented to the public. After the state elections in 2018 , in which the Greens left the state parliament, Kaiser formed a coalition with the ÖVP.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d After the election in Thuringia: CDU is considering Afghanistan coalition , SPIEGEL Online from September 15, 2014, accessed: September 20, 2014
  2. ↑ Information about the Kenya coalition ( Memento from June 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Black-red-green is also the flag of Afghanistan ; States do not have a red-green-black or black-green-red flag.
  4. ↑ Union and SPD should explain what they need us for , Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung , November 25, 2017
  5. ↑ The Greens do not rule out participation in a black-green minority government , welt.de, November 25, 2017
  6. ↑ a b Katharina Schuler: Separate! , Die Zeit, June 16, 2018
  7. ^ Jena Lord Mayor for Black-Red-Green Coalition , Ostthüringer Zeitung of October 16, 2014, accessed: July 5, 2015
  8. ↑ a b Saxony-Anhalt should be black-red-green , T-Online from March 14, 2016, accessed: March 15, 2016
  9. ↑ Explorations for the “Kenya” coalition in Magdeburg , FAZ.net, March 15, 2016, accessed on the same day
  10. ↑ Saxony-Anhalt: SPD votes for coalition negotiations with the CDU and the Greens , Spiegel Online from April 2, 2016, accessed on the same day
  11. ↑ Kenya comes to Saxony-Anhalt
  12. ↑ SPD and Greens do it with the CDU RBB September 19, 2019
  13. ↑ Brandenburg Greens want to negotiate "Kenya" RBB September 21, 2019
  14. ↑ Brandenburger Kenya Coalition signed RBB November 19, 2019
  15. ↑ Saxony's Greens vote for coalition negotiations with CDU and SPD MDR October 12, 2019
  16. ↑ Prime Minister Kretschmer re-elected. Retrieved December 20, 2019 .
  17. ^ Black-red-green coalition in Jena , on the website of the Jena district association of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen
  18. ^ OB Dieter Reiter still without a majority in the city council , FOCUS Online from May 14, 2014, accessed: July 5, 2015
  19. ↑ Birgit Monteiro is the new mayor of Lichtenberg , Der Tagesspiegel from January 22, 2015, accessed: July 5, 2015
  20. ^ Austria after the election of the Kenya coalition as a way out , Michael Frank, sueddeutsche.de, October 1, 2008
  21. ↑ Greens open to “Kenya” coalition with SPÖ and ÖVP , DiePresse.com, September 30, 2008
  22. ↑ "Kenya Coalition": Skepticism among the Wiener Grünen , wiev1.orf.at, wahl '08 , September 30, 2008
  23. ↑ see e.g. B. Report by the Greens on the results of the committee of inquiry to clarify allegations of corruption (681 pages, pdf, on peterpilz.at).
  24. ^ Carinthian SPÖ wants rapid coalition negotiations ( Memento from December 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Kleine Zeitung Online, March 5, 2013
  25. ^ Greens for a coalition of three with a constitutional majority ( Memento from December 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Kleine Zeitung Online, March 5, 2013
  26. ^ SPÖ starts negotiations with the ÖVP and the Greens ( Memento from September 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) . Kleine Zeitung Online March 8, 2013.
  27. ↑ Three-party coalition sealed . Kleine Zeitung Online, March 26, 2013