List of pigments
This list of pigments gives an overview of pigments according to basic color , as is customary in the specialist literature. A list of soluble dyes can be found under List of dyes .
This list is based on the RAL structure according to colors in red , violet , blue , green , yellow , orange colored pigments and additionally in brown pigments, as well as the achromatic pigments for white and black .
violet
- Han violet or Han purple is the purple pigment of ancient Chinese. Chemically it is a copper (II) barium silicate with the empirical formula CuBaSi 2 O 6 .
- Dioxazine violet (CI Pigment Violet 23) is a high-quality organic pigment that is extremely strong in color and meets practically all quality requirements.
- Cobalt violet
- Due to its colorimetric properties, magenta pigment is a magenta pigment suitable for four-color printing according to the Euroscale .
- Manganese violet is a delicate red-violet shade. Chemically it is ammonium manganese (III) diphosphate. It has satisfactory to good lightfastness, but is not resistant to alkali
- Ultramarine violet
blue
- Egyptian blue is one of the oldest artificial blue pigments. Chemically it is a calcium-copper-silicate.
- Azurite also mountain blue or azure blue was also used by the Egyptians, but it could not prevail against the Egyptian blue in ancient times. The natural mineral pigment is a basic copper carbonate . In the Middle Ages, azurite was the most important blue pigment. Wallerfanger blue was also obtained from azurite. The mining has taken place in the Saarland town of Wallerfangen since Roman times .
- Berlin blue (CI Pigment Blue 27), also known as Prussian blue, Parisian blue, Turnbull's blue or Milori blue, was the first modern synthetic colorant. It is a lightfast pigment of the highest color strength. Prussian blue is lightfast but unstable to alkali .
- Indanthron blue or indanthrene (CI Pigment Blue 60) is an organic pigment made from anthraquinone that has a particularly deep shade of blue.
- Indigo was part of Mayan blue ; today it is only used as a dye .
- Bremen blue or lime blue is an artificially produced copper carbonate that is no longer used today due to its poor lightfastness.
- Cobalt blue (CI Pigment Blue 28 and 36), also Thénards blue , is a cobalt aluminum oxide that has been known since ancient times. It's the classic blue of Chinese porcelain . Cobalt cereal blue is a semi-opaque sky blue . Chemically, it is made up of a cobalt-tin mixed oxide.
- Manganese blue is an artificially produced barium sulfate manganate of high luminosity. It was first produced in the laboratory in 1907 and came onto the market in 1930. There is currently no manufacturer.
- Maya blue was developed by the Maya , who used the mineral palygorskite as well as indigo leaves and copal resin to make it .
- Phthalocyanine blue or Heliogen blue (CI Pigment Blue 15) is widely used in industry today; it is particularly suitable for translucent colors.
- Smalte is a glass colored with cobalt salts that is ground. It is one of the oldest pigments and was invented in Mesopotamia .
- Natural ultramarine blue or Fra Angelico blue is a pigment that is obtained from lapis lazuli by grinding and a subsequent cleaning process. Far more important today, the ultramarine blue synthesis (CI Pigment Blue 29), a sulfur-containing sodium - aluminum - silicate .
- Iron blue was previously extracted from the mineral Vivianite and used as a pigment.
- Zirconia cerium blue , also known as zirconia vanadium blue, is a modern, sky blue pigment. Chemically, it is a zirconium silicate ( zirconium ) in which a small proportion of the zirconium atoms in the crystal lattice has been replaced by vanadium atoms. In the artistic application, paradoxical glazes light-on-dark can be achieved through the semi-transparent, slightly cloudy character.
- Han blue is a barium copper silicate invented in China.
turquoise
- Cobalt turquoise
- Phthalocyanine turquoise is phthalocyanine (PB16) or a mixture of phthalocyanine blue (PB15: 3) and phthalocyanine green (PG7).
green
Here, too, the phthalocyanine types lead in terms of production volume and applicability . The well-covering and highly resistant chrome oxide green is important .
- Cadmium green is a mixture of cadmium yellow and ultramarine blue .
- Chrome fast green is a mixture of chrome yellow and copper phthalocyanine blue .
- Chrome green is a mixture of chrome yellow and Berlin blue .
- Chromium oxide green (CI Pigment Green 17 and 18) is chromium (III) oxide . It is a lightfast pigment that is commercially available in a semi-transparent (CI Pigment Green 18) and in a highly opaque (CI Pigment Green 17) variant. Replacement for verdigris.
- Green earth (CI Pigment Green 23), Bohemian green, natural green earth pigment of weak color strength.
- Verdigris (CI Pigment Green 20), also Spanish green , a historically important green pigment that is rarely used today because of its toxicity. Chemically it is basic copper (II) acetate.
- Cobalt green (CI Pigment Green 50), a highly fast, but relatively weakly colored inorganic green pigment
- Copper resinate results in a completely transparent green paint layer. The coloring components are the copper salts of resin acids. The pigment is made by heating turpentine balm with verdigris. It is still unclear when exactly and how often copper resinate was used.
- Malachite green denotes either a bright green triphenylmethane dye (organic dye) or copper carbonate of the same color (inorganic dye).
- Permanent green is the name for various mixed pigments based on an intense green pigment that is stretched with barite .
- Phthalocyanine green (CI Pigment Green 7 and 36), often also referred to as Heliogen green, which is the trade name of the BASF types.
- Rinman's green , also zinc green, is also a cobalt pigment. The compound is a solid solution of a few percent CoO in ZnO.
- Schweinfurtergrün / Mitisgrün is a product of the early chemical industry. It contains arsenic and is no longer used because of its toxicity.
- Veronese green (celadonite)
- Vermilion green
- Egyptian green was around the 6th – 21st centuries. Dynasty used exclusively in Egypt. The production is similar to that of the Egyptian blue, but it must contain flux and be heated longer than the Egyptian green. It is therefore a green frit.
- Paratacamit is a basic copper chloride.
- Chrysocolla is a water-containing copper silicate that has been used since ancient times.
- Scheeles Grün or Swedish Green is a yellowish-green copper arsenite that was developed by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele . However, it is fickle and so has rarely been used.
- Barium manganate such as Böttger's barite green or Rosenstiel's green was rarely used.
yellow
There are many different connections here. The most important inorganic compounds are mainly iron oxide yellow as well as chrome yellow and nickel titanium yellow . Since the chrome yellow contains lead , this pigment is becoming less and less important. In the organic sector, the variety of pigments is very large.
The group of azo pigments covers the lower to medium degree of fastness, in the group of benzimidazolones you can also find very highly resistant pigments. High-quality types can be found among the vat pigments .
- Arylide yellow
- Auripigment , more rarely orpiment (chemical arsenic (III) sulfide )
- Barite yellow
- Benzimidazolones (e.g. BCI Pigment Yellow 154) are a subgroup of azo pigments that contain polycyclic parts of the molecule. These pigments are characterized by a very high level of fastness.
- Bismuth vanadate , bismuth yellow or vanadium yellow (CI Pigment Yellow 184) is a highly resistant inorganic yellow pigment that can be used for almost all types of paint. The pigment always shows weaknesses when the pH values are high.
- Lead tin yellow
- Brilliant yellow (CI Pigment Yellow 151)
- Cadmium yellow
- Chrome yellow
- Chromantimontitanat , and chromium titanate or chromium titanium yellow (CI Pigment Brown 24), a doped rutile pigment
- Diaryl yellow
-
Earth colors :
- Yellow earths : Yellow ocher , Terra di Siena (Italian ocher, Siena earth), Jarosite
- Iron oxide yellow
- Flavanthron
- Like permanent yellow, Hansagelb is a trade name of the former Hoechst AG, today Clariant
- Indian yellow
- Indolinone and Isoindolinone , a group of highly fast organic yellow pigments (e.g. BCI Pigment Yellow 109, 110 and 139)
- Kasseler yellow is a lead oxide chloride, which is produced by annealing yellow lead oxide or red lead with sodium chloride or by melting black lead with ammonia .
- Massikot
- Naples yellow
- Nickel dioxin yellow (CI Pigment Yellow 153), a "nickel complex pigment".
- Nickel antimony titanate , also nickel titanate or nickel titanium yellow (CI Pigment Yellow 53), a doped rutile pigment
- Nickel (II) titanate
- Praseodymium yellow ( zirconium silicate doped with praseodymium oxide )
- shellac
- Schüttgelb (or Stil de grain ), a yellow colored lacquer made from blueberries or yellow berries
- Aureolin (CI Pigment Yellow 40)
- Vanadinite , a lead-containing vanadium compound
- Zinc yellow is zinc chromate which is produced by precipitating chromate solutions with zinc, strontium or barium salts. The pigment was discovered in 1809 but has only been available since 1850.
- Uryellow is a sodium uranium, barium uranium or strontium uranate, which is mainly used for yellowing glass and in porcelain painting.
- Lead tin antimony yellow
orange
In the orange segment, the lead-containing pigment types dominated for a long time, as these not only offer good resistance and brilliant colors, but were also inexpensive. Since these pigments are mostly no longer used because of their toxicological properties, compromises have to be made. However, no chemistry has really caught on yet.
- Chromates / molybdates , chrome orange , PbCrO 4 · PbO, because of their toxicity only in exceptional cases to use.
- Cadmium orange
- Cerium sulfide (CI Pigment Orange 78), a brilliant but not very stable inorganic pigment
- Molybdenum orange
- Perinon in the trans form (CI Pigment Orange 43), a coloristically very pure orange pigment
red
In the inorganic pigments, the different variants of iron oxide red dominate , since molybdate red contains lead.
In the organic area, the choice is very large. In addition to azo and vat reds , quinacridones , DPP pigments and perylenes are of particular importance because of their high resistance.
- Quinacridones (CI Pigment Red 122, CI Pigment Violet 19) are highly resistant polycyclic pigments that are used in high-quality paints
- Chrome red
- Dibromoanthanthrone (CI Pigment Red 168), the truest organic red pigment, is used in the highest quality applications
- Diketo-Pyrrolo-Pyrrole Pigments (DPPs) (CI Pigment Orange 73, CI Pigment Red 254, 255 and 264) are highly resistant polycyclic pigments that are used in high-quality coatings
- Earth colors :
- Cadmium Red
- Carmine red (cochineal)
- Kermeslack
- Krapplack: laking of madder , synthetically from alizarin ( alizarin-aluminum-calcium complex )
- Lycopene
- Red lead (minium)
- MePTCDI , also perylene red (CI Pigment Red 179), a highly stable organic perylene pigment with a ruby tinge
- Mineral fire red
- Molybdate red
- Paris Red stands for: red lead or Eisenmennige
- PTCDA (CI Pigment Red 224)
- Realgar
- Redwood lacquer (Brazil)
- Rubrica
- vermilion
- Lac-Dye: A red dye from the scale insect.
- Cassius' gold purple consists of colloidal gold, which is adsorbed on tin oxide hydrate .
- Musivgold is a tin sulfide made from tin and sulfur. It has been known since the Middle Ages and is used as a substitute for shell gold .
brown
Brown pigments are mainly used nowadays in the area of artists' paints. In industrial use, e.g. B. for paints, plastics and printing inks, brown tones are usually mixed from iron oxide yellow, red and black.
- Asphalt (bitumen)
- Bister
- Brown ocher , siena
- Kassler brown (Kassel earth, Cologne brown, Van Dyck brown, juice brown)
- Manganese brown
- Mumia
- Prussian brown is made by annealing Berlin blue and consists essentially of iron oxide.
- sepia
- Umber (CI Pigment Brown 6)
- Boiler brown
- Florentine brown is a copper ferrocyanide and is made from potassium ferrocyanide (blood liquor salt) and copper salt.
White
In the case of ›white substances‹, a distinction must be made between white pigments and white minerals in industrial use . On the one hand, there is practically only one pure white pigment of technical importance today, titanium dioxide , which gained its importance because of its high refractive index . The previously important pigments lithopone , zinc white and lead white have now been almost completely replaced. On the other hand, the calcium carbonates (marble, chalk) and kaolins commonly used in paints , as well as other mineral-based products, have become very important as fillers , this applies to the paper industry and plastics production. In the paper industry, white pigments are important for coating colors and fillers for the paper pulp. In some areas of application, fillers are also called transparent white. Due to their refractive index, which is close to the refractive index of the substrate, they have no effect on the color of the product.
- Barium sulfate (CI Pigment White 21 and 22), also permanent white, barite white, blanc fixe, chemical: BaSO 4
- Lead white , (CI Pigment White 1), also Kremserweiß, 2PbCO 3 · Pb (OH) 2 darkens as it changes to black PbS.
- Calcium carbonate (CI Pigment White 18), lime , chalk , ground marble
- Cristobalite
- kaolin
- Kremserweiß , also lead white
- Lithopone (CI Pigment White 5), co-precipitated barium sulfate and zinc sulfide
- Marienglas
- Satin white , ( calcium aluminate sulfate )
- Titanium dioxide (CI Pigment White 6), also titanium white, chemically: TiO 2
- volume
- Zinc oxide (CI Pigment White 4), also zinc white, Chinese white, eternal white, snow white
- Zinc sulfide (CI Pigment White 7)
- Antimony white was introduced in England in 1920, but has not caught on on the continent.
black
The most important representative of this group is soot (industrial black, carbon black) . This substance consists of pure carbon and is produced by burning organic substances such as oil, natural gas, etc. in the absence of oxygen. The different types of carbon black differ in their particle size and surface, but also in their color cast . In addition to soot, iron oxide and spinel black are also important.
- Aniline Black (CI Pigment Black 1)
- Leg black
- graphite
- Charcoal
- Core black
- Copper dichromate (CuCr 2 O 7 ), which thermally decomposes to copper (II) oxide (CuO) and chromium (IV) oxide (CrO 2 ) in a ratio of 1: 2, was important for the coloring of enamel .
- Iron oxide black (CI Pigment Black 11)
- Vine black is insoluble in water. It is obtained by dry distillation , i.e. charring in the absence of air, from plant waste. Be used vines , pulp , bark , chestnut . Physiologically there is no difference to charcoal black. Compared to animal charred products with their fatty soot, it has a dark anthracite-colored tone and tends to have a slight bluish cast when mixed with white.
- Carbon black (CI Pigment Black 7 and 6 Lamp Black )
- Spinel Black (CI Pigment Black 30 and 33)
- Manganese black is obtained from manganese oxides, especially brownstone . It has also been artificially produced since the 19th century, but is rarely used in painting.
- Slate black is a dark, finely ground, carbonaceous clay slate.
- Because of its delicacy, Frankfurt black was mainly used for printing techniques.
See also
literature
- I. Klöckl: Chemistry of Colorants in Painting , de Gruyter Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-037453-7 .
- Kurt Wehlte : Materials and techniques of painting. 4th edition, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg 1990, ISBN 3-473-48359-1 .
- W. Herbst, K. Hunger: Industrial organic pigments. 2nd edition, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1997, ISBN 3-527-28744-2 .
- U. Zorll: Römpp. Lexicon, varnishes and printing inks. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-13-776001-1 .
- Catharina Blänsdorf: Studies on the coloring of figures from the terracotta army and from other burial pits in the grave complex of the First Chinese Emperor Qin Shihuangdi, Siegl, Munich, 2015.
- Hermann Kühn: Color, colorants: Pigments and binders in painting . In: Real Lexicon on German Art History . Vol. 7, 1974, Col. 1-54.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Hermann Kühn: Colorants: Pigments and binders in painting . In: Real Lexicon on German Art History . tape 7 , 1974, p. 16 .
- ^ Jörg Klaas: Studies on Egyptian Green, diploma thesis TU Munich . Munich 2006.
- ^ Robert Leach: The Printing Ink Manual. Fourth Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988, ISBN 978-94-011-7099-4 , p. 154.