Sodalitas litteraria

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Sodalitas litteraria Germaniae or Sodalitas litteraria for short was the name of scientific associations that offered scholars and supporters of Renaissance humanism in Central Europe a platform for the exchange and further development of their ideas.

origin

The philosopher and Latin poet Conrad Celtis , who went down in history as the most ardent propagator of humanism in Germany and Austria, had known academies of the new type "Academia Platonica" between 1487 and 1489 during his stay in Florence with Marsilio Ficino and Rome with Pomponio Leto and learned to appreciate. The Italian humanists continued the ancient tradition of the academy , a school of philosophy founded by Plato , as the Accademia Romana . Celtis, in turn, took the models from Florence and Rome as models for his Sodalitas litteraria.

purpose

Celtis conceived Sodalitas as a free, informal association (brotherhood, circle of friends) with the main purpose of promoting and disseminating the humanistic disciplines as well as literature and in particular the studies of the individual comrades. The critical attitude of the humanists to scholasticism and its theological roots contained conflict with the prevailing theological system and caused the members to be cautious and restrained on this point.

In science, the humanists wanted to tie in with the work of the thinkers of classical antiquity and, on this basis, lift the university out of the tracks of scholasticism. These demands for change brought them at a distance from the conventional university and their scholarship, who also hardly supported the new ideas. They saw excellent knowledge of the ancient languages, above all of the original Latin, but also of Greek and, if possible, of Hebrew, as a prerequisite for successful academic work with the original source texts. As an outward sign of their new school of thought, the humanists were happy to use Latinized or Greek names - to match .

organization

The society had a president and secretaries. The Latin word sodalitas means friendship, companionship. The individual member was called Sodale. Anyone wishing to be accepted as a member had to seriously intend to promote the purposes of society and have a certain degree of humanistic education.

Among the sodals were the most respected scholars of all fields of knowledge, with only a few belonging to the professional university scholar class.

It was not necessary for the members to be resident at the place of incorporation or management. In cities where there were several Sodals in the vicinity, places to rest or meet were created. A respected Sodale provided the necessary accommodation and hospitality as "Hospes" for the "Section" or the "Contubernium Sodalium" .

Decline and dissolution

After the death of the founder and spiritual leader Conrad Celtis, who was barely 49 years old, the activities and effects of Sodalitates litteraria declined more and more despite the extraordinarily high level of education and creativity of its members. The modern trains of thought disseminated by Sodalitas litteraria should also help to avoid the threatening disintegration of the religiously educated classes striving for knowledge. Bishops, too, had allied themselves with scholars to prevent rupture within the church. Luther's split in the church in 1517 also divided the Sodalitas community into circles that remained loyal to the old church and those that made themselves completely available to the emerging church reformation. The humanistic communities founded under Celtis disappeared. Some of the Sodalitates litterarie founded by his students placed their main emphasis on the scientific and literary support of the Reformation and were also important as long as it had not yet taken its permanent place.

Companies founded by Celtis

Sodalitas litteraria Vistulana

Polish Society for Science, seat in Cracow.

founding

Founded by Conrad Celtis during his studies of mathematics and astronomy from 1489 to 1491 at the University of Cracow as the first of the scientific societies based on the model of the Italian academies.

Members

Known member:

Sodalitas litteraria Rhenana

also called Sodalitas Celtis after its founder , Rhenish Society for Science (founded in Mainz in 1491 and ended in 1517 with Luther's split in the church); Management Heidelberg, neighboring Worms, meeting places: Mainz, Oppenheim, Nuremberg, Augsburg.

prehistory

From the second half of the 14th century, Heidelberg became more and more prominent as the residence of the Rhineland Count Palatine. Old privileges of the house, formerly only exercised habitually, namely the Reich administration office, had become Reich law. Heidelberg was given a university as the third city after Prague and Vienna in 1386, but 90 years before the electoral Mainz.

Around the same time, Elector Philipp the Sincere - he ruled 1476–1508 - called a group of important humanists to his court in Heidelberg to convey the spirit of the new era to his country.

The Elector's zealous and understanding helper was his Chancellor Johann XX. von Dalberg , Bishop of Worms. Born in Oppenheim, he studied the liberal arts in Erfurt at the University of the Archdiocese of Mainz, then studied canon law in Pavia and Padua . There he made friends with the humanist Rudolf Agricola , whom he later moved to Heidelberg University. In 1480 Dalberg became Provost of Worms and became Chancellor of Heidelberg University. With special permission from the Pope, he became Bishop of Worms in 1482 when he was only 27 years old, but retained his Chancellery. Dalberg was the first bishop to openly confess to the new direction.

The humanists worship Philipp and Dalberg as their patrons. It was only the electoral court in Heidelberg, in whose splendor the humanists were allowed to bask.

Members

The initial number has not been recorded, but it will not have been more than 12. In any case, they included:

called by Conrad Celtis
  • Johann von Dalberg, first president (1491–1503).
  • Johann Wacker (Vigilius), vice-president or first secretary, electoral councilor and university professor from Heidelberg (Sinsheim).
  • Heinrich Spiess (Cuspidius or Cuspianus), second secretary, humanist from Heidelberg.
  • Johannes von Trittenheim (Latinized Trithemius ), abbot of the Sponheim monastery, humanist, literary historian and historian, moral philosopher and poet.
  • Willibald Pirckheimer , Nuremberg patrician, patron of the humanistic sciences, friend of Albrecht Dürer , advisor to Emperor Maximilian I.
  • Martin Pollich von Mellerstadt, philosopher, physician (personal physician to the Saxon Elector Friedrich), theologian, poet, founding rector of the University of Wittenberg
  • Johann Stabius , mathematics professor in Ingolstadt, theology, rector of the University of Ingolstadt, chosmographer and astronomer, poet
  • Johannes Tolhopf (also Janus Tolophus), provost of Forchheim, canon of Regensburg, professor of philosophy and theology in 1472 and rector in 1473 at the University of Ingolstadt, astronomer and poet, from 1479 royal councilor and court astrologer to King Matthias Corvinus
  • Heinrich von Bünau auf Teuchern and Gröbitz, Saxon nobleman, at that time studying classical science in Worms
memberships to be derived from letters and other documents

And several others.

The Sodalitas litteraria Rhenana had several places to stop or meet in Mainz, Heidelberg, Oppenheim, Nuremberg and Augsburg. The "Hospites" provided accommodation and hospitality there:

  • Dietrich Gresemund (Theodorich) von Meschede for Mainz
  • Johann Vigilius for Heidelberg
  • Jakob Köbel for Oppenheim
  • Willibald Pirckheimer for Nuremberg
  • Conrad Peutinger for Augsburg

In such a "Section" or "Contubernium Sodalium" other members often met regularly, for example at the

Oppenheimer Group

course

The humanist group around Bishop Johann von Dalberg only existed for a few years. Rudolf Agricola died in 1485, Konrad Celtis left Heidelberg again in early 1496. Johannes Reuchlin was able to return to Stuttgart in 1499, and Jakob Wimpheling moved to Strasbourg in 1501. With Dalberg's death, the connections between the humanists and the Worms diocese ended.

Sodalitas litteraria Hungarorum

Hungarian Society for Science, seat in Bratislava. Known member: Johannes Manardus . Moved to Vienna in 1497 as "Sodalitas litteraria Danubiana".

Sodalitas litteraria Danubiana

Danube Society for Science, also called “Societas Danubiana” , seated in Vienna.

founding

By Conrad Celtis and other humanists in Vienna in 1497 or 1498 as the successor to Sodalitas litteraria Hungarorum. The learned society elected Johann Vitéz as its chairman.

The humanist group of Sodalitas litteraria Danubiana belonged to the Kronstadt patrician son Valentin Krauss (also written by Kraws and Latinized Crusius), who studied artes liberales and pharmacology in Vienna and received his doctorate in medicine in 1493. Krauss taught at the Vienna Artistic Faculty until 1499 and then became a senator and city judge in Kronstadt. He described the first cases of syphilis in Kronstadt to Celtis in a letter dated February 25, 1500.

Members

The up to 40 members included

course

The association of scholars from the Danube region existed alongside the Collegium poetarum et mathematicorum established by Maximilian I at the University of Vienna in 1501 . The members usually gathered in the house of Johannes Cuspinian. Probably the continuation of this sodalitas was the circle that later met in Georg Tannstetter's house and was called Sodalitas Collimitiana ; it is often mentioned in letters to Joachim Vadian around 1520 . In the 1520s, which was dramatic for Vienna (plague, siege by the Turks), there was a sharp decline in the number of students - this presumably also led to a decreasing importance of this sodalitas . When Tannstetter left Vienna in 1530, this could have ended these meetings.

Societies founded by Celtis students and followers

Sodalitas litteraria Augustana

Augsburg Society for Science, seat in Augsburg.

founding

Around 1503 by Konrad Peutinger , the lawyer and humanist, town clerk and imperial councilor of Maximilian I , p. 62 who had numerous connections to contemporaries such as Erasmus of Rotterdam , Jakob Sturm von Sturmeck , Willibald Pirckheimer and Albrecht Dürer .

Other members

Sodalitas litteraria Meierhofiana

Maierhöfische Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft in what was then Moravia (eastern part of today's Czech Republic), presumably based in the capital Olomouc.

founding

Through the humanists and Celtis students Gregor Nitsch and Martinus Sinapinus .

Other members

  • Stanislaus Thurzo , Bishop of Olomouc, great supporter of humanism, made his cathedral chapter a spiritual center of Moravia
  • Johannes V. Thurzo , Prince-Bishop of Breslau. Like his brother Stanislaus Thurzo, he was a great promoter of humanism. 1498 rector of the University of Cracow, then promotion to clerical offices: Scholastic in Gnesen and in Posen, Canon in Cracow and soon afterwards canon and dean of the Wroclaw cathedral chapter. As an enlightened humanist, he promoted young writers and theologians such as Caspar Ursinus Velius , Georg von Logau , Valentin Krautwald and Johann Hess , who later became the leader of the Reformation in Breslau.
  • Olomouc citizens

related to the Olomouc district:

Sodalitas Staupitziana

Reformation discussion group, seat Nuremberg, also Staupitzkreis called

founding

Erected by the theologian and vicar of the Augustinian hermits Johann von Staupitz in Nuremberg in 1517. Sodalitas mainly consisted of humanistic dignitaries such as B. the theologian and Luther friend Dr. Wenzeslaus Linck, under whose influence the "sodalitas Staupitziana" changed in the course of 1518 to the "sodalitas Martiniana".

Known members

  • Johann von Staupitz , theologian, prior, founding professor and first dean of the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg, prior of the Augustinian convent in Munich, vicar general of the German observant congregation of the Augustinian order, patron and confessor of the young Martin Luther, later made him his successor at the University in Wittenberg, believed the divide between beliefs could be bridged and remained a friend of Martin Luther's life. His reform efforts met with opposition within the order and also on the part of the Pope. Cathedral preacher in Salzburg, change from the Augustinian to the Benedictine order, Abbot of St. Peter in Salzburg. Numerous religious writings influenced by medieval mysticism.
  • Lazarus Spengler , as councilor, important promoter of the Reformation in Nuremberg, council clerk, head of the chancellery, sympathized with the movement of Martin Luther, belonged to the "Sodalitas Staupitziana" as well as the "Ursula brotherhood", wrote Reformation writings, came under papal spell with Luther, who followed Submission was lifted again, represented the city of Nuremberg in 1521 at the Reichstag in Worms, where the personal encounter with Luther strengthened his attitude, participant in the Augsburg Reichstag in 1530, worked on the Brandenburg-Nuremberg church order of 1533.
  • Wenzeslaus Linck , Lutheran theologian and reformer
  • Albrecht Dürer
  • Kaspar Vorteilel , Nuremberg patrician, city councilor and slogan
  • Christoph Scheurl , lawyer, diplomat and humanist
  • Willibald Pirckheimer Nuremberg patrician and humanist, advisor to Emperor Maximilian I.
  • Hieronymus Holzschuher , Nuremberg patrician, city councilor and third captain.

Scheurl, Pirckheimer and Holzschuher remained skeptical about the Lutheran Reformation despite their sympathy.

Sodalitas Ingolstatiensis

A literary society based in Ingolstadt, inspired by the humanist Conrad Celtis. The founder was the historian, Bavarian court historiographer and prince educator

Most prominent member:

More sodalities

Sodalitates litterarie in

  • Basel and Strasbourg p. 64
  • Speyer and Schlettstatt
  • Erfurt (Erfurter Dichterkreis) p. 66

literature
  • Raimund Kemper: Sodalitas litteraria a senatu rhomani Imperii impetrata: On the interpretation of the printing privileges in the Editio princeps of Roswitha von Gandersheim (1501) and in the edition of the Qvatvor Libri Armorum Secvndvm Qvatvor Latera Germanie des Conrad Celtis (1502) . In: Euphorion . Zeitschrift fur Literaturgeschichte 68 (1974), pp. 119-184.
  • Tibor Klaniczay : Celtis and the Sodalitas Litteraria per Germaniam. In: August Buck , Martin Bircher , Paul Raabe (eds.): Respublica Guelpherbytana. (= Wolfenbütteler contributions to Renaissance and Baroque research. Vol. 6). Edition Rodopi, Amsterdam 1987, pp. 79-105 (there pp. 81 f. And 105), preview on Google Books .
  • Heinrich Lutz : The sodalities in Upper German humanism of the late 15th and early 16th centuries. In: Wolfgang Reinhard (Hrsg.): Communication XII of the Commission for Humanism Research. Acta Humaniora. Weinheim 1984, pp. 45-60.
  • Ernst Jungkenn: Johann von Dalberg and Jakob Köbel as members of the Sodalitas litteraria Rhenana. In: Hans Licht (ed.): Oppenheim, history of an old imperial city. On the occasion of the 750th anniversary of the city elevation. Oppenheim 1975, pp. 167-171.
  • Hans Rupprich , Hedwig Heger: The outgoing Middle Ages, Humanism and Renaissance 1370-1520. (= German literature from the late Middle Ages to the Baroque , Vol. 4, Part 1). Beck, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-406-37898-6 , preview on Google books , including Gregor Nitsch.
  • Joseph Aschbach : The early wandering years of Conrad Celtis and the beginnings of the learned sodalities he established. In: Meeting reports of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Volume 60, 1869, pp. 75–150, digitized from Google Books .

Web links

Notes, individual references

  1. ↑ a b c see literature Tibor Klaniczay: Celtis and the Sodalitas Litteraria Germaniam.
  2. ↑ a b c d e see literature: Ernst Jungkenn: Johann von Dalberg and Jakob Köbel as members of Sodalitas litteraria Rhenana , in particular p. 169f.
  3. ↑ see literature Joseph Aschbach: The early wandering years of Conrad Celtis and the beginnings of the learned sodalities established by him
  4. ^ Edition of the works of Roswitha, Celtis 1501
  5. ↑ Hubert Cancik: Europa - Antike - Humanismus: Humanist attempts and preparatory work , Transcript Verlag, 2014, p. 127, ISBN 3-8394-1389-3 ; (Digital scan)
  6. ↑ a b Old source removed from the network; new comfortable
  7. ^ Robert Offner: Kronstadt, the city doctor Paulus Kyr and Ferrara. In: Robert Offner (Ed.): Paulus Kyr , Health is a delicious thing. A reprint of the health textbook of the Kronstadt doctor Paulus Kyr, translated into German, Romanian and Hungarian and provided with contemporary images and commented: Sanitatis studium ad imitationem aphorismorum compositum item alimentorum uires breuiter et ordine alphabetico positae Autore Paulo Kyr medico. Imprint in Inclyta Transylvaniae Corona anno 1551. Schiller Verlag, Hermannstadt / Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-941271-33-3 , pp. 9-20, here: p. 10.
  8. ^ Joseph Aschbach: History of the Vienna University in the first century of its existence. 1865, p. 436. ( Google books )
  9. ↑ "In total, over 80 people belonged to this Sodalitas Collimitiana", says Helmuth Grössing: Humanist Natural Science. On the history of the Viennese mathematical schools of the 15th and 16th centuries (SAECVLA SPIRITALIA; 8). Valentin Koerner, Baden-Baden 1983, p. 291.
  10. ^ Franz Graf-Stuhlhofer : Humanism between court and university. Georg Tannstetter (Collimitius) and his scientific environment in Vienna in the early 16th century . Vienna 1996, p. 115f.
  11. ↑ a b c Christine Treml: Humanistische Gemeinschaftbildung , 1989. Cf. the discussion by Meinolf Schumacher in: Daphnis 21, 1992, pp. 457–458
  12. ↑ Olmütz In: Communications of the Residences Commission of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen
  13. ↑ Nürnberg In: Digitale Konversionserzählungen 16.-20. Century, FU Berlin ( Memento of the original from February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de
  14. ^ David Hotchkiss Price: Albrecht Dürer's Renaissance: Humanism, Reformation, and the Art of Faith. University of Michigan Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-472-11343-9 . (Book review in English with reference to membership in Sodalitas)
  15. ↑ Dieter Albrecht (Ed.): Festschrift for Max Spindler on his 75th birthday . CH Beck, Munich 1969, DNB  456610464 , p. 384 ( Google Books ).