Summer Palace (Chengde)
| Imperial Summer Palace in Chengde 避暑 山庄 |
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UNESCO world heritage 
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| Garden of the Summer Palace in Chengde |
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| National territory: |
 People's Republic of China
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| Type: | Culture |
| Criteria : | (ii) (iv) |
| Reference No .: | 703 |
| UNESCO region : | Asia and Pacific |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 1994 (session 20) |
The Imperial Summer Palace ( Chinese 避暑 山莊 / 避暑 山庄 , Pinyin Bì Shǔ Shānzhuāng ) in Chengde (formerly: Jehol, Rehe), about 250 km northeast of Beijing, is one of the most outstanding examples of Chinese gardens .
The residence occupies an area of approximately 5.6 square kilometers, making it the largest imperial park complex in China . About four fifths of them are mountainous, the rest are plains and lakes . The whole thing is surrounded by a stone wall about 10 kilometers long. The complex can be roughly divided into two parts, one of which was used for government business and housing and the other for pleasure. The entertainment part can be divided into a lake area, a plain and a mountain area.
The Qing Emperor Kangxi had the first palace built here in 1703 . The last expansion was completed in 1790 . Both Emperor Kangxi and his grandson, Emperor Qianlong , received local officials and officers here, went hunting with them , held picnics and distributed rewards. Together with Mongolian princes, people went to horse races and watched wrestling matches or listened to Mongolian music. This should also improve relations between the Chinese central authority and the Mongolian, Kazakh , Uighur and Chalchasian tribes. Foreigners only had access to the palace in exceptional cases. Among other things, the Macartney Mission was received here in 1793 .
As in most Chinese gardens or parks, the buildings are of great importance. They include, for example:
- Bridge of the Pine Wind
- Hut in the heart of the water
- Mountain house of clear calm
- Temple of the Flower Spirit
- Gate of the Cloud Cave
- Pavilion for hearing the waterfall
The Summer Palace has been on the list of monuments of the People's Republic of China since 1961 .
See also
literature
- Sven Hedin: Jehol, the imperial city . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig (1932)
- Sven Hedin, Folke Bergman: History of the expedition in Asia 1927-1935 , in: Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The sino-swedish expedition. Publication 24: Part II 1928-1933. Stockholm 1943-1945, pp. 121ff. ( online )
- Philippe Forêt: The intended perception of the Imperial Gardens of Chengde in 1780. In: Journal of garden history, 19.1999, 343-363.
- Wu Guang-Zu, Maggie Keswick: Bi Shu Shan Zhuang . In: The Oxford companion to gardens. Edited by Patrick Goode and Michael Lancaster. Oxford, New York 2001, ISBN 0-19-860440-8 , pp. 57-58.
Web links
Heritage: Great Wall of China (1987) | Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing ( Forbidden City ) and Shenyang (1987) | Mogao Grottoes (1987) | Qin Shihuangdis Mausoleum (1987) | Peking man's site in Zhoukoudian (1987) | Summer Residence and Eight Outer Temples near Chengde (1994) | Confucius Temple, Cemetery and Residence of the Kong Family in Qufu (1994) | Daoist shrines in the mountains of Wudang (1994) | Potala Palace (1994), Jokhang Temple (2000) and Norbulingka Palace (2001) | Lu Shan National Park (1996) | Lijiang Old Town (1997) | Old City of Pingyao (1997) | Classical Gardens of Suzhou (1997) | Yiheyuan Summer Palace (1998) | Temple of Heaven with imperial sacrificial altar in Beijing (1998) | Rock sculptures by Also (1999) | Mount Qingcheng Mountains and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System (2000) | Xidi and Hongcun Villages (2000) | Longmen Grottoes (2000) | Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (2000) | Yungang Grottoes (2001) | Capitals and Tombs of the Ancient Kingdom of Koguryo (2004) | Historic Center of Macau (2005) | Yinxu (2006) | Diaolou towers and villages in Kaiping (2007) | Tulou loam buildings in Fujian (2008) | Wutai Shan (2009) | Historical Monuments of Dengfeng (2010) | Cultural Landscape West Lake near Hangzhou (2011) | Xanadu Site (2012) | Hani rice terraces in Yunnan (2013) | Silk Roads: The Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor Road Network (2014) | Kaiserkanal (2014) | Tusi sites (2015) | Petroglyphs at Huashan and the Zuo Jiang River (2016) | Kulangsu: a Historic International Settlement (2017) | Liangzhu City Archaeological Ruins (2019)
Natural heritage: Jiuzhaigou Valley Landscape Park (1992) | Lime sinter terrace landscape Huanglong (1992) | Wulingyuan Landscape Park (1992) | Protection zones of the three parallel rivers of Yunnan (2003) | Sichuan Panda Nature Reserve (2006) | Karst landscapes in southern China (2007, 2014) | Sanqing Shan National Park (2008) | Danxia Shan at Shaoguan (2010) | Chengjiang Fossil Site (2012) | Tian Shan Mountains in Xinjiang (2013) | Shennongjia Forest Area (2016) | Qinghai Hoh Xil (2017) | Migratory bird sanctuaries along the coast of the Yellow Sea - Gulf of Bohai (Phase I) (2019)
Cultural / Natural Heritage: Tai Shan Mountain Region (1987) | Huang Shan Mountains (1990) | Mountain landscape of Emei Shan and Leshan Big Buddha (1996) | Wuyi Mountains (1999) | Fanjingshan (2018)
Coordinates: 40 ° 59 ′ 15 ″ N , 117 ° 56 ′ 15 ″ E