Capitals and tombs of the ancient kingdom of Koguryo
| Capitals and tombs of the ancient kingdom of Koguryo | |
|---|---|
UNESCO world heritage 
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| Remains of the mountain fortress Wandu |
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| National territory: |
 People's Republic of China
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| Type: | Culture |
| Criteria : | (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) |
| Surface: | 4,164.8599 ha |
| Buffer zone: | 14,142.4404 ha |
| Reference No .: | 1135 |
| UNESCO region : | Asia and Pacific |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 2004 (session 28) |
Capitals and Tombs of the Ancient Kingdom of Koguryo is a UNESCO- listed World Heritage Site in the People's Republic of China . The serial World Heritage Site, located near the border with North Korea , comprises three ruined cities, 39 tombs and a memorial stele from the first centuries of the Kingdom of Goguryeo .
background
The kingdom of Goguryeo was one of the so-called three kingdoms of Korea in the 1st millennium AD . According to the Samguk Sagi of Dongmyeong, it was founded on today's territory of North Korea and Manchuria in northeast China around the year 32 BC, but presumably existed one to two hundred years earlier. It conquered large parts of Manchuria and penetrated ever further south on the Korean Peninsula .
The first capital of Goguryeo was the mountain fortress Wunu Shancheng in today's Huanren Autonomous County of Manju in Liaoning Province . This was followed by the town of Guonei Cheng, built on the plain by a river, and the mountain town of Wandu Shancheng on the area of today's Ji'an City in Jilin Province . Both cities were destroyed and rebuilt several times and alternately served as the capital of the empire. Even after King Jangsu moved the capital to Pyongyang in AD 427 , Guonei continued to serve as the second capital. In 668 Goguryeo was conquered by a coalition of the Kingdom of Silla with the China of the Tang Dynasty .
Near Wandu and Guonei are the tombs on the Donggou River , tombs of kings of the Goguryeo dynasty , their family members and high-ranking nobles. The royal tombs usually have the shape of a step pyramid made of stone. The tombs of the nobles are usually stone chambers covered with mounds of earth. Some of the tombs have wall paintings inside. The Gwanggaeto stele , an approximately seven meter high stone stele erected by King Jangsu next to the tomb of his father Gwanggaeto near Wandu, tells the founding myth of Goguryeo and the deeds of Gwanggaeto with about 1800 Chinese characters carved into the stone .
enrollment
Capitals and tombs of the ancient kingdom of Koguryo were registered as cultural heritage sites in the list of UNESCO world heritage in 2004 based on a resolution of the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee. In summary, it says, among other things:
The capitals and tombs are an exceptional testimony to the disappeared Koguryo civilization. The layout and structure of the capitals influenced urban planning and the construction of later cultures. The tomb paintings represent a rare artistic expression in medieval Northeast Asia and together with the stele and the inscriptions show the influence of Chinese culture on Koguryo.
The entry was made on the basis of criteria i, ii, iii, iv and v.
(i): The wall paintings and structures of the tombs represent a masterpiece of the human creative spirit.
(ii): The capitals of the Kingdom of Koguryo are an early example of mountain towns, later imitated by neighboring cultures. The tombs, especially the important stele and a long inscription in one of the tombs, show the influence of Chinese culture on Koguryo (which did not develop its own script). The paintings in the tombs show artistic skill and a specific style, but they are also an example of a strong influence from other cultures.
(iii): The capitals and tombs of the ancient Kingdom of Koguryo are an exceptional testimony to the vanished Koguryo civilization.
(iv): The system of capitals represented by Guonei City and Wandu Mountain City also influenced the construction of later capitals of the Koguryo Empire. The Koguryo Tombs are excellent examples of the development of the construction of cairn and earth tombs.
(v): The capitals of the Kingdom of Koguryo represent a perfect blend of human creation with nature, be it with the rocks or with forests and rivers.
Also in 2004, more Koguryo graves in what is now North Korea were added to the World Heritage List.
scope
The world heritage site comprises five separate areas. These have a total protection area of 4,164.86 ha . The individual protection areas are each surrounded by buffer zones (the sites in Ji'an by a common buffer zone), which have a total area of around 14,142 hectares. The Wandu Sanctuary also includes most of the tombs and extends as an irregularly shaped strip about 15 km along the Yalu River from Mount Tukou in the northeast to the Anzital in the southwest.
| Ref.No. | designation | location | Tombs | Protection area | Buffer zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1091-001 | Wunu Shancheng |
Huanren County Liaoning Province ( Geocoordinates ) |
- | 276 ha | 5,600 ha |
| 1091-002 | Guonei Cheng |
Ji'an City Jilin Province ( Geocoordinates ) |
- | 59.24 hectares | 8,542 ha |
| 1091-003 | Wandu Shancheng | Ji'an City Jilin Province ( Geocoordinates ) |
13 royal tombs, including
21 aristocratic graves |
3,219.21 ha | |
| 1091-004 | Ranmou Tomb and Huanwen Tomb | Ji'an City Jilin Province ( Geocoordinates ) |
2 aristocratic graves | 216.98 ha | |
| 1091-005 | Changchuan Tomb No. 1, 2, 4 | Ji'an City Jilin Province ( Geocoordinates ) |
3 noble graves | 393.43 ha |
photos
Wall remains of Guonei
Wall remains of Wandu
Tombs on the Donggou River
General's tomb
Murals
.JPG)
literature
- Ruins of the former capitals and tombs of the ancient kingdom of Koguryo . In: The World Heritage . Frederking & Thaler, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-95416-181-2 , pp. 715 .
- Capitals and tombs of the ancient kingdom of Koguryo . In: The UNESCO World Heritage . Kunth Verlag, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3-95504-413-8 , pp. 410 .
Web links
- Capitals and tombs of the ancient Kingdom of Koguryo on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Official names English Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom , French Capitales et tombes de l'ancien royaume de Koguryo , German translation according to the World Heritage List. In: www.unesco.de. German UNESCO Commission , accessed on June 6, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c d Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed November 12, 2017 .
- ↑ written in the McCune-Reischauer romanization Koguryŏ , which is usual in North Korea
- ↑ Decision: 28 COM 14B.25. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed June 6, 2018 .
- ↑ Decision: 28 COM 14B.33. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed June 6, 2018 .
- ↑ Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom. Maps. In: whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Center, accessed June 6, 2018 .
Heritage: Great Wall of China (1987) | Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing ( Forbidden City ) and Shenyang (1987) | Mogao Grottoes (1987) | Qin Shihuangdis Mausoleum (1987) | Peking man's site in Zhoukoudian (1987) | Summer Residence and Eight Outer Temples near Chengde (1994) | Confucius Temple, Cemetery and Residence of the Kong Family in Qufu (1994) | Daoist shrines in the mountains of Wudang (1994) | Potala Palace (1994), Jokhang Temple (2000) and Norbulingka Palace (2001) | Lu Shan National Park (1996) | Lijiang Old Town (1997) | Old City of Pingyao (1997) | Classical Gardens of Suzhou (1997) | Yiheyuan Summer Palace (1998) | Temple of Heaven with imperial sacrificial altar in Beijing (1998) | Rock sculptures by Also (1999) | Mount Qingcheng Mountains and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System (2000) | Xidi and Hongcun Villages (2000) | Longmen Grottoes (2000) | Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (2000) | Yungang Grottoes (2001) | Capitals and Tombs of the Ancient Kingdom of Koguryo (2004) | Historic Center of Macau (2005) | Yinxu (2006) | Diaolou towers and villages in Kaiping (2007) | Tulou loam buildings in Fujian (2008) | Wutai Shan (2009) | Historical Monuments of Dengfeng (2010) | Cultural Landscape West Lake near Hangzhou (2011) | Xanadu Site (2012) | Hani rice terraces in Yunnan (2013) | Silk Roads: The Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor Road Network (2014) | Kaiserkanal (2014) | Tusi sites (2015) | Petroglyphs at Huashan and the Zuo Jiang River (2016) | Kulangsu: a Historic International Settlement (2017) | Liangzhu City Archaeological Ruins (2019)
Natural heritage: Jiuzhaigou Valley Landscape Park (1992) | Lime sinter terrace landscape Huanglong (1992) | Wulingyuan Landscape Park (1992) | Protection zones of the three parallel rivers of Yunnan (2003) | Sichuan Panda Nature Reserve (2006) | Karst landscapes in southern China (2007, 2014) | Sanqing Shan National Park (2008) | Danxia Shan at Shaoguan (2010) | Chengjiang Fossil Site (2012) | Tian Shan Mountains in Xinjiang (2013) | Shennongjia Forest Area (2016) | Qinghai Hoh Xil (2017) | Migratory bird sanctuaries along the coast of the Yellow Sea - Gulf of Bohai (Phase I) (2019)
Cultural / Natural Heritage: Tai Shan Mountain Region (1987) | Huang Shan Mountains (1990) | Mountain landscape of Emei Shan and Leshan Big Buddha (1996) | Wuyi Mountains (1999) | Fanjingshan (2018)
Map with all coordinates: