St. Martini (Emmerich)
The Catholic parish church of St. Martini is a listed church building in Emmerich am Rhein , a town in the Kleve district ( North Rhine-Westphalia ).
History and architecture
The collegiate monastery St. Martin already existed in the 9th century and was headed by a provost . A new church was built around 1040. After natural disasters and the destruction of the war, the building of the church was formed through repairs, additions and conversions. The church was made of brick and tuff masonry and consists of a Gothic , irregular two-aisled nave , the superior tower and a Romanesque choir loft above a crypt . The Roermond bishop Philipp Damian von Hoensbroech († 1793) still officiated here as provost . Napoleon I dissolved the monastery in 1811, and the parish of St. Martini, which had been an independent parish since 1300, continued to exist.
Building history
The foundation building, a three-aisled tuff basilica with an eastern transept and the three-aisled choir, was built from around 1040. In the west there was a two-tower facade. During the reign of Bishop Bernold of Utrecht , the monastery was moved here from the parish church of St. Aldegundis . Damage to the building is documented for 1145, in 1137 and 1138 parts of the nave and the west building were destroyed by the Rhine . The Rhine caused further damage in 1370, only the eastern nave yoke , the choir, the crossing , the crypt and side choirs remained. In the 15th century, the original north cross arm was replaced by a two-aisled building with a north tower. Extensive renovations were carried out at the end of the 15th century. At the same time the round tower was built on the south side of the west end. The tail gable on the south transept was built around 1600 . The west aisle was demolished in the early 19th century. The rood screen was removed and the level of the floor raised by about 110 cm. In the course of extensive renovation work, the aisle was rebuilt in 1874. During the Second World War in 1944, the building was destroyed except for the surrounding walls. It was rebuilt in a simplified form by 1964. During the thorough renovation from 1976 to 1989, the floor was brought back to its original level, the vaults were pulled back into the Gothic components and the high choir was reconstructed.
Building description
The choirs, the crossing pillars with the exception of the southwestern one and the crypt have been preserved from the foundations . The main choir and the flanking secondary choirs are semicircular inside and five-sided outside. The main choir is divided on the quadrum by simple blind niches around the cliff windows. The tracery windows that were subsequently broken into the apse were walled up. The side chapels are divided on the outside by round-arched, flat blind niches, those on the south chapel were renewed in 1877 according to old findings. The southern arm of the transept was subsequently shortened by half in length. The south facade with a curved Renaissance gable is in alignment with the south side chapel and the yoke of the remaining west side aisle. During the Second World War, the west facade of the nave yoke was destroyed; it was rebuilt in a modern form in 1964 according to plans by Waldemar Kuhn. This is followed by a low round tower with walls up to 3 m thick, which is popularly known as an icebreaker due to its resistance to Rhine drift ice . The two-aisled nave was built in place of the original northern transverse arm. The three-storey, massive north tower stands in front of the main nave. In the middle yoke of the eastern outer wall, the remains of a portal with a vestibule can be seen. A framed portal is set into the east wall of the tower. The top floor of the tower is drawn in above a gallery covered with a pent roof, above which is a steep, eight-sided helmet .
inside rooms
Flat ceilings were drawn into the crossing , the southern arm of the transept , the high choir and the western nave yoke . The high tower hall is star-vaulted . In the Gothic nave were Kreuzrippengewölbe confiscated. Five of the six pillar bases of the early 19th century abandoned rood screen can be found in the crossing before the ascent to the choir loft. When the floor level was lowered, further fragments were found that were stored outside the church building. The choir apse is equipped with a heavily restored Romanesque paving made of white and blue Namur stone. The side chapels were divided into two storeys by means of subsequent vaults . The Romanesque frescoes were destroyed. In the basement of the north side choir, the walls, the floor and the vaults were tiled with mosaics in 1898. The medallions show the Seven Sorrows of Mary . A museum-like treasury is located on the upper floor. The crypt , a three-aisled hall with a groin vault , is accessible via the side choirs.
Furnishing
The Flemish brass baptismal font was made in Antwerp from 1531 to 1535. It was badly damaged in the Second World War and then extensively supplemented. It shows pure renaissance motifs. From the choir stalls from 1486 only 18 of the original 36 seats remain. There are several wooden figures in the building. On the southwestern crossing pillar stands the figure of St. Willibrord from the end of the 15th century with a neo-Gothic version. The crucifixion group in the tower hall consists of the fragments of the former triumphal cross from the beginning of the 16th century and the figures of the mourning Mary and John from around 1700. Remnants of the original version are still preserved. The Vespers picture on the altar in the southern side choir was created around 1530, it is attributed to H. van Holt, the frame has been removed. The crescent moon Madonna from around 1530 to 1540 in the tower hall is also attributed to H. van Holt, it was taken at a later time. An epitaph for Duke Georg von Schleswig († 1433) can be seen in the western yoke. The figurative representations are lost, the coat of arms with crest and the inscriptions have been preserved. The epitaph for canon Wessel Huninck († 1519) hangs in the passage from the tower to the church. The damaged sandstone relief shows the Transfiguration of Christ on Mount Tabor. In the foreground the clergyman and his father kneel opposite; behind them stand the saints Willibrord and Martin. In the period from 1628 to 1672 the church was used by the evangelical reformed community. Some epitaphs from this period with damage to the figurative representations are on display.
organ
The main organ was built in 1989 by Orgelbau Romanus Seifert & Sohn from Kevelaer. The slider chests -instrument has 44 registers on four manuals and pedal . The actions are mechanical. There is also a Zimbelstern , a glockenspiel and a foghorn , with which a ship model drives out of the organ to the sound of two bass pipes . The disposition of the Seifert organ was changed in some places in 1994 as part of a general cleaning.
The wooden decorations of the organ, the so-called veil boards, were carved by the architect and sculptor Heinrich Riedl.
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Another organ is in the crypt. It is a chest organ that was built in 1978 by the Johannes Klais Orgelbau company from Bonn.
Church treasure
The treasury contains church treasures from St. Vitus in Hoch- Elten and St. Martini. It was opened to the public in 1983. The Martini Church has lost a lot of its original church treasure over the centuries. An early ecclesiastical cult device for liturgical use is still the one with the name of St. Willibrord connected, late Romanesque chalice and a Gothic censer made of silver remain.
Ark of st. Willibrord
The ark (from Latin arca , box) of St. Willibrord is a reliquary from the 11th century, possibly dating from around 1040 on the Lower Rhine or in Utrecht . The pocket-shaped core made of oak is of the type of the early Bursen reliquaries . The base and the crown are late Gothic additions. The front is covered with embossed gold sheet. It is divided into four fields by a ribbon studded with precious stones and gems , in which there are evangelist symbols, whereby the lion of Mark appears twice, but the bull of Luke is missing. Due to the fact that the one St. Mark's Lion differs stylistically, this may be a later revision. The crucified Christ, surrounded by evangelist symbols, is engraved in brown varnish on the copper plate on the reverse . A crucifixion group made of cast silver statuettes was added as an attachment at the beginning of the 15th century. The ark was reworked into a monstrance in 1520 . Kneeling angels wear the silver base. The ark is inscribed:
“HE SVNT RELIQUIAE QUAS SCS WILLIBRORDVS ROME A PAPA SERGIO ACCEPIT ET EMBRIKI TRANSPORTAVIT”
"These are the relics that St. Willibrord received from Pope Sergius and brought to Emmerich"
It contains the following relics: bones of the apostle Peter and Saint Walburga, splinters from the cross and from the lance of Jesus, and a piece of the penitential robe that Herod had ordered him to wear . The ark is over half a meter high. The ark, the name only came up in the 17th century, clearly shows, based on the later additions, that reliquaries, in contrast to the sanctuaries in them, were consumer goods that could be made into money in times of need and further embellished in times of prosperity. In the Middle Ages, the ark also served as an oath box; After taking office, the princes had to lay on their hands and swear the rights of the city with an oath.
Arm reliquary
The arm reliquary of St. Martin was created in 1521. On the front of the sleeve there are two blind windows one above the other , above the upper one is a rosette with three fish bubbles , above the lower one a glazed circular section.
Copy of the Volto Santo
A wooden crucifix from around 1170 is clad in a belted tunic . With this depiction, the artist did not want to show the suffering, but the coming Jesus. Originally the work was completely covered with gold-plated silver sheet, the fitting is only preserved on the head today. On the cross, which has been partially supplemented, narrow strips of sheet copper with palmette friezes have been preserved. Originally, this depiction was one of a large number of replicas after the not preserved Volto Santo of Lucca .
Other furnishings of the church treasure
A gold-plated silver calvary was made around 1420-1430. The assistant figures of this probably Dutch work were driven, while the crucifix was cast. The two coats of arms on the base date from the 16th century. The late Gothic silver statue of the Madonna was donated by Provost Count Moritz von Spiegelberg . The work was made around 1480. The English alabaster relief from the beginning of the 15th century shows the figure of a dying woman in the lower part and the mercy seat in the upper part . The reliquary cut from rock crystal in the shape of a fish is from the 10th century ; in the 13th century the head and three curved legs were taken. The frame of the ostensorium made of a horizontal crystal cylinder stands on four curved legs. The work from around 1400 is crowned by a tower placed over a corner. In the first half of the 15th century the tower ciborium was made. The reliquary statuette with the depiction of St. Michael als Dragonslayer is a Dutch work from around 1430. A coat of arms medallion of Abbess Lucia Countess von Kerpen is attached to the shoulder blade of the dragon .
Peal
There are six chime bells in the tower. Four of them were cast by the Feldmann & Marschel bell foundry in Münster in 1966 .
| Surname | Christmas bell | Old bell | Marienbell | Martinus | Elisabeth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caster | Feldmann & Marschel | Johannes van Hintem | Feldmann & Marschel | Feldmann & Marschel | Feldmann & Marschel |
| Casting location | Muenster | Unknown | Muenster | Muenster | Muenster |
| Casting year | 1966 | 1434 | 1966 | 1966 | 1966 |
| Weight (approx.) | 4400 kg | 1900 kg | 1180 kg | 810 kg | 450 kg |
| Chime | a 0 | d 1 | e 1 | f sharp 1 | a 1 |
The sixth, a historical bell, with a c sharp 'strike, does not match the sound of the bell and is no longer used today.
literature
- Paul Seesing: St. Martini, Emmerich . Small art guide No. 2112, 3rd edition, Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-5848-5
- Manuela Beer, Birgitta Falk , Andrea von Hülsen-Esch, Susan Marti, Petra Marx, Barbara Rommé, Hiltrud Westermann-Angerhausen (eds.): Beautiful NRW. 100 treasures of medieval art . Klartext, Essen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8375-0080-6 , p. 78f.
- Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer (edit.): Handbook of German art monuments , North Rhine-Westphalia, Volume I: Rhineland. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X , p.?.
- Heinz Evers: Tombs of the Minster Church of St. Martini and the former Kreuzherrenkirche zu Emmerich . Emmerich Research, Volume 19, Emmerich History Association, Emmerich 2000, ISBN 3-923692-26-9 .
- Paul Seesing: organ and organist of the St. Martini parish of Emmerich . Catholic parish of St. Martini, Emmerich 1999
- Truus Brandsma, Raphael Rijntjes, Jos Stöver: The rood screen of St. Martini in Emmerich - an examination of the history of the building . In: Denkmalpflege im Rheinland , Issue 1993/2, Rheinland Verlag, Cologne 1993, ISSN 0177-2619 , pp. 79–86.
- Helmut Flintrop: The St. Martinikirche zu Emmerich - an outpost of the Hochstift Utrecht . Walburg Pers, Zutphen 1992, ISBN 90-6011-769-7
- Gerard Lemmens: Treasury of St. Martini Emmerich (= Small Art Guide No. 1704). Schnell and Steiner, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-7954-5415-8
- Gerard Lemmens: The Treasury Emmerich. The church treasures of St. Martini Emmerich and St. Vitus Hochelten . Catholic parish of St. Martini, Emmerich 1983
- Paul Seesing: A book of the dead from the St. Martini cathedral in Emmerich . Emmerich Research, Volume 2, Emmerich History Association, Emmerich 1980
- Gerard Lemmens, Guido de Werd : Art treasures from the St. Martini Minster in Emmerich . Exhibition catalog, Katholisches Pfarramt St. Martini, Emmerich 1977
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ulrike Spengler-Reffgen: The St. Martini Abbey in Emmerich from the beginning to the middle of the 15th century Siegburg 1997 . In: Bonn historical research . tape 57 . Siegburg 1997, ISBN 3-87710-204-2 .
- ^ "Collegiate monastery St. Martin, Emmerich". In: Germania Sacra - Monasteries and monasteries of the Old Kingdom :. Academy of Sciences in Göttingen (AdW), accessed on February 4, 2020 .
- ^ Dutch PDF document, p. 147
- ↑ The rood screen of St. Martini in Emmerich: building history investigation , short texts on monument preservation on baufachinformation.de
- ^ Norbert Kohnen: The missing paintings by Martini , Neue Rhein Zeitung , December 23, 2012
- ^ Claudia Euskirchen, Olaf Gisbertz, Ulrich Schäfer (arr.): Handbook of German art monuments , North Rhine-Westphalia, Volume I: Rhineland. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03093-X . Page 349
- ↑ a b The organ of the Martinikirche
- ↑ More information on organ disposition, W. Verburg ( Memento from December 16, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b History of the treasure and photo of the treasury , parish of St. Christophorus, accessed on March 10, 2012
- ↑ Website not accessible: 401 Authorization required, History of the Arche ( Memento of the original from March 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 10, 2012
- ↑ Dalheim show "Power of the Word" shows precious Willibrord's ark until the beginning of October , Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe , press release from September 9, 2011, accessed on March 10, 2012 (size of the ark)
- ↑ Hans Wimmers: Emmerichs rich treasury , Neue Rhein Zeitung , October 12, 2010, accessed on March 10, 2012 (contents of the treasury and a photo of the oath box)
Web links
- St. Martini Church on the parish homepage
- Emmerich, Münsterkirche St. Martin Facsimile of the description from 1912 from: Georg Dehio, Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler (Volume 5): Northwest Germany, Berlin 1912, page 115f.
- Story and photo , accessed March 10, 2012
- Photo of the ark of St. Willibrord , accessed March 10, 2012
- Photo of the ark of St. Willibrord , accessed March 10, 2012
- Arm reliquary of St. Martin, photo , accessed March 10, 2012
- Bells of the Sankt Martini Church, Emmerich-am-Rhein , accessed on January 26, 2015.
Coordinates: 51 ° 49 ′ 50.2 " N , 6 ° 14 ′ 11.4" E