Wine-red flake boletus

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Wine-red flake boletus
Suillus spraguei 58269.jpg

Burgundy shed boletus ( Suillus spraguei )

Systematics
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Boletales (Boletales)
Subordination : Suillineae
Family : Dribble relatives (Suillaceae)
Genre : Smeared boletus ( Suillus )
Type : Wine-red flake boletus
Scientific name
Suillus spraguei
( Berk. & MA Curtis ) Kuntze

The wine-red scaly boletus ( Suillus spraguei , syn .:  Suillus pictus , Boletinus pictus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the smeared boletus relatives (Suillaceae). Other common names are Bunter Stroben-Röhrling or Geschmückter Röhrling . Suillus spraguei has a complex taxonomic history and is often referred to as Suillus pictus in literature.

The easily identifiable fruit bodies have a hat that is freshly colored dark red, is dry to the touch and is covered with mats of hair and flakes, separated from one another by yellow cracks. On the underside of the hat there are small, angular and yellow tubes that turn brownish with age. The stem has a grayish, fluffy ring and is usually covered with soft hair or scales.

Suillus spraguei forms mycorrhiza with various types of pine , especially the Weymouth pine . The fruiting bodies grow on the ground and appear from early summer to autumn. The species has a disjoint distribution and occurs in East Asia, Northeast North America and Mexico in the entire area of ​​the host tree.

The Burgundy Schuppen-Röhrling is an edible mushroom , although opinions about the food value vary. The fungus is similar to a number of other smearbones, including the closely related Suillus decipiens , which is common in southeastern North America , although the species can be distinguished by differing colors and sizes.

features

The pores are large, angular and arranged radially.
The surface of the hat is covered with scales or mats of reddish hair; on this older specimen the scales are a little further apart so that more of the yellow flesh can be seen below.
The partial envelope begins to tear and releases the mouth of the tube.

Macroscopic features

The conical to convex shaped, aged somewhat flattened hat measures 3-12 cm in diameter. The edge of the hat is initially rolled down before it is straightened, and is often hung with remnants of the partial envelope ( Velum partiale ). The rough and scale-like surface of the hat is covered with densely matted threads. The scales are pink to brown-red in color and pale brown-gray or dull yellow with age. The surface of the hat under the scales is yellow to pale yellow-orange in color. While many other greasy capes have a sticky or slimy cap skin, that of Suillus spraguei is dry. The flesh ( trama ) is yellow.

The pores / tube mouths on the underside of the hat are yellowish, angular and 0.5-5 mm wide. The tubes are 4-8 mm long. They run in extended form something at the stalk down. The spore powder has an olive-brown color that changes to gray to yellow-brown-olive after drying. Young specimens have a whitish, fibrous partial cover that protects the development of the tubes; When the hat is raised, the veil stretches until it breaks and remains on the stem as a gray ring ( annulus ).

The 4–12 cm long and 1–2.5 cm wide stem has an approximately cylindrical shape and sometimes appears somewhat club-shaped due to a bulbous lower end of the stem. The stem surface is tomentose with scales at the tip and a ring in the upper half of the stem. Below the ring, the stem is fibrous, covered with a mat of soft hair. The stem is colored yellow at the top, but below it is covered with wine-red to red-brown scales, which are underlaid with a light yellow to grayish color. The stem is usually full, rarely hollow. All parts of the fruiting body - hat, tubes and stalk - turn brown shortly after pressure or when injured.

Macrochemical color reactions

Different parts of the fungus show characteristic color reactions in chemical tests commonly used to identify fungi. The hat skin turns black on contact with a drop of potassium hydroxide (KOH) , iron (II) sulfate (FeSO 4 ) solution or ammonia solution. The meat turns grayish-green to greenish-black with a drop of FeSO 4 and olive to greenish-black with KOH or ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH).

Microscopic features

The spores measure 9–11 × 3–4.5 µm and have a smooth surface; in the side profile they have asymmetrical sides and a surface depression where the spores were attached to the basidia , while in the plan view they appear elongated. The spores are not amyloid , so they do not show any iodine color reaction when Melzer's reagent is added . The 17–19 × 5–7.8 µm large spore stands (basidia) are thin-walled and 4-spore. They appear hyaline (transparent) when they come into contact with potassium hydroxide ; in Melzer's reagent they turn light yellow to almost hyaline.

Species delimitation

Suillus decipiens is a doppelganger of the wine-red scale boletus.

The Burgundy Schuppen-Röhrling is a popular edible mushroom among novice mushroom pickers in North America because it is easily recognizable due to the appearance of the fruiting bodies and the association with pines from the Strobus subgenus . This peculiarity makes it unlikely that the fungus will be confused with other species, although it shares some characteristics with other smeared mushrooms. Suillus spraguei has a certain resemblance to Suillus ochraceoroseus , the "Rosy Larch Bolete" (= "Pink Larch Bolete"), but the latter species has a darker spore powder print, a thicker stem and grows together with larches. The hollow-foot tubular ( Suillus cavipes ), another larch symbiont, is more brownish in color and has a hollow stem. The Douglas fir bolet ( Suillus lakei ) is less colorful than the wine-red scale bolet, has a shorter stem and usually grows on Douglas firs . Suillus decipiens has a less intense red cap when young, but the color of older specimens may fade and resemble S. spraguei . The doppelganger, however, usually has a smaller habit, with a hat 4-7 cm in diameter and a stem that is usually 4-7 cm long and 7-16 mm thick. In addition, its pores are irregularly shaped, measure 0.5–1 mm in diameter when they are old, and have spots of hazel brown instead of reddish to brownish. The species is found in the southeastern United States, from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Texas .

Ecology and phenology

The Weymouth pine ( Pinus strobus ) is the predominant mycorrhizal partner of the wine-red scaly boletus in North America.

In nature, the wine-red shed bolet forms ectomycorrhizal compounds with 5-needle pine species . This is a mutually beneficial relationship in which the fungal threads coat the roots of the trees so that the fungus can draw moisture, protection, and nutritious by-products from the tree, and the tree has better access to soil nutrients. Suillus spraguei forms a nodular ectomycorrhiza in which the fungal roots are covered with wart-like bulges. It has been described as an aggregate of ectomycorrhizal roots enclosed by a fungal bark and rhizomorphs made of tubular fungal cords with a hard outer sheath. The fungus has an ecological host specificity and associates in natural soils only with a group of pine species from the subgenus Strobus . However, under controlled pure culture conditions in the laboratory , Suillus spraguei also forms compounds with American red pine ( Pinus resinosa ), pitch pine ( Pinus rigida ) and frankincense pine ( Pinus taeda ). Asian populations are associated with the Korean pine ( Pinus koraiensis ), Armand's pine ( Pinus armandii ), dwarf pine ( Pinus pumila ) and Japanese pine ( Pinus parviflora ). In North America, the fruiting bodies appear as early as June and thus earlier than in most other boletus, which usually fructify there from July to September, although they can still be found in October.

A Japanese field study found that the Burgundy Scaly Boletus is the dominant species of fungus in a 21-year-old Korean pine population, both in terms of ectomycorrhizae (measured as a percentage of the biomass present in soil samples) and fruiting body production (at more than 90% Dry matter of the total fruit bodies of all species collected). S. spraguei produced an average of about one fruiting body per square meter, with little variation during the four-year study period. The mushrooms mostly appeared from August to November and tended to grow in clusters, the spatial distribution of which was random. The position of the tufts did not match the occurrences in previous years. The density of fruiting bodies along a forest road was higher than average, suggesting a preference for a disturbed habitat. The results also suggest that S. spraguei prefers to produce fruiting bodies in areas with low soil accumulation - a finding that will be confirmed in a later publication. This study also came to the conclusion that the fungus spreads mainly through vegetative growth (expansion of the underground mycelia ) and not through colonization with spores.

distribution

Suillus spraguei has a disjoint distribution and is known from several regions of Asia, including China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. In North America, its occurrence extends from eastern Canada ( Nova Scotia ) to the Carolina states in the south and to Minnesota in the west. The species was also found in Mexico ( Coahuila and Durango ).

The first European proof of wine red flakes came in 1966 in East Friesland and was confirmed in the following year by further collections. The species was found in this forest area in mid-October 2011. In Lower Saxony, Suillus spraguei was observed in 8 and 9 table- top quadrants until April 2012 . Jürgen Schreiner attests that the species has significantly increased its area in the northwestern German lowlands. The distribution area extends from the North Sea coast southwards into the Geest landscapes between Ems and Weser to the east over the Stader Geest to the Lüneburg Heath .

Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Nomenclature




Suillus decipiens


   

Burgundy shed boletus
( Suillus spraguei )



   

Granule boletus
( Suillus granulatus)


   

Ivory boletus
( Suillus placidus )




   




Suillus americanus


   

Suillus sibiricus



   

Suillus subumbonatus



   

Suillus intermedius


   

Suillus subalutaceus




   

Suillus cothurnatus , Suillus subluteus , Suillus subaureus



Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style
Phylogeny and Relationships of Burgundy Scale Boletus and Related Species based on ITS Sequences .

The Burgundy Schuppen-Röhrling has a complex taxonomic history behind it. Although Charles James Sprague originally collected the first specimen in New England in 1856 , a formal scientific description of the species was not published until 1872. Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis called the species Boletus spraguei . In a publication that appeared the following year, the American mycologist Charles Horton Peck named the species Boletus pictus . With Boletus murraii , Berkeley and Curtis had also described a supposed new species, which Rolf Singer later regarded as merely a younger variant of their Boletus spraguei . Peck's description, which appeared in print in 1873, revealed by the date stamp on the original publication that he had sent his documents to the printer prior to the appearance of Berkeley and Curtis' publication in 1872, making the name according to the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, fungi and plants have priority. However, Singer reports in 1945 that the name Boletus pictus was inadmissible because it was a homonym that was already used as a synonym for a Porling, which Carl Friedrich Schultz described in 1806 A1 . The name officially changed to Suillus spraguei in 1986 - Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze had previously recombined the taxon to Suillus A2 in 1898 .

In 1996 a molecular analysis of 38  Suillus species was published based on the sequences of their internal transcribed spacers in order to derive the phylogenetic relationships and to clarify the taxonomy of the genus. The results show that the burgundy shed boletus is most closely related to Suillus decipiens . The granule bolete and the ivory bolete are on a sister branch to Suillus spraguei . These results were confirmed in later publications evaluating the relationships between the Asian and Eastern North American isolates of various smear borers, including S. spraguei . The research supports the hypothesis that Chinese and US S. spraguei and S. decipiens are the closest relatives, and the clade they contain is divided into four different subgroups: S. decipiens , S. spraguei from the US, S. spraguei from China ( Yunnan ) and S. spraguei also from China ( Jilin ).

The epithet spraguei is a tribute to the finder Sprague, while the Latin pictus "painted" or "colorful" means. In the English-speaking world, the Weinrote Schuppen-Röhrling is known as "painted slipperycap" (= painted slippery cap), "painted suillus" (= painted lubricant tubular) or "red and yellow suillus" (= red and yellow lubricant tubular). It is also called "eastern painted Suillus" (= eastern painted smeared boletus ) to differentiate it from the "western painted Suillus" (= western painted smeared boletus), the Douglas fir bolet ( Suillus lakei ).

meaning

Food value

The burgundy Schuppen-Röhrling is an edible mushroom . It has no characteristic taste, even if the smell is described as "slightly fruity". Although the mushroom turns black when cooked, some consider it to be one of the better edible mushrooms in the genus of the smeared mushrooms. On the other hand, another source on the mushrooms of Québec describes the mushroom as inferior edible (“comestible médiocre”) and warns of a slightly sour and unpleasant taste. Michael Kuo rates the taste in his book “100 Edible Mushrooms” as mediocre and points out that the mushroom has a snail-like consistency and tastes like tasteless gelatin. He recommends frying the thinly sliced ​​fruit bodies in butter or oil until they are crispy.

Host of a gray horse

The right fruiting body of the wine-red flaky boletus is attacked by the bolete mold Hypomyces completus .

The fruiting bodies of Suillus spraguei are sometimes parasitized by Hypomyces completus , a hose fungus from the family of the crust ball relatives (Hypocreaceae) . At the stage of asexual reproduction of H. completus , whitish spots initially appear on the surface of the cap or stem, which quickly spread until they cover the entire surface of the fruiting body, producing conidia (asexual spores). In the stage of sexual reproduction, the color of the coating changes progressively from yellow-brown to brown, greenish-brown and finally black due to the production of perithecia . The perithecia contain the tubes ( asci ) with the ascospores (sexual spores), are reminiscent of small pimples in their shape and give the surface a roughened texture.

Remarks

A1According to Streinz (1862), Boletus pictus Schultz is probably the same species as Polyporus perennis (L.) Fr., currently known as Coltricia perennis , the banded permanent porling .
A2Although Palm and Stewart consider Kuntze responsible for recombining it to Suillus , there are other authorities, including the Index Fungorum and MycoBank taxonomic databases, which instead cite Smith and Thiers ' 1964 monograph on North American smear.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Suillus pictus AH Sm. & Thiers 1964. In: MycoBank. International Mycological Association (IMA), accessed December 29, 2010 .
  2. ↑ Boletinus pictus (AH Sm. & Thiers) Lj.N. Vassiljeva 1978. In: MycoBank. International Mycological Association (IMA), accessed December 4, 2010 .
  3. ↑ a b Jürgen Schreiner: The wine-red Schuppenröhrling Suillus pictus - a Neomycet in Lower Saxony . In: The Tintling . tape 76 , no. 3/2012 . Karin Monday, 2012, ISSN  1430-595X , p. 13-19 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Alan E. Bessette, William C. Roody, Arleen R. Bessette: North American Boletes: A Color Guide To the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms . Syracuse University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8156-3244-3 (English, 396 pages).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Darryl W. Grund, Kenneth A. Harrison: Nova Scotian Boletes . In: Bibliotheca mycologica . tape 47 . J. Cramer, Vaduz 1976, ISBN 3-7682-1062-6 , pp. 162-163 (English).
  6. ↑ a b William C. Roody: Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians . University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (USA) 2003, ISBN 0-8131-9039-8 , pp. 288 (English, 520 pp.).
  7. ↑ Donald M. Huffman, Lois H. Tiffany, George Knaphaus, Rosanne A. Healy: Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide) . University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, Iowa (USA) 2008, ISBN 1-58729-627-6 , pp. 173 (English).
  8. ↑ a b Kent H. McKnight, Vera B. McKnight: A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America . Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Massachusetts (USA) 1987, ISBN 0-395-91090-0 , pp. 118, plate 11 (English, 448 pages).
  9. ^ A b c d Bill Russell: Field Guide to Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic . Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-271-02891-0 , pp. 122 (English, 236 p., Limited preview in Google Book search).
  10. ^ A b Orson K. Miller Jr., Hope Miller: North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi . Falcon Guide, Guilford, Connecticut (USA) 2006, ISBN 0-7627-3109-5 , pp. 359 (English, 583 pp.).
  11. ↑ a b c Mary E. Palm, Elwin L. Stewart: Typification and nomenclature of selected Suillus species . In: Mycologia . tape 78 , no. 3 , 1986, pp. 325–333 , doi : 10.2307 / 3793035 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  12. ↑ In the source referred to as Fuscoboletinus ochraceoroseus , but the species has been transferred to the genus Suillus . See Suillus ochraceoroseus in Index Fungorum.
  13. ↑ David Arora, Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkeley, California (USA) 1986, ISBN 0-89815-169-4 , pp. 507 (English, 959 pp.).
  14. ↑ a b Betsy L. Randall, Larry F. Grand: Morphology and possible mycobiont (Suillus pictus) of a tuberculate ectomycorrhiza on Pinus strobus . In: Canadian Journal of Botany . tape 64 , no. 10 , 1986, pp. 2182-2191 , doi : 10.1139 / b86-290 (English).
  15. ↑ Dai Hirose, Takashi Shirouzu, Seiji Tokumasu: Host range and potential distribution of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Suillus pictus in Japan . In: Fungal Ecology . tape 3 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 255–260 , doi : 10.1016 / j.funeco.2009.11.001 (English).
  16. ↑ Mary E. Palm, Elwin L. Stewart: In vitro synthesis of mycorrhizae between presumed specific and nonspecific Pinus + Suillus combinations . In: Mycologia . tape 76 , no. 4 , 1984, pp. 579-600 , doi : 10.2307 / 3793215 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  17. Jump up ↑ a b Qiu-Xin Wua, Gregory M. Mueller, François M. Lutzoni, Yong-Qing Huang, Shou-Yu Guo: Phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships of eastern Asia and eastern North American disjunct Suillus species (fungi) as inferred from nuclear ribosomal RNA ITS sequences . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 17 , no. 1 , 2000, pp. 37-47 , doi : 10.1006 / mpev.2000.0812 (English).
  18. ↑ Dai Hirose, Seiji Tokumasu: Microsatellite loci from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Suillus pictus associated with the genus Pinus subgenus Strobus . In: Molecular Ecology Notes . tape 7 , no. 5 , 2007, p. 854–856 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1471-8286.2007.01727.x (English).
  19. ↑ Junichi Kikuchi, Kazuyoshi Futai: Spatial distribution of sporocarps and the biomass of ectomycorrhizas of Suillus pictus in a Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) stand . In: Journal of Forestry Research . tape 8 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 17-25 , doi : 10.1007 / s103100300002 (English).
  20. ↑ Dai Hirose, Junichi Kikuchi, Natsumi Kanzaki, Kazuyoshi Futai: Genet distribution of sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas of Suillus pictus in a Japanese White Pine plantation . In: New Phytologist . tape 164 , no. 3 , December 2004, p. 527-541 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-8137.2004.01188.x (English, onlinelibrary.wiley.com [PDF]).
  21. ↑ a b Qiuxin Wu, Greg Mueller: (.. Berk & Curt) Suillus spraguei Kuntze - An eastern North American-eastern Asian disjunct bolete. In: Comparative Studies on the Macrofungi of China and Eastern North America. The Field Museum, 1998, accessed October 2, 2009 .
  22. ↑ Wei Fan Chiu: The boletes of Yunnan . In: Mycologia . tape 40 , no. 2 , 1948, p. 199-231 , doi : 10.2307 / 3755085 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  23. ↑ Yosikazu Murata: The boletes of Hokkaido I. Suillus Micheli ex SF Gray m. Snell . In: Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan . tape 17 , 1976, p. 149-158 .
  24. ↑ Chang Heon Lee, Dae Shik Koh: Morphology of ectomycorrhizae of Pinus rigida X P. taeda seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius, Rhizopogon spp. and Suillus pictus . In: Journal of Korean Forestry Society . tape 82 , no. 4 , 1993, ISSN  0445-4650 , pp. 319-327 (Korean).
  25. ↑ Kai-Wun Yeh, Zuei-Ching Chen: The boletes of Taiwan (I) . In: Taiwania . tape 25 , no. 1 , 1980, p. 166–184 (English, tai2.ntu.edu.tw [PDF]).
  26. ↑ a b Annette Kretzer, Yunan Li, Timothy Szaro, Thomas D. Bruns: Internal transcribed spacer sequences from 38 recognized species of Suillus sensu lato: Phylogenetic and taxonomic implications . In: Mycologia . tape 88 , no. 5 , 1996, pp. 776-785 , doi : 10.2307 / 3760972 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  27. ^ Miles Joseph Berkeley: Notices of North American fungi . In: Grevillea . tape 1 , no. 3 , 1872, p. 33-39 (English).
  28. ^ Charles Horton Peck: Report of the Botanist (1869) . In: Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History . tape 23 , 1873, p. 128 (English).
  29. ^ A b Rolf Singer: The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species II. The Boletaceae (Gyroporoideae) . In: Farlowia . tape 2 , 1945, p. 223-303 (English).
  30. ^ Walter H. Snell: Notes on Boletes. VII . In: Mycologia . tape 37 , no. 3 , 1945, p. 374-388 , doi : 10.2307 / 3754872 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  31. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio Genera Plantarum . tape 3 . Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1898, p. 535 ( botanicus.org ).
  32. ^ Gregory M. Mueller, Qiu-Xin Wu, Yong-Qing Huang, Shou-Yu Guo, Ruth Aldana-Gomez, Rytas Vilgalys: Assessing biogeographic relationships between North American and Chinese macrofungi . In: Journal of Biogeography . tape 28 , no. 2 , 2001, p. 271–281 , doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-2699.2001.00540.x (English).
  33. ^ Nancy Smith Weber, Alexander Hanchett Smith: The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide . University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA) 1980, ISBN 0-472-85610-3 , pp. 95 (English, 324 p., Limited preview in Google Book Search).
  34. ↑ a b Michael Kuo: 100 Edible Mushrooms . The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan (USA) 2007, ISBN 0-472-03126-0 , pp. 223-225 (English).
  35. ^ Yves Lamoureux, Matthieu Sicard: Connaître, cueillir et cuisiner les champignons sauvages du Québec . Éditions Fides, Montréal (Canada) 2005, ISBN 978-2-7621-2617-4 , pp. 134 (French).
  36. ^ Clark T. Rogerson, Gary J. Samuels: Boleticolous species of Hypomyces . In: Mycologia . tape 81 , no. 3 , 1989, pp. 413-432 , doi : 10.2307 / 3760079 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  37. ^ Polyporus perennis (L.) Fr. 1821. In: MycoBank. International Mycological Association (IMA), accessed December 27, 2010 .
  38. ^ Suillus pictus (Peck) AH Sm. & Thiers. In: Index Fungorum. CAB International, accessed December 29, 2010 .
  39. ↑ Alexander H. Smith, Harry D. Thiers: A Contribution Toward a Monograph of North American Species of Suillus (Boletaceae) . 1964, p. 31 (English).

Web links

Commons : Weinroter Schuppen-Röhrling ( Suillus pictus )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files