Synagogue organ

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The synagogue organ is a pipe organ that is built for a synagogue .

history

The first synagogue organs can be found in Prague for the year 1594 and for the 17th century and in Venice for the 17th century. The introduction of the organ in Germany was only possible through the Jewish Enlightenment movement of the Haskala . By opening up to Christian society, Jewish worship in the reform-oriented congregations assimilated the Protestant worship. After the liturgy had been shortened in synagogues at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century and choral singing, congregational singing and sermons and prayers were introduced in the national language, the organ also found its way into German reform-minded synagogues. However, Reform Judaism remained largely restricted to members of the upper class in medium-sized and larger cities. Israel Jacobson had an organ built for the Jacobson School in Seesen in 1810 . In 1815 in Berlin and in 1816 in Kassel synagogal songs were accompanied for the first time on the organ. The first synagogue organ was built for the Hamburg Israelite Temple in 1818.

The synagogue organs became more widespread when the second German rabbinical assembly approved their construction in 1845. In the following years, leading German organ builders of their time such as Buchholz , Ladegast , Sauer and Walcker & Cie. Instruments in Berlin (private synagogue, 1846), Hildesheim (1850), Mainz (1853), Berlin (New Synagogue, 1854), Mannheim (1855), Leipzig (1856). Between 1910 and 1914 alone, Walcker built five organs with over 50 registers for German synagogues. The constructive building principles did not differ from church organs. In synagogues and churches, they were usually placed on the gallery. If a liberal community could not afford an expensive organ, they would buy a harmonium . Most congregations were critical of the organ because it was viewed as a Christian instrument and, out of traditional respect for the destroyed Jerusalem temple, music should not be made on the Sabbath . When the rabbinical assembly in Leipzig recommended the purchase of organs in 1869 and in 1871 Jewish organists were allowed to play the organ on the Sabbath, the spread of the synagogue organ took a further boom, so that organs could be heard in synagogues in almost all major German cities. Until the 20th century, however, predominantly Christian organists played on synagogue organs. The Orthodox communities remained critical of the organ. In several cities such as Erfurt, Frankfurt, Mainz, Worms and Zurich, the introduction of the organ led to the division into an orthodox and a liberal congregation. Some extensive synagogue organ music was written by Louis Lewandowski , Josef Löw , Joseph Sulzer and Moritz Deutsch .

Almost the entire inventory of instruments was destroyed in the so-called Reichspogromnacht in 1938. In the almost 130 years, there was hardly any specifically Jewish organ music to develop. After the Second World War, synagogue organs were only built in isolated cases in Germany. Today in Germany there are only synagogue organs in the Frankfurt Westend Synagogue and in the Saarbrücken Synagogue , both of which were built in 1950, as well as in the Rykestrasse Synagogue (Berlin). The existing organ was taken over in the Bielefeld synagogue , a former church. An organ from Berlin has been in the Villa Seligmann in Hanover since 2011 . In Europe, most of the synagogue organs are in the Czech Republic (16 works). Outside of Europe there is only a larger number of synagogue organs in the USA (around 50 instruments).

Synagogue organs (selection)

place building image Organ builder year Manuals register Remarks
Hamburg Israelite temple Paul Rother 1818 not received
Berlin Private synagogue, Georgenstrasse Carl August Buchholz 1846 II 9 not received
Mainz old town Main synagogue Mainz Bernhard Dreymann 1853 Replaced in 1912
Mannheim Main synagogue EF Walcker & Cie. 1855 II / P 24 1891 Extension conversion by Walcker (II / P / 32)
Leipzig Great community synagogue Friedrich Ladegast 1856 II / P 20th Replaced in 1898 by the Sauer organ; not received
Stuttgart Old synagogue Carl Gottlieb Weigle 1861 II / P 22nd not received
Berlin center Synagogue, Johannisstr. 16 Carl August Buchholz 1866 III / P 45 not received
Prague , Czech Republic Spanish synagogue
Spanish Pipe Organ, Prague - 8333.jpg
 Karel Schiffner 1870 II / P 20th receive
Szczecin New synagogue Emil Kaltschmidt 1875 Replaced in 1914 by Walcker while retaining the case
Darmstadt Liberal Synagogue , Friedrichstrasse 2 EF Walcker & Cie. 1876 II / P 23 not received
Heilbronn Old synagogue EF Walcker & Cie. 1877? II / P 32 not received
Versailles synagogue Aristide Cavaillé-Coll 1887 I / P 5 later expanded to III / P / 16
Munich Old main synagogue Franz Borgias March 1887 II / P 25th 1929 replaced by a new organ from Steinmeyer (III / P / 32); not received
Berlin unknown (private property?)
Sauer organ (Hanover) .jpg
 Wilhelm Sauer 1897 I / P 6th op. 713, during the National Socialist era the organ was sold to the Herz-Jesu-Kirche in Weinsheim . In 1994 Andor Izsák acquired the instrument and donated it to the Siegmund Seligmann Foundation; Restored by Oberlinger in 2011.
Constancy synagogue Mönch organ building 1898 II / P 11 1925 transferred to the Catholic parish church of St. Sebastian, Hubertshofen; get there
Reims , France Synagogue ; 49, rue Clovis Orgues synagogue Reims 03027 (cropped) .jpg Augustin Brisset 1901 II / P 14th 2013 restoration
Szeged , Hungary New synagogue Szeged Great Synagogue Inside Organ 1.JPG Carl Leopold Wegenstein 1903 II / P 21st 2000/2001 restoration
Cologne Synagogue Cologne EF Walcker & Cie. 1906 III / P 40 not received
London , UK West London Synagogue Harrison & Harrison 1908 IV / P 55 electro-pneumatic slider drawer; 2007 restoration
Frankfurt am Main Westend Synagogue EF Walcker & Cie. 1909 III / P 46 not received
Berlin New synagogue EF Walcker & Cie. 1910 IV / P 90 not received
La Chaux-de-Fonds synagogue Organ building Kuhn 1910 II / P 10 in need of renovation and currently not in use
Mainz old town Main synagogue Mainz W. Sauer organ building 1912 ? / P 31 not received
Wiesbaden Old synagogue Carl and Friedrich Weigle 1913 III / P 38 Replacement for an organ by Christian Friedrich Voigt (1869); not received
eat Old synagogue EF Walcker & Cie. 1914 III / P 51 not received
augsburg synagogue Weßling Church Christ the King 002 201503 369.JPG H. Koulen & Son 1917 II / P 32 Sold in 1939 to the Catholic parish Christ König in Weßling and received there (picture). 1985 Return refused by the Jewish community.
Hamburg Synagogue, Oberstrasse 1931 not received
Saarbrücken Saarbrücken synagogue Edmond Alexandre Roethinger 1950 II / P 19th receive
Frankfurt am Main Westend Synagogue Westend-synagogue-inside-2010-ffm-094.jpg EF Walcker & Cie. 1950 III / P 36 receive
Berlin Rykestrasse Synagogue W. Sauer organ building 1960s I / P 7th Positive op. 1735, preserved
Budapest , Hungary Great synagogue
Organ of Dohány synagouge1.JPG
 Yes 1996 IV / P 63 New building; Four-manual console from the 19th century organ in the Villa Seligmann

See also

literature

  • Hermann Fischer , Theodor Wohnhaas : Sources on the history of the organs in West German synagogues. In: Yearbook of the Institute for German History. Vol. 5. Tel Aviv 1976, pp. 467-481.
  • Hermann Fischer, Theodor Wohnhaas: News about synagogue organs. In: Yearbook of the Institute for German History. Vol. 6. Tel Aviv 1977, pp. 531-538.
  • Tina Frühauf: Organ and organ music in German-Jewish culture (= ways of German-Jewish history and culture. ) Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2005, ISBN 978-3-487-12872-6 .
  • Juliane Irma Mihan; Bertram Schmitz (Ed.): Sacrilege or Praise to God? The organ in the synagogue in a cultural and historical context. Tectum, Marburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-8288-3149-0 .
  • Martha Stellmacher, Barbara Burghardt; European Center for Jewish Music (Ed.): "Orgel ad libitum". Insights into the music of the reform synagogues using the example of the "Collection Oberkantor Nathan Saretzki". Wehrhahn-Verlag, Hannover 2015, ISBN 978-3-86525-428-3 .
  • Erich Tremmel: The organ in the synagogue. A consideration from a musicological point of view. In: Andor lzsak (ed.): 2nd International Festival of Jewish Music. Augsburg 1989, pp. 67-86.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Frühauf: Organ and Organ Music in German-Jewish Culture. 2005, pp. 35-40.
  2. ↑ a b Michael Gassmann: The symbol of the synagogue organ. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of January 29, 2007, accessed on October 19, 2017.
  3. ↑ Achim Seip: The organ in the synagogue , accessed on October 19, 2017.
  4. ↑ Achim Seip: Introduction of the Organ in Jewish Worship Services , accessed on October 19, 2017.
  5. ↑ a b Seip: Contributions to the recording of synagogue organs , accessed on October 19, 2017.
  6. ↑ Martin Geisz: Harmonium-Instrumente in Synagogen , accessed on October 19, 2017 (PDF).
  7. ^ Synagogue organs in Germany , accessed on October 19, 2017.
  8. ↑ Achim Seip: Synagogue organs today , accessed on October 19, 2017.
  9. ↑ Simon Benne: The sound of the synagogues. Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung , October 17, 2011, accessed on August 9, 2018 .
  10. ^ Franz Bösken: Sources and research on the organ history of the Middle Rhine (=  contributions to the Middle Rhine music history . Volume 6 ). tape 1 : Mainz and suburbs - Rheinhessen - Worms and suburbs . Schott, Mainz 1967, ISBN 3-7957-1306-4 , p. 207 .
  11. ↑ Jacob Peiser: The history of the synagogue community in Stettin. 2. edit u. verb. Ed., Würzburg 1965, p. 36.
  12. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung of December 30, 2016: Weßling's "Judenorgel" , accessed on November 30, 2017.
  13. ^ Synagogue Budapest / Hungary. In: Internet presence. Jehmlich Orgelbau Dresden GmbH, accessed on December 14, 2018 .