Turks in Austria

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Turkish Day 2009 in Vienna

As Turks in Austria (Turkish: Türkler Avusturya'daki; Turks in Austria ) are colloquially both in Austria living Turkish citizens and ethnic Turks understood with Austrian citizenship. At the moment (as of 2017) they represent the third largest group of migrants in Austria after Germans and Serbs .

history

Early settlement

After the reconquest of the Austrian territories occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the 1530s, the majority of the Ottoman Turks left the territories conquered by the Austrians; however, some came under Austrian rule, stayed and expanded. When Joseph II ascended the throne in 1764, Turkish was already one of the ten most spoken languages ​​in Habsburg Austria at the time, according to John Abbott .

Immigration of guest workers in the 1960s and 1970s

Due to a shortage of workers in Austria during the economic heyday up to the end of the 1960s, the then Austrian federal government under Josef Klaus decided to recruit Turkish guest workers . On May 15, 1964, a corresponding bilateral agreement was concluded with Turkey . Although Austria and most of the guest workers intended otherwise, many of the workers settled in Austria and started families.

As a result, the recruitment of further guest workers was stopped in the 1970s and Austria began, in response to the 1973/74 oil crisis , with the expulsion of large numbers of settled workers. Furthermore, the Aliens Employment Act was passed in 1975 . There have also been attempts to encourage them to return home with financial incentives. Nevertheless, the growing Austrian economy needed additional workers again in the mid-1980s, and the Turkish guest workers came back.

Since June 1995, former Turkish citizens who have accepted foreign citizenship have been allowed to live, work or buy land in their country again through the so-called Mavi Kart .

Demographics

Turkish citizens
in Austria according to Statistics Austria
year number
1951 112
1961 217
1971 16,423
1981 59,900
1991 118,579
1997 132,737
1998 131,729
1999 127,533
2000 126.995
2001 127.226
2002 127.018
2003 122.931
2004 116,882
2005 113,635
2006 108,808
2007 109,716

Turkish immigrants and their families represent a significant minority within the Austrian population. According to the 2001 census, 127,226 Turkish citizens were living in Austria at the time. (1.6% of the total population) 39,119 of them lived in Vienna , 19,911 in Lower Austria , 18,838 in Vorarlberg , 17,226 in Upper Austria , 16,017 in Tyrol , 8,800 in Salzburg , 4,793 in Styria , 1,280 in Burgenland and 1,192 in Carinthia .

According to a report by the Minority Rights Group International , however, the majority has now been naturalized. The organization estimates the total number of people of Turkish descent in Austria to be around 200,000 to 300,000. It is estimated that up to 40,000 Turks could live illegally in Austria. Turkish immigrants are the largest single migrant group after Serbs and Germans , lead the way in applying for Austrian citizenship and also make up the majority of Austrian Muslims .

Birth rates

The high birth rates among Austrians of Turkish origin (such as 3.07 children per Turkish woman 1955-60) are mainly due to first-generation migrants. Two thirds of women living in Austria but born in Turkey have three or more children. 12% of the children born in 2005 have a foreign mother (not counting naturalized immigrants). While the birth rate among local Austrian women fell to the lowest level since 2000 (1.29), it is already approaching the average third child among Austrian women of Turkish origin.

Birth rates in Austria by nationality and period:

Period Austrian Other Turks
1984-1989 1.43 2.22 3.70
1990-1994 1.41 2.21 3.09
1995-1999 1.31 2.06 2.63
2000-2004 1.29 2.04 2.92
2014 1.366 2.259 2,440

language

Like Serbian as the most widely used migrant language, Turkish and Kurdish (to a lesser extent Zaza ) as allochthonous idioms of immigrants from Turkey are not recognized in Austria (such as Burgenland-Croatian , Hungarian , Czech etc.) as minority languages and are also not subject to it Protection through the minority protection law. This has an impact on schools, for example, as people of Turkish origin also have no legal right to instruction in their mother tongue. However, in many schools with a sufficient proportion of native speakers, corresponding lessons are offered as optional subjects, or there is native speaker support in the lessons.

Sense of belonging

Surveys for the Statistical Yearbook for Migration and Integration of Statistics Austria showed 69.3% of Turkish immigrants that still "the State where I come from or where my parents are" a sense of belonging. Only 30.7% of Turks feel that they belong to Austria. This puts them well below the percentage of other immigrant groups, such as immigrants from the former Yugoslavia , Poland or Romania . However, the study also found that 71.6% feel at least "at home" in Austria. But this value is also noticeably below that of the other groups. Furthermore, it was found that a low sense of belonging to Austria correlates with a lack of school education.

religion

Turkish cultural center "Rappgasse" in Vienna-Floridsdorf of the ATIB Union

With a decision issued in 1979 by the Federal Ministry for Education and Culture, Islam was fully recognized as a public body in Austria . In addition to the Hanafi law school , which was recognized as early as 1912, this status also included the other three Sunni law schools of the Shafiites , Malikites and Hanbalites, as well as the Shiites ( Twelve Shiites and Zaidi ). Since then, as a recognized religious community, followers of Islam have been known as the “ Islamic Faith Community in Austria ” (IGGiÖ). This recognition allows the Islamic faith community to give Islamic religious instruction in public schools. The Islamic religious community has been holding Islamic religious instruction in German since the 1982/83 school year. Thanks to this early recognition and institutionalization of Islam, Austria occupies a special position within Europe. This legal recognition of Islam as a religious community goes back to the 19th century. With the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Danube Monarchy in 1878, there was a compact Muslim population of around. 600,000 people in the rulership of Austria. The Muslims called themselves Bosniaks to distinguish themselves from the rest of the Turks , but they were also regarded as "Turks" by the non-Muslims in the country. Islam was recognized as a religious society in the monarchy since 1874. Since the Ottoman Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries. until it spread to Central Europe , there was also a Muslim minority in Austria-Hungary . For example, the embassy of the Ottoman Empire always had a freely accessible mosque and an imam .

The Austrian Muslims are officially represented by the Islamic Faith Community (the current integration officer is Omar Al-Rawi , SPÖ city ​​councilor and a native Iraqi), which, however, does not have a majority of Muslims registered. Most Turkish Muslims are organized in the parallel structures of the Turkish Ministry of Religions Diyanet in Austria (ATIB) and its mosque associations. In contrast to the IGGiÖ, these facilities are maintained and staffed exclusively by the Turkish state. In addition and independently of this, the so-called sports and cultural associations of the right-wing extremist “Gray Wolves” ( Ülkücüler ) enjoy great popularity among Turks (they are politically close to the Turkish parliamentary party MHP), as well as private local Koran schools and smaller centers, such as those of the Movement of Fethullah Gülen (in Austria also represented as Zamanavusturya of the Zaman media group).

In addition to the Islamic religion, too, is Alevism common among Turks in Austria.

naturalization

According to the Naturalization Act 1998, the right to be granted Austrian citizenship is based on the principle of descent and a minimum waiting period of 10 years. The law stipulates that the applicant himself has to prove that he is successfully integrated into Austrian society. Particularly important for successful naturalization are the applicant's economic independence (he is not dependent on social benefits ), adequate command of the German language and absolute blamelessness under criminal law .

Between 1995 and 2008, 108,630 Turkish citizens were granted Austrian citizenship.

Famous pepole

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jacques Waardenburg : Muslims and Others: Relations in Context , Verlag Walter de Gruyter , 2003, p. 411.
  2. ^ John Stevens Cabot Abbott : The Empire of Austria: Its Rise and Present Power , Verlag BiblioBazaar, 2007, p. 474.
  3. ↑ Christina Boswell: European Migration Policies in Flux: Changing Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion , Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 10.
  4. ↑ Ahmet Akgündüz: Labor Migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960-1974: A Multidisciplinary Analysis , Ashgate Publishing, 2008, p. 61
  5. ↑ Akgündüz, p. 61.
  6. ↑ Richard Plender: International Migration Law , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998, p 572nd
  7. ^ Reşat Kasaba: The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 4, Turkey in the Modern World , Cambridge University Press , 2008, p. 192.
  8. ↑ Philip L. Martin, Patrick Weil: Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation , Lexington Books, 2006, p. 114.
  9. ↑ Panicos Panayi: Outsiders: A History of European Minorities , Continuum International Publishing, 1999, p 145
  10. ^ Leo Paul Dana: Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management , Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008, p. 426.
  11. ↑ Peter Ache (Ed.): Cities Between Competitiveness and Cohesion: Discourses, Realities and Implementation , Verlag Springer Netherlands , 2008, p. 138.
  12. ↑ Statistics Austria: Population by nationality and gender 1951 to 2001 . Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  13. ↑ Richard Plotz, Wolfgang Wieshaider: Islam and the European Union , publisher Peeters, 2004, p 200th
  14. ↑ Statistics Austria: Demographic Yearbook 2007 , Statistics Austria, 2008, p. 21.
  15. ^ Katrin Maria Kohl, Ritchie Robertson: A History of Austrian Literature 1918-2000 , Verlag Boydell & Brewer, 2006, p. 281.
  16. ↑ Christian Matzka: Austria and Turkey: their burden of histories (PDF; 134 kB), University of Vienna , 2009, p. 3.
  17. ^ Minority Rights Group International: Turks . Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
  18. ↑ Tomaš Frejka, Laurent Toulemon, Tomáš Sobotka: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe , Verlag Books on Demand , 2008, p. 305.
  19. ↑ Frejka et al., P. 315.
  20. ↑ Frejka et al., P. 316.
  21. ^ "Austria affords itself an educational catastrophe" , derstandard.at, July 20, 2010. Accessed July 24, 2010.
  22. ↑ Turks in Austria tend to feel that they belong to Turkey , Die Presse , August 4, 2010. Accessed August 5, 2010.
  23. ↑ - ( Memento of October 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ).
  24. ↑ Shireen T. Hunter: Islam, Europe's Second Religion: The New Social, Cultural, and Political Landscape , Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 141.
  25. ↑ Hunter, p. 142.
  26. ^ Jørgen S. Nielsen: Muslims in Western Europe , Edinburgh University Press, 2004, p. 92.
  27. ↑ Wolf greeting and Turkish idealist. In: derStandard.at. July 27, 2016, accessed December 10, 2017 .
  28. ^ Dana, p. 427.
  29. ↑ Statistics Austria 2008, p. 280.
  30. ↑ http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/einbuergerungen/022745.html .