Meadow diamonds

Meadow diamonds
	Thalictrum tuberosum
Systematics
Order :	Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family :	Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily :	Isopyroideae
Tribe :	Isopyreae
Sub tribus :	Thalictrinae
Genre :	Meadow diamonds
Scientific name of the sub-tribus
	Thalictrinae
	Raf.
Scientific name of the genus
	Thalictrum
	L.

The meadow rue ( Thalictrum ) is the only genus of the Untertribus Thalictrinae within the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It occurs almost worldwide.

description

Illustration of the yellow meadow rue ( Thalictrum flavum )

Detail of an inflorescence of the Akeleiblättrigen meadow rue ( Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L.) with flowers in detail

Appearance and leaves

The meadow rue species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . They form woody rhizomes or tubers as persistence organs.

The leaves are basal and arranged alternately on the stem . The lower leaves are stalked and the top are sessile. The leaf blades are one to four-fold triple or one to four-fold pinnate. Rarely, for example in Thalictrum rotundifolium , the leaf blade is simple. The sections or leaflets are heart-shaped-kidney-shaped, obovate, lanceolate or linear, sometimes three- or multi-lobed, with a smooth or notched edge. Stipules can be present, but also absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers stand together singly or in pairs to two hundred in mostly terminal, rarely lateral, paniculate , racemose , umbrella-racemic , umbellate or monochasial zymous inflorescences; they can be up to 41 cm tall. Foliage-like bracts , if present, stand in pairs to nine in a whorl; they are not close to the flowers.

The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual. In many species all flowers are hermaphroditic, there are also species in which hermaphroditic and unisexual flowers occur on one specimen ( Thalictrum smithii ). Some species have only unisexual flowers, there are monoecious ( monoecious ) and dioecious ( dioecious , Thalictrum dioicum , Thalictrum revolutum ) species.

The flowers are radial symmetry . The inflorescence is simple and consists of four to ten bracts. The white to greenish-yellow or purple-colored bracts are lanceolate to kidney or spatula-shaped with a length of usually 1 to 18 mm. They fall off early, often during the anthesis . There are no petals or nectar leaves. The 7 to 30 fertile stamens are longer than the bracts. The stamens are thread-like to club-shaped or swollen towards the tip. Each flower contains 1 to 50 (rarely up to 70) free (not overgrown) carpels . Each carpel contains only one ovule . A stylus is usually available or may be missing.

Fruit cluster of Thalictrum pubescens with seed pods containing unripe nuts

fruit

The collective fruits contain a few to many stalked or unskilled nuts . The nuts are egg-shaped to obovate, sickle-shaped or disc-shaped, laterally with distinct nerves or ribs. They can end in a straight or curled beak up to 4 mm long.

Ingredients and chromosome numbers

Cyanogenic glycosides occur in the genus . The basic chromosome number is x = 7.

distribution

The genus Thalictrum is found almost worldwide, mainly in temperate areas . In North America, about 22 species are native. There are about 76 species in China , 49 of them only there. There are around 15 species in Europe.

The meadow rue species in Central Europe are:

Alpine rue ( Thalictrum alpinum ),
Akeleiblättrige meadow rue ( Thalictrum aquilegiifolium ),
Yellow meadow rue ( Thalictrum flavum ),
Smelly rue ( Thalictrum foetidum ),
Shiny meadow rue ( Thalictrum lucidum ),
Little rue ( Thalictrum minus ),
Narrow-leaved meadow rue ( Thalictrum simplex )
Blue-green meadow rue ( Thalictrum speciosissimum ), a naturalized species.

Systematics

The genus Thalictrum was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Type species is Thalictrum foetidum L. Synonyms for Thalictrum L. are: Anemonella Spach , Piuttia Mattei , Physocarpum Berchtold & J.Presl , Praticola Ehrhart , Ruprechtia Opiz (1852) non CAMeyer , Schlagintweitiella Ulbr. , Stipularia Delpino , Syndesmon (Hoffmanns. Ex Endl.) Britton , Tripterium Berchtold & J.Presl .

The genus Thalictrum is the only genus of the Subtribus Thalictrinae from the Isopyreae tribe in the Isopyroideae subfamily within the Ranunculaceae family .

Inflorescence of Thalictrum dioicum

Inflorescence of Thalictrum fendleri

Habitus and inflorescence of Thalictrum ichangense var. Coreanum

Inflorescence of Thalictrum delavayi

Habitus and inflorescence of Thalictrum kiusianum

Habitus and inflorescence of Thalictrum pubescens

Inflorescence of the blue-green meadow rue ( Thalictrum speciosissimum )

Habitus and flowers of the diamond anemone ( Thalictrum thalictroides )

There are around 120 to 200 types of Thalictrum (selection):

Thalictrum acutifolium (Hand.-Mazz.) B. Boivin , Origin: China
Alpine rue ( Thalictrum alpinum L. ), native to: Europe, Asia, North America, Greenland
Thalictrum altaicum Serg.
Thalictrum appendiculatum C.A.Mey.
Akeleiblättrige meadow rue ( Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L. ), Origin: Europe, Turkey
Thalictrum atriplex Finet & Gagnep. , Home: China
Thalictrum baicalense Turcz. ex Ledeb. , Home: China, Korea, Mongolia, Siberia
Thalictrum brevisericeum W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi and Yunnan.
Thalictrum calabricum Spreng. , Home: Southern Italy
Thalictrum chayuense W.T.Wang : It occurs in southeastern Xizang .
Thalictrum chelidonii DC. , Home: Himalaya (Kashmir to Southeast Tibet), Myanmar
Thalictrum cincinnatum B. Boivin
Thalictrum cirrhosum H.Lév. : It occurs in Yunnan .
Thalictrum clavatum DC. : It occurs in the eastern United States.
Thalictrum confine Fernald : It is found in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.
Thalictrum coreanum H. Lév. , Home: China
Thalictrum coriaceum (Britton) Small : It is found in the eastern United States.
Thalictrum cultratum Wall. : It occurs in Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and in China.
Rough rue ( Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch., CAMey. & Avé-Lall. ), Home: Canada and USA
Thalictrum decipiens B. Boivin
Chinese meadow rue ( Thalictrum delavayi Franch. ), Native to: China (Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan). It comes in four varieties.
Thalictrum diffusiflorum C. Marquand & Airy Shaw , Origin: Southeast Tibet
Thalictrum dioicum L .: It is found in southeastern Canada and in the central and eastern United States.
Thalictrum dipterocarpum Franch. , Homeland: West China
Thalictrum elegans Wall. ex Royle : It occurs in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang.
Thalictrum faberi Ulbr. , Home: China
Thalictrum fargesii Franch. ex Finet & Gagnep. , Home: China
Thalictrum fendleri Engelm. ex A.Gray : It occurs in the western and central United States and in northern Mexico.
Thalictrum filamentosum Maxim. : It occurs in Russia and China.
Thalictrum finetii B.Boivin , homeland: China
Yellow meadow rue ( Thalictrum flavum L. , Syn. Thalictrum morisonii C.C. Gmel. ), Origin: Europe and Asia
Thalictrum foeniculaceum Bunge : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning, Shaanxi and Shanxi.
Smelly meadow rue ( Thalictrum foetidum L. ), native to: Europe and Asia
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. : It occurs in India, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang.
Thalictrum fortunei S.Moore : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
Thalictrum fusiforme W.T.Wang : It occurs in southeastern Xizang .
Thalictrum galeottii Lecoy.
Thalictrum gibbosum Lecoy.
Thalictrum glandulosissimum (Finet & Gagnep.) WTWang & SHWang : It occurs in three varieties in Yunnan.
Thalictrum globiflorum Ledeb.
Thalictrum grandidentatum W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs in central Sichuan .
Thalictrum grandiflorum Maxim. : It occurs in southern Gansu and northern Sichuan.
Thalictrum grandifolium S. Watson
Thalictrum guatemalense C.DC. & Rose
Thalictrum hernandezii exchange ex J.Presl
Thalictrum honanense W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs in the Chinese province of Henan .
Thalictrum ichangense Lecoy. ex Oliv. , Home: China, Korea, Vietnam
Thalictrum isopyroides C.A.Mey. , Home: Turkey, Syria, Northern Iraq, Armenia, Iran, Afghanistan, Altai
Thalictrum javanicum flower : Sioe occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Sikkim and in China.
Thalictrum kiusianum Nakai , origin: Japan
Thalictrum lancangense Y.Y.Qian : It occurs only in southwestern Yunnan .
Thalictrum lankesteri Standl.
Thalictrum laxum Ulbr. : It occurs in western Hubei .
Thalictrum leuconotum Franch. : It occurs in southern Qinghai , western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
Thalictrum leve (Franch.) WTWang : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan.
Thalictrum longistylum DC.
Shiny meadow rue ( Thalictrum lucidum L. ), Origin: Europe, Turkey
Thalictrum macrocarpum Gren. , Home: Spain and France
Thalictrum macrorhynchum Franch. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan.
Thalictrum macrostylum Shuttlew. ex Small & A.Heller : Found in the eastern and southeastern United States.

Thalictrum maritimum Dufour , occurs only in Spain

Thalictrum microgynum Lecoy. ex Oliv. : It occurs in northern Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Small meadow rue ( Thalictrum minus L. ), native to Europe and Asia

Thalictrum myriophyllum Ohwi : It occurs in northern Taiwan.

Thalictrum occidentale A.Gray : It is found in western Canada and the western and central United States.

Thalictrum oligandrum Maxim. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Shanxi and Sichuan.

Thalictrum omeiense W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs in central Sichuan.

Thalictrum orientale Boiss. , Homeland: Southern Greece, Turkey, Northern Syria

Thalictrum osmundifolium Finet & Gagnep. : It occurs in western Hubei and Sichuan.

Thalictrum panamense Standl.

Thalictrum peninsulare (Brandegee) Rose

Thalictrum petaloideum L .: It occurs in China, Korea, Mongolia and Siberia.

Thalictrum philippinense C.B.Rob. : It occurs in the Philippines and on Hainan .

Thalictrum platycarpum (Trel.) Greene

Thalictrum podocarpum Kunth

Thalictrum polycarpum (Torr.) S. Watson : Found in the western United States and Baja California .

Thalictrum przewalskii Maxim. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and Xizang.

Thalictrum pseudoichangense Q.E.Yang & GHZhu : It occurs in the Chinese province of Guizhou .

Thalictrum pubescens Pursh , native to Canada, USA

Thalictrum pubigerum Benth.

Thalictrum punctatum H. Lév. , Home: China (Yunnan)

Thalictrum ramosum B. Boivin : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan.

Thalictrum rariflorum frieze

Thalictrum reniform wall. : It occurs in Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and in southern Xizang .

Thalictrum reticulatum Franch. : It occurs in two varieties in Sichuan and Yunnan.

Thalictrum revolutum DC.

Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Quart .-- Dill. & A.Rich.

Thalictrum robustum Maxim. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shanxi and Sichuan.

Thalictrum rochebruneanum Franch. & Sav. , Home: Japan

Thalictrum roseanum B. Boivin

Thalictrum rostellatum Hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs in northwestern India, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan, and southern Xizang .

Thalictrum rotundifolium DC. : It occurs in Nepal and Tibet .

Thalictrum rubescens Ohwi : It occurs in northern Taiwan.

Thalictrum rutifolium Hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs in Sikkim , western Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet .

Thalictrum sachalinense Lecoyer

Thalictrum saniculiforme DC. : It occurs in northern India, Nepal, Sikkim, western Yunnan and southern Tibet.

Thalictrum scabrifolium Franch. : It occurs in central Yunnan.

Thalictrum shensiense W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs only in southeastern Shaanxi .

Thalictrum simaoense W.T.Wang & GHZhu : It occurs only in southwestern Yunnan.

Narrow-leaved meadow rue ( Thalictrum simplex L. ), native to Europe and Asia

Thalictrum smithii B. Boivin : It occurs in western Sichuan, southern Tibet and Yunnan.

Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz. ex fish. & CAMey. : It occurs in Russia, North America, China and Korea.

Blue-green meadow rue ( Thalictrum speciosissimum L. ), native to: Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco

Thalictrum squamiferum Lecoy. : It occurs in Bhutan, Sikkim, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and in Tibet.

Thalictrum squarrosum Stephan ex Willd. : It occurs in Siberia, Mongolia and China.

Thalictrum steyermarkii Standl.

Thalictrum strigillosum Hemsl.

Rautenanemone ( Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) AJEames & B.Boivin ; Syn .: Anemone thalictroides L. , Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach , Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmannsegg , Thalictrum anemonoides Mich. ): Their systematic position has been discussed for a long time and a separate genus Anemonella was even established for them . It is widespread in North America and thrives in deciduous forests, on banks and bushes at altitudes between 0 and 300 meters.

Thalictrum tenue franch. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi.

Thalictrum tenuisubulatum W.T.Wang : It occurs only in western Yunnan.

Thalictrum texanum (E. Hall ex A. Gray) Small : It is only found in Texas.

Thalictrum trichopus Franch. : It occurs in southwest Sichuan and western Yunnan.

Thalictrum tsawarungense W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs in southeastern Xizang .

Thalictrum tuberiferum Maxim. : It occurs in Siberia, Japan, Korea and China.

Thalictrum tuberosum L. , origin: Spain and France

Thalictrum umbricola Ulbr. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi.

Thalictrum uncatum Maxim. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.

Thalictrum uncinatum deer. , Homeland: Ukraine

Thalictrum uncinulatum Franch. ex Lecoy. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shanxi and Sichuan.

Thalictrum urbainii Hayata : It occurs in two varieties in Taiwan.

Thalictrum venturii B. Boivin : It occurs in Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Thalictrum venulosum Trel. : It occurs in Canada and the United States.

Thalictrum vesiculosum Lecoy.

Thalictrum virgatum Hook. f. & Thomson

Thalictrum viridulum B. Boivin

Thalictrum viscosum W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan.

Thalictrum wangii B. Boivin : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan and southeastern Xizang .

Thalictrum wuyishanicum W.T.Wang & SHWang : It occurs in northern Fujian and Jiangxi .

Thalictrum xingshanicum G.F.Tao : It occurs in western Hubei.

Thalictrum yunnanense W.T.Wang : It occurs in two varieties in Yunnan.

swell

Marilyn M. Park, Dennis Festerling Jr .: Thalictrum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 , pp. 258-271 (English). on-line. , (Section Description, System and Occurrence).

Fu Dezhi, Zhu Guanghua: Thalictrum. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 6: Caryophyllaceae through Lardizabalaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-05-9 , pp. 282-302 (English). , online (section Description and Distribution).

Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion flora from Germany . Volume 5. Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Spectrum Academic Publishing House. Berlin, Heidelberg 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8

Walter Erhardt u. a .: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7

Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen: Atlas florae europaeae . Volume 8 (Nymphaeaceae to Ranunculaceae). Page 236-250, Helsinki 1989. ISBN 951-9108-07-6

Werner Greuter , HM Burdet, G. Long: "MED Checklist". Volume 4, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Genève 1989. ISBN 2-8277-0154-5

Individual evidence

^ TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 290–292 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
^ Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 , p. 383-384 .
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 545, digitized
^ ^A ^b Thalictrum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 14, 2011
↑ Entry in Tropicos . Retrieved June 14, 2011.
↑ Evaluation of valid species at The Plantlist . Retrieved June 14, 2011.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo Fu Dezhi: Thalictrum . In: Flora of China, vol. 6, Ranunculaceae. Thalictrum
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Marilyn M. Park & Dennis Festerling Jr .: Thalictrum Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America, vol. 3. [1] .
↑ Ralf Hand: Revision of the species of Thalictrum subsectio Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) occurring in Europe. In: Botany and Nature Conservation Hessen, supplement. Volume 9, 2001, pp. 1–358 (dissertation at the Free University of Berlin), online .

Web links

Commons : Meadow Rue ( Thalictrum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[FE1-1] TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 290–292 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

[Schmeil-Fitschen95-2] Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 , p. 383-384 .

[SpPl-3] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 545, digitized

[GRIN-4] A ^b Thalictrum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 14, 2011

[tropicos-5] Entry in Tropicos . Retrieved June 14, 2011.

[theplantlist-6] Evaluation of valid species at The Plantlist . Retrieved June 14, 2011.

[FoC-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo Fu Dezhi: Thalictrum . In: Flora of China, vol. 6, Ranunculaceae. Thalictrum

[FNA-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Marilyn M. Park & Dennis Festerling Jr .: Thalictrum Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America, vol. 3. [1] .

[Hand-9] Ralf Hand: Revision of the species of Thalictrum subsectio Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) occurring in Europe. In: Botany and Nature Conservation Hessen, supplement. Volume 9, 2001, pp. 1–358 (dissertation at the Free University of Berlin), online .