Tolkmicko

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Tolkmicko
Tolkmicko coat of arms
Tolkmicko (Poland)
Tolkmicko
Tolkmicko
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Elbląski
Gmina : Tolkmicko
Area : 2.28  km²
Geographic location : 54 ° 19 ′  N , 19 ° 31 ′  E Coordinates: 54 ° 19 ′ 13 ″  N , 19 ° 30 ′ 54 ″  E
Residents : 2689 (June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 82-340
Telephone code : (+48) 55
License plate : NEB
Economy and Transport
Street : Ext. 503 : Elbląg –Pogrodzie
Rail route : Elbląg – Braniewo (without regular traffic)
Next international airport : Danzig



Tolkmicko ([ tɔlkˈmitskɔ ], German Tolkemit ) is a town in the powiat Elbląski of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with 6643 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019).

Geographical location

The city is located in the former West Prussia on the Frischen Haff , where it has a port, about twenty kilometers northeast of the city of Elbląg (Elbing) .

history

Originally there was a Prussian settlement on the site of the present day settlement. The settlement in the Prussian order country according to Kulmer law was granted town charter by the commander of the German order Ludwig von Schippe, probably around 1296. The first written mention of a place Tolkemit comes from the year 1326. In 1330 a church was mentioned for the first time. On March 21, 1351, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Heinrich Dusemer renewed the town charter . Together with the village of Neuendorf (now Nowinka ), Tolkemit received fishing rights.

On April 3, 1440, the city's estates joined the separatist Prussian Confederation opposing the Teutonic Order , which in 1450 voluntarily submitted to the Crown of Poland without consulting the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Curia . In 1450 the council, aldermen and the community paid homage to Grand Master Ludwig von Ehrlichhausen (1450–1467). In the following Thirteen Years' War between the order and the cities of the Prussian Confederation, the mayor of the village swore allegiance to the Polish King Casimir IV in 1454. Thereupon the knights of the Teutonic Order looted and pillaged the city two years later. On July 8th 1457 Johann von Baysen became the owner of Tolkemit.

In 1466, after the Second Peace of Thorn , which sealed a temporary division of Prussia into two parts , the city became part of the autonomous Polish Prussia , which was associated with Poland.

In 1525, during the introduction of the Reformation in the country of the Order, an Evangelical Lutheran service was held in the Tolkemite parish church under the protection of the Order's troops. This was done by the former monk Bommler, son of the mayor of Tolkemit. Tolkemit remained with the Principality of Warmia and remained Catholic.

City documents were lost due to a fire, but were replaced by copies of the cathedral chapter in Frombork .

On the occasion of the establishment of the Union of Lublin on the Lublin Sejm , King Sigismund II unilaterally terminated the autonomy of West Prussia on March 16, 1569 under threat of severe penalties, which is why the sovereignty of the Polish king in this now only partially autonomous part of the former territory of the Teutonic order from 1569 to 1772 was primarily perceived as foreign rule. The persecution of Evangelicals and Jews by Polish state and church authorities was also perceived as strange.

During the Polish-Swedish War , the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf stayed in the city from June 11 to June 12, 1626. Two major fires, in 1634 and 1694, partially destroyed the city, which was immediately rebuilt. From 1697 the parish registers with the entries of the inhabitants are still available.

The outbreak of the plague halved the number of residents in 1710 . In 1720 a brewery was built on the market square . In another big fire, the city was destroyed on July 29, 1767, and the brewery, the church and the town hall were also destroyed; the city was rebuilt and all the houses were given tiled roofs .

Tolkemit came to the Kingdom of Prussia through the first partition of Poland in 1772 . In 1793 a new town hall was built. In 1818 the city became part of the newly formed district of Elbing . During the Polish November Uprising of 1830, 240 soldiers were stationed in Tolkemit, and cholera raged in the same year . The first pharmacy in the town was opened in 1832, the brewery closed in 1851 and the first doctor settled here. In 1862 the construction of the town's fishing port began. In 1900 the city was connected to the rail network and thus had connections to Elbing and Braunsberg .

At the beginning of the 20th century, Tolkemit had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a port and, in addition to some commercial operations, etc. a. also shipbuilding. In 1939 the construction of a jam factory began, which was completed in 1940. The Hopeehill branch of the Stutthof concentration camp was located near Reimannsfelde, southwest of Tolkemit .

At the end of the Second World War , the city was enclosed during the siege of Elbing , and on January 26, 1945, the Red Army captured and sacked the city. In the course of the subsequent Soviet victory celebrations, parts of the city, including the town hall and the houses on the market, were burned down. Some of the city's population was able to escape to the west via the frozen fresh lagoon and then via the fresh spit . On February 3rd, German troops from Frauenburg attempted to recapture the city, but failed due to the overwhelming Soviet power, so that the next day they had to withdraw from the conquered parts of Tolkemit. Many surviving Tolkemites used this opportunity to flee across the lagoon to the west.

The approximately 800 inhabitants who remained in Tolkemit were concentrated in a few houses by the Soviet occupiers. Of these, around 300 able-bodied men and women were deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor. About a third was killed. The remaining 500 inhabitants were driven towards Prussian Holland , where they were housed in the towns of Steegen and Kaymen . At the beginning of April 1945 the population was able to return to the destroyed Tolkemit.

Shortly afterwards, the region with the city was placed under Polish administration. The Poles introduced the place name Tolkmicko for Tolkemit . About half of the residents had fled, the remaining were expelled from Tolkemit in the next few years and replaced by Poles. The displaced residents of Tolkemit were spread all over Germany. A particularly large number, around 600 of the original 4,000 inhabitants of Tolkemit, settled in Nettetal on the Lower Rhine , where a memorial stone has been commemorating this since 2002.

During an administrative reform, the place became part of the Elbląg Voivodeship in 1975 . Another reform dissolved the voivodeship and Tolkmicko became part of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

Population development until 1945

year Residents Remarks
1783 1034 in 212 households
1802 1376
1810 1217
1816 1301 including 48 Evangelicals, 1,245 Catholics and six Jews
1831 1608 almost only Catholics
1864 2744 on December 3rd
1875 2751
1880 2896
1905 3386 including 142 Evangelicals and eleven Jews
1933 3532
1939 3866

Culture and sights

  • Gothic bastion, 14th century
  • Parish Church, 14th century
  • Baroque chapel, 18th century

traffic

The city is crossed by the DW503 Voivodeship Road . The nearest international airport is Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport , about 100 kilometers away.

local community

The city ​​and country community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Tolkmicko includes the city itself and ten villages with school authorities.

Partnerships

sons and daughters of the town

  • Peter Turnow (* 1390), theologian who was burned as a heretic in Speyer in 1426
  • Simon Grunau (1470–1530), Dominican and historiographer
  • Augustin Kolberg (1835–1909), dean of the cathedral in Frauenburg and member of the Reichstag
  • Hans-Adolf Prützmann (1901–1945), member of the NSDAP in the Reichstag, Prussian State Council, SS-Obergruppenführer and general of the Waffen-SS and police.

literature

  • Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia. Second part, which contains the topography of West Prussia . Kantersche Hofdruckerei, Marienwerder 1789, p. 20, no. 6.).
  • August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 454, no. 63.
  • West Prussian State Museum (ed.): 700 years of the city of Tolkemit. From the Prussian castle to the port city (= series cabinet exhibition , issue 34). Münster 1996 (publication accompanying the exhibition).

Web links

Commons : Tolkmicko  - collection of images, videos and audio files

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Hans Prutz : History of the Neustadt district in West Prussia . Danzig 1872, p. 104 .
  2. ^ A. Reusch: West Prussia under Polish scepter. Ceremonial speech given at the Elbinger Gymnasium on 13th Spt. 1872 . In: Altpreußieche Monatsschrift , NF, Volume 10, Königsberg 1873, pp. 140–154, especially p. 146 .
  3. ^ Hans Prutz : History of the Neustadt district in West Prussia . Danzig 1872, p. 104 ff .
  4. a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, p. 595.
  5. The sinking of the German Tolkemit January 1945 ( Memento from April 18, 2020 in the web archive archive.today )
  6. Tour. Historic Kaldenkirchen . Citizens' association Kaldenkirchen 2009. There is an anchor on the memorial stone.
  7. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II, Marienwerder 1789, p. 20, no.6).
  8. a b c Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 394–395, item 739.
  9. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for elementary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of Va
  10. ^ Prussian Ministry of Finance: Results of the property and trade tax assessment in the administrative district of Danzig . Danzig 1867. See: 4. Elbing District , pp. 18-25, point 117.
  11. a b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. elbing.html # ew33elbntolkemit. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).