Tulip trees
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Tulip tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), flowering |
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The tulip trees ( Liriodendron ) form one of the two genera of the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae). The only two species have a disjoint area in North America and Asia . Liriodendron tulipifera is used in the temperate latitudes as ornamental plants in parks.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The two types of tulip trees are deciduous trees . The grayish-white bark cracks longitudinally and is peeling off in small portions. The folded leaves hang in the egg-shaped winter buds.
The clearly alternate and spirally arranged leaves on the branches consist of a long petiole and the leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is evenly four- to six-lobed, the leaf base is rounded to slightly heart-shaped, the leaf tip is truncated or notched. The underside is green-blue, the top is shiny and smooth. The stipules are fused to each other, but not with the petioles, and fall off late.
Generative characteristics
The flowers appear individually terminal together with the leaves. The hermaphroditic flowers are protogynous , that is, the female organs mature before the male ones . The (seven to) nine bloom cladding sheets (tepals) standing in three circles are only almost identical. The outermost tepals are cup-like, bent back and green. The inner tepals are petal-like, green-yellow with an orange band or spot at the base. The stamens are whirling on a short torus, and fall off late. The stamens are a third to half as long as the anthers. The many free carpels are arranged helically; the lowest are sterile. Each carpel contains two pendulous ovules .
The "wing fruits" are closing fruits and stand on a spindle-shaped dry cone. Each individual fruit contains one or two seeds.
The number of chromosomes is x = 19.
Systematics, palaeobotany and distribution
The genus Liriodendron was established in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 535. Type species is Liriodendron tulipifera L. A synonym for Liriodendron L. is Tulipifera Mill.
Based on fossils of Tertiary was found that the genus Liriodendron was more widespread than it is today. Fossils have been found in Europe, Siberia, Iceland and Greenland. The genus Liriodendron today has a disjoint area in the northern hemisphere with only two species.
The genus Liriodendron comprises two recent, morphologically very similar species:
- American tulip tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera L. ): Its main distribution area is on the US east coast. It thrives at altitudes between 0 and 1500 meters. Locations are given for Ontario , Alaska , Arkansas , Connecticut , Delaware , District of Columbia , Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Mississippi , Montana , New Jersey , New York, North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Virginia and West Virginia .
- Chinese tulip tree ( Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. ): It occurs in small areas on the east coast and in the center of China as well as in northern Vietnam . In China, it thrives in forests at altitudes between 900 and 1000 meters in the provinces of Anhui , Chongqing , Fujian , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangxi , Shaanxi , southeast Sichuan , Yunnan , Zhejiang .
swell
- Frederick Gustav Meyer : Magnoliaceae in the Flora of North America , Volume 3, 1997: Liriodendron - Online. (Section description and systematics)
- Yuhu Liu, Nianhe Xia, Liu Yuhu & Hans Peter Nooteboom: Magnoliaceae in the Flora of China , Volume 7, 2008: Liriodendron - Online. (Section description, distribution and systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Liriodendron at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Anton Fischer: Forest vegetation science . An introduction to geobotany. 3. Edition. Utb, 2003, ISBN 3-8252-8268-6 , Chapter 2.2.3.3 North American-Southeast Asian disjunction.
- ↑ Clifford R. Parks & Jonathan F. Wendel: Molecular Divergence Between Asian and North American Species of Liriodendron (Magnoliaceae) with Implications for Interpretation of Fossil Floras , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 77, No. 10, 1990, pp. 1243-1256. JSTOR 2444585 .
- ^ Robert E. Cook: The Asian Connection , In: Arnoldia , Volume 53, No. 4, 1993, pp. 26-30. PDF .
