USS Trigger (SS-237)

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The USS Trigger (April 1942)
The USS Trigger (April 1942)
Overview
Keel laying February 1, 1941
Launch October 22, 1941
1. Period of service flag
Commissioning January 31, 1942
Whereabouts sunk on March 28, 1945 northeast of Miyazaki (89 dead)
Technical specifications
displacement

Surface: 1,525 tn.l.
Submerged: 2,424 tn.l.

length

95.33 m

width

8.30 m

Draft

4.65 m

Diving depth 90 m test
depth 140 m maximum depth
crew

89 men (1945)

drive

4 × 990 kW Fairbanks Morse -9- cylinder - Diesel engine
4 × 500 kW GE -electric
2 waves

speed

Surface: 20.25 kn.
Submerged: 8.75 kn

Range

11,000 nm at 10 kn
75 days patrol
duration Maximum dive time: 48 hours (at 2 kn)

Armament

6 × 53.3 cm torpedo tubes in the front
4 × 53.3 cm torpedo tubes in the rear
24 torpedoes
up to 40 sea mines (optional)
1 × 7.62 cm deck gun (L / 50 Mark 18)
2 × 12.7 -mm machine guns
2 × 7.62-mm machine guns

The USS Trigger (SS-237) was a United States Navy submarine that was used in the Pacific theater of war during World War II and was sunk in 1945. The submarine, named after the so-called Orange Triggerfish (ger .: orange-striped triggerfish ), was one of the Gato class and was completed in the 26th unit of this type. The trigger was laid on February 1, 1941 at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard (US state California ), was launched in October 1941 and was finally put into service on January 31, 1942. The first in command of the submarine was Lieutenant Commander Jack Hayden Lewis.

period of service

After the commissioning and the completion of the test drives off the California coast, the submarine was immediately transferred to Pearl Harbor to Submarine Squadron (Subron) 10 of the US Pacific Fleet in May 1942 , as part of the newly established Task Group (TG) 7.2 to be able to counter the threatening Japanese attack on the Midway Islands . After the defeat of the Japanese in the ensuing air and sea battle , whereby the submarine was not involved in any action, the Trigger ran back to Pearl Harbor, from there and after the submarine had been assigned by TG 7.2, to operate as part of patrols on Japanese shipping traffic.

First patrol

The first patrol (June 26th to August 8th 1942) took the trigger into the sea area of ​​the Aleutian Islands , with the focus mostly on reconnaissance tasks. Successes were achieved, although the boat had been able to establish a total of ten visual contacts with Japanese cargo or warships, none. The journey ended again in Pearl Harbor in mid-August, where on August 29, 1942, Commander Roy Stanley Benson - the previous commander of the Subron 10 - a new commander came on board.

Second patrol

The second patrol, which lasted from September 23 to November 8, 1942, led the triggers directly to the coast of Japan , including patrolling the submarine off the east coast of Kyushus and the province of Bungo . The trigger achieved two successes:

  • October 5, 1942: Unsuccessful torpedoing (caused by torpedo duds ) of the Japanese troop transport Shinkoku Maru (3,991 GRT) about 350 nautical miles southeast of Nagoya (the attack took place during the approach). The single moving ship defended itself with its on-board guns - which forced the trigger to submerge - and was able to escape.
  • October 17, 1942: Torpedoing and sinking of the single Japanese freighter Holland Maru (5,869 GRT) southwest of the exit of Bungo Strait, about ten nautical miles south of Hyūga .
  • October 24, 1942: The large Japanese naval tanker Nissho Maru (10,526 GRT) was torpedoed and damaged in front of Bungo Strait. The ballasted ship was able to escape after a torpedo hit, as the submarine had no more torpedoes available, but had to go to the shipyard until April 1943.

After the trigger had fired all of the torpedoes, the boat began the march back and arrived back in Pearl Harbor on November 8, 1942.

Third patrol

After a major overhaul, the submarine left for its third patrol on December 3, 1942, which lasted until January 22, 1943. Again, the trigger was supposed to patrol the Japanese waters off Kyūshū . In addition, sea ​​mines should be laid at significantly important points along the eastern coastlines of Shikoku and the southern Honshū . During this mission, the submarine scored three successes with torpedoes:

  • December 22, 1942: The Japanese freighter Toshu Maru (5,711 GRT) is torpedoed and damaged off the southern exit of the Uraga Canal . The ship escaped with minor damage after two torpedo failures (early detonations).
  • January 1, 1943: The Japanese freighter Shozan Maru (5,859 GRT) is torpedoed and damaged off the Uraga Canal. Also this ship was due to torpedo failures escape (s. This also torpedo scandal ), however, was the submarine easily damaged by shelling from the rear gun.
  • January 10, 1943: The Japanese destroyer Okikaze (1,345 ts) was torpedoed and sunk about 35 nautical miles south of Yokosuka . The ship, traveling alone and on anti-submarine patrol, was hit by a torpedo, broke into two parts in front of the bridge and sank quickly. The entire crew of 148 men probably went down with the destroyer.

During this third patrol, the trigger also laid out 28 sea ​​mines , including off Inubo Saki ( Honshū ) and in the Ise Bay . These mines - even if the assignment is difficult - very likely two other Japanese ships were lost:

  • December 20, 1942: Loss of the freighter Mitsuki Maru (3,893 GRT) off Inubo Saki by a mine hit (Note: The ship is sometimes incorrectly listed as Mutsuki Maru .)
  • December 22, 1942: Loss of the freighter Teifuku Maru (5,198 GRT) off Inubo Saki by a mine hit. It was the former German freighter RC Rickmers , which had been handed over to Japan in 1941. After the mine hit, the ship was able to be set aground on the coast, but ultimately had to be written off in January 1943 as a total constructive loss.
    Periscope image of the sinking Japanese destroyer Okikaze (January 10, 1943). The bent bow can be seen.

On January 22, 1943, the Trigger arrived on Midway and completed their third patrol there.

Fourth patrol

The fourth patrol took the submarine from February 13 to April 6, 1943 in the sea area around the Palau and Admiralty Islands . The trigger achieved two successes:

  • March 15, 1943: The Japanese freighter Momoha Maru (3,103 GRT) was torpedoed and sunk about 150 nautical miles northwest of Manus . The ship was part of a convoy consisting of seven freighters and three security vehicles, which was en route from Rabaul to New Hanover . When attacking the same convoy, the trigger also managed to damage the troop transport Florida Maru (5,854 GRT) by a torpedo hit; the steamer could later be brought in from the fuse.

Another attack on a Japanese small convoy of four ships on March 20, 1943 northeast of the Admiralty Islands was unsuccessful due to torpedo failures. Although three torpedoes were fired from a good position, only one of the escort vehicles, the gunboat Choan Maru No. 2 , slightly damaged by an early detonation. The warship was able to continue its voyage with minor damage. The Trigger broke off the mission and returned on April 6, 1943 to the Pearl Harbor home base.

Fifth patrol

The submarine ran out on April 30, 1943 for its fifth patrol, which lasted until June 21, 1943, with the area of ​​operation again concentrated on the Japanese home waters between the southeastern Honshū and Shikoku. The triggers achieve three successes:

  • May 28, 1943: The smaller Japanese coastal freighter Koshin Maru (975 GRT) is torpedoed and damaged off Iro Saki ( Sagami province ). The steamer was damaged by a torpedo detonating close by, but was able to escape in bad weather.
  • June 1, 1943: Torpedoing and sinking of the single Japanese coal freighter Noborikawa Maru (2,182 GRT) off Kamogawa . (Note: This sinking is partly ascribed to a mine hit or an unknown submarine [Bertke et al., Et al. Vol. 9, p. 472], so it must be viewed with a certain degree of caution.)
  • June 10, 1943: Torpedoing and serious damage to the Japanese aircraft carrier Hiyō (24,140 ts) about 17 nautical miles northeast of Miyake Jima . The carrier, together with two destroyers on a transfer march from Yokosuka to Truk , was hit by two torpedoes at the level of the engine rooms and could only be brought into Tateyama with difficulty . The repair took three months.

On June 21, 1943, the submarine returned to Pearl Harbor, where it underwent a major overhaul that lasted nearly two months. During this time, Lieutenant Commander Robert Edson Dornin, a new commander came on board.

Sixth patrol

The patrol area of ​​the trigger's sixth patrol (September 1 to September 30, 1943) was the East China Sea , especially the area north of Formosa . The submarine was already successful during the approach:

  • September 18, 1943: Torpedoing and sinking of the single Japanese freighter Yowa Maru (6,435 GRT) around 50 nautical miles northwest of Kume Jima . The ship sank after two torpedo hits. Then the submarine set course for the north coast of Formosa.

Attack on the convoy RINJI-B

In the evening hours of September 21, 1943, the Trigger sighted the Japanese convoy RINJI-B, consisting of eight cargo ships and a frigate , about 30 nautical miles northeast of Keelung . The convoy, on the way from Keelung to Fukuoka , was also accompanied by several seaplanes. The submarine initially shaded the convoy and then attacked during the night. In a total of four attempts, guided by radar , the trigger succeeded in torpedoing four ships (14 torpedoes were fired), of which the two tankers Shoyo Maru (7,498 GRT) and Shiriya (14,050 GRT) and the freighter Argun Maru ( 6,661 GRT) fell. The fleet tanker Shiriya , loaded with aviation fuel , exploded, killing the entire crew of 142 men. Another ship, the freighter Gyoku Maru (6,854 GRT), was damaged but was brought in.

The fleet tanker Shiriya , which was sunk by the Trigger on September 21, 1943 (photo from 1938).

In total, the submarine was able to sink three ships with over 28,000 GRT in one night. It was the most successful single operation of the trigger during the entire war. After this event, the submarine, which had fired all the torpedoes, returned from the mission on September 30, 1943, but not to Pearl Harbor, but to Midway.

Seventh patrol

After a shipyard overhaul and after some of the armament had been replaced (among other things, the 12.7 mm machine guns came off board and were replaced by 20 mm Oerlikon cannons ), the trigger broke out on their seventh patrol (it lasted from October 22 to December 8, 1943). This led the submarine into the East China Sea and the southern foothills of the Yellow Sea . There are three successes:

  • November 2, 1943: Torpedoing and sinking of the Japanese army transporter Delagoa Maru (7,148 GRT), part of the O-112 convoy, off Tanegashima . The steamer was hit by three torpedoes and sank within a few minutes. 288 people (including 201 soldiers of the 248th Air Force Regiment) went down with the ship.
  • November 13, 1943: Torpedoing and sinking of the transporter Nachisan Maru (4,433 GRT) belonging to the convoy MA-07 about 60 nautical miles southwest of Jejudo . The ship sank after two torpedo hits with the entire crew (46 dead).
  • November 21, 1943: Torpedoing and sinking of the single Japanese freighter Eizan Maru (1,681 GRT) by two torpedo hits around 180 nautical miles southeast of Qingdao . The entire crew (18 men?) Was killed.

The seventh patrol ended on December 8, 1943 in Pearl Harbor.

Eighth patrol

Their eighth patrol (January 1 to February 23, 1944) saw the trigger in action in the Mariana Islands and the northern Carolines . This voyage also took place against the background of the preparations for the planned US offensives in this sea area (see Battle of the Marshall Islands ). Here the submarine achieved two successes:

  • January 31, 1944: The small Japanese mine- layer Nasami (483 ts) was torpedoed and sunk about 250 nautical miles southeast of Guam . (Note: This sinking must be viewed as controversial. On the one hand, this - presumed - success does not appear in all publications and sources, on the other hand, the Nasami is said to have been lost after an air raid on April 1, 1944).
  • January 31, 1944: The large Japanese submarine support ship Yasukuni Maru (11,933 GRT) is torpedoed and sunk about 250 nautical miles northwest of the Hall Islands . The supply company traveling in a convoy, loaded with spare torpedoes and fuel, exploded after two torpedo hits and sank within five minutes. 1,188 sailors and embarked soldiers went down with the ship, including 369 members of the 222nd Marine Construction Battalion. https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?210489 Only 43 survivors could be rescued by an escort ship.

On February 23, the submarine returned from its patrol voyage to Pearl Harbor. There on February 25, 1944, Lieutenant Commander Frederick Joseph Harlfinger, a new commander came on board.

Ninth patrol

The ninth patrol (March 23 to May 20, 1944) led the submarine into the sea area of ​​the Palau Islands . The trigger achieved three successes in the context of an attack on a convoy:

  • 26./27. April 1944: Night raid on the Japanese convoy MATSU No. which is going from Palau to Yokohama . 5 about 90 nautical miles north of Palau. The convoy, consisting of four transporters, was secured by four escort ships. During the attack, guided by radar , the trigger managed to torpedo and sink the large transporter Miike Maru (11,738 GRT). The destroyer escort Kasado (870 ts) and the transporter Asosan Maru (8,811 GRT) were also considerably damaged by torpedo hits - the bow of the former was torn off - but could be brought to Palau. When the Miike Maru sank , a total of 18 seamen and soldiers died, but over 820 people were rescued by the other ships in the convoy.
    The troop transport Miike Maru (picture from 1941), which was sunk by the Trigger in April 1944 .

Since the trigger for depth charges had -Angriffen however Backup ships suffered sensitive losses (including the radar, the radio system and the flaps were the front torpedo tubes have been this damaged), returned the submarine on 20 May 1944 by the mission to Pearl Harbor back. The boat then moved to California , where it underwent major repairs and overhauls at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard , which lasted until August 1944. The Trigger did not return to Pearl Harbor until September .

Tenth patrol

The target area of ​​the tenth patrol (September 24 to November 17, 1944) was the East China Sea, in particular the area northeast of Formosa . Furthermore, the submarine was to act as a rescue unit for shot down US carrier pilots north of Luzon . (This mission also took place against the background of the incipient US offensive against Leyte .) Here the trigger achieved a success:

  • October 30, 1944: Torpedoing and damage to the Japanese fleet tanker Takane Maru (10,021 GRT) secured by three escort ships about 130 nautical miles southeast of Miyakonojō . The tanker was badly damaged by two torpedo hits, but the fuse managed to push the submarine away so that no catch shot could be fired. Although 78 depth charges on the trigger were dropped, the submarine escaped without damage.

During the mission, which finally ended on November 17, 1944 in Guam, the Trigger also succeeded in rescuing a downed F6F pilot of the aircraft carrier Bunker Hill from the sea east of Formosa .

Eleventh patrol

The eleventh patrol (December 28, 1944 to February 3, 1945) saw the trigger in action in the area south of the foothills of the Seto Inland Sea (south exit of the Bungo Canal). Since the submarine was supposed to act primarily as a rescue ship for shot down US pilots, there were no enemy contacts and therefore no successes. Short-term contact with a heavily secured convoy at the end of January 1945 was inconclusive. The Trigger hit Guam again on February 3, 1945 . There, in March 1945, Commander David Rickart Connole came on board as a new commander.

Japanese escort ship of the Mikura type. A unit of this class was involved in sinking the triggers .

Twelfth patrol

During the twelfth patrol (from March 11, 1945) - from which the submarine never returned - the trigger initially operated west of the Ōsumi Islands . This is where the trigger achieved their last two successes:

  • March 18, 1945: Torpedoing and sinking of the small Japanese freighter Tsukushi Maru No. 3 (1,012 GRT) southwest of the Ōsumi Islands.
  • March 27, 1945: Torpedoing and sinking of the Japanese cable laying and workshop ship Odate (1,564 GRT) about 150 nautical miles south of Kagoshima . The entire crew of 101 men went down with the ship.

This was the trigger's last success in sinking . The submarine was then supposed to move off the east coast of Miyazaki Prefecture and join a newly established US submarine pack (called "Earl's Eliminators") with the Sea Dog and Threadfin submarines (later also Silversides ). However, this no longer happened.

Sinking the trigger

In the morning hours of March 28, 1945, around 10:30 a.m., the submerged marching trigger about 80 nautical miles northeast of Miyazaki was hit by a Japanese Q1W anti-submarine aircraft belonging to the Saeki Naval Aviation Group , which was equipped with a novel magnetic anomaly detector (磁 気 探知 機, Jikitanchiki ) was discovered. The aircraft called in the destroyer escort Mikura and the two Kaibokans CD-33 and CD-59 , who recorded the presumed position of the submarine - a total of eight contact with the submerged boat - between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. numerous deep (approximately 140 m) set depth charges occupied. After the two-hour bombardment, which was noticed and recorded by other US submarines nearby, a five-nautical-mile oil slick formed on the surface of the water. The trigger has not responded since then . It is now widely accepted that the submarine fell victim to these attacks. Commander Connole and all 88 crew members went down with the boat. There were no survivors.

After the trigger failed to respond to repeated attempts to establish contact, the boat was finally deleted from the fleet register on July 11, 1945. The wreck of the submarine has not yet been found.

Achievements and Awards

Below is a tabular overview of the Japanese ships attacked by the Trigger . Sunk ships are highlighted in bold in the results column . In the case of ships for which, according to the sources, it is not entirely certain (see text) that the attack was carried out by the trigger , the name, the tonnage (or the measurement) and the result are in brackets, for example ( Nasami ).

date Surname Ship type Measurement / tonnage Result (weapon type) annotation
October 5, 1942 Shinkoku Maru Troop transport 3,991 GRT damaged (torpedo)
October 17, 1942 Holland Maru Cargo ship 5,869 GRT sunk (torpedo)
October 24, 1942 Nissho Maru Fleet tanker 10,526 GRT damaged (torpedo)
December 20, 1942 Mitsuki Maru Cargo ship 3,893 GRT sunk (mine)
December 22, 1942 Teifuku Maru Cargo ship 5,198 GRT sunk (mine) The ship was initially put aground on the coast, but later had to be abandoned.
December 22, 1942 Toshu Maru Cargo ship 5,711 GRT damaged (torpedo)
January 1, 1943 Shozan Maru Cargo ship 5,859 GRT damaged (on-board gun) Presumably the only ship attacked with the on-board gun.
January 10, 1943 Okikaze destroyer 1,345 ts sunk (torpedo) The entire crew (148 sailors) was killed.
March 15, 1943 Momoha Maru Cargo ship 3,103 GRT sunk (torpedo)
March 15, 1943 Florida Maru Troop transport 5,854 GRT damaged (torpedo)
May 28, 1943 Koshin Maru Cargo ship 975 GRT damaged (torpedo)
June 1, 1943 ( Noborikawa Maru ) Cargo ship (2,182 GRT) ( sunk ) (torpedo) Sources not fully secured.
June 10, 1943 Hiyō Aircraft carrier 24,140 ts damaged (torpedo)
September 18, 1943 Yowa Maru Cargo ship 6,435 GRT sunk (torpedo)
September 21, 1943 Shoyo Maru Tanker 7,498 GRT sunk (torpedo)
September 21, 1943 Shiriya Fleet tanker 14,050 GRT sunk (torpedo) In terms of surveying, the largest ship sunk by the Trigger .
September 21, 1943 Argun Maru Cargo ship 6,661 GRT sunk (torpedo)
September 21, 1943 Gyoku Maru Cargo ship 6,854 GRT damaged (torpedo)
November 2, 1943 Delagoa Maru Troop transport 7,148 GRT sunk (torpedo) 288 people died in the sinking, including 201 Luftwaffe soldiers.
November 13, 1943 Nachisan Maru Cargo ship 4,433 GRT sunk (torpedo) The entire crew (46 men) was killed.
November 21, 1943 Eizan Maru Cargo ship 1,681 GRT sunk (torpedo)
January 31, 1944 ( Nasami ) Mine layers (483 ts) ( sunk ) (torpedo) Sources not fully secured.
January 31, 1944 Yasukuni Maru Submarine mothership 11,933 GRT sunk (torpedo) With almost 1,200 fatalities, the most casualty sinking by the trigger .
April 26, 1944 Miike Maru Troop transport 11,738 GRT sunk (torpedo)
April 26, 1944 Kasado Escort destroyer 870 ts damaged (torpedo)
April 26, 1944 Asosan Maru Troop transport 8,811 GRT damaged (torpedo)
October 30, 1944 Takane Maru Fleet tanker 10,021 GRT damaged (torpedo)
March 18, 1945 Tsukushi Maru No. 3 Cargo ship 1,012 GRT sunk (torpedo)
March 27, 1945 Odate Cable layers 1,564 GRT sunk (torpedo) Death of the entire crew (101 men).

In total, the trigger had sunk 15 cargo ships, troop transporters and tankers (with a total of 92,216 GRT) and damaged another nine ships (with a total of 58,602 GRT) on twelve patrols. There was also a sunk destroyer (1,345 ts) as well as a damaged aircraft carrier and a damaged escort ship. The unclear cases of Noborikawa Maru (June 1, 1943) and Nasami (January 31, 1944) are not included in these statistics.

For its operations in the Second World War, which was the trigger with a total of eleven battle stars excellent. In addition, the submarine was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation three times (for the fifth, sixth and seventh patrol).

Maintenance of tradition

In 1951, a second U.S. Navy submarine was named Trigger . It was a Tang class boat that was decommissioned in 1973. In addition, the US frigate Connole , which was in service from 1969 to 1993, was named after the last commander of the sunken triggers , Commander David Rickart Connole.

literature

  • Donald A. Bertke, Don Kindell, Gordon Smith: World War II - Sea War: The Allies Strike Back . Vol. 7. Bertke Publications. Dayton OH 2015.
  • Donald A. Bertke, Don Kindell, Gordon Smith: World War II - Sea War: Wolfpacks Muzzled . Vol. 8. Bertke Publications. Dayton OH 2016.
  • Douglas E. Campbell: Save Our Souls. Rescues Made by US Submarines During World War II . Lulu Press. Raleigh NC 2016.
  • Karl E. Heden: Sunken Ships. World War II US Naval Chronology, Including Submarine Losses of the United States, England, Germany, Japan, Italy . Branden Publishing Company. Wellesley MA 2006.
  • Harry Holmes: The Last Patrol . United States Naval Institute Press. Annapolis MD 2001.
  • Joel I. Holwitt: Execute against Japan: The US Decision to conduct Unrestricted Submarine Warfare . Texas University Press. Austin TX 1999.
  • Theodore Roscoe, Richard G. Voge: United States Submarine Operations in World War II . United States Naval Institute Press. Annapolis MD 1950.
  • Paul H. Silverstone: The Navy of World War II . Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group. New York 2008.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Note: The armament of the submarine varied later, so the 12.7 mm machine guns disembarked in 1943 and were replaced by two 20 mm Oerlikon cannons . The boat is also said to have carried a single 40 mm Bofors cannon at times. The specified armament corresponds to the level of equipment after commissioning in 1942.
  2. Donald A. Bertke, Don Kindell, Gordon Smith: World War II - Sea War: The Allies Strike Back . Vol. 7. Bertke Publications. Dayton OH 2015, p. 232.
  3. ^ Bertke: The Allies Strike Back , p. 236.
  4. Japanese Oilers. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  5. combinedfleet.com
  6. wrecksite.eu
  7. ^ Ex-German Merchants in Japanese Service. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  8. ↑ Sea War 1943, March. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  9. Donald A. Bertke, Don Kindell, Gordon Smith: World War II - Sea War: Wolfpacks Muzzled . Vol. 8. Bertke Publications. Dayton OH 2016, pp. 151f.
  10. ^ Trigger (SS-237) of the US Navy - American Submarine of the Gato class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  11. Imperial lattops. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  12. Japanese Oilers. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  13. ^ Imperial Japanese Army Transports. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  14. ^ Paul H. Silverstone: The Navy of World War II . Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group. New York NY 2008, p. 130.
  15. ^ Karl E. Heden: Sunken Ships. World War II US Naval Chronology, Including Submarine Losses of the United States, England, Germany, Japan, Italy . Branden Publishing Company. Wellesley MA 2006, p. 258.
  16. ↑ Sea War 1944, January. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  17. combinedfleet.com
  18. Note: This value is an estimate. In some sources, the distances differ widely. NavSource Online and Combinedfleet, for example, report the attack on the convoy at 2:00 a.m. (around 300 nautical miles northwest of Truk), but at the same time state that the ship is said to have sunk around 4:00 a.m. - and this again only at 17 Nautical miles from Truk. The transporter cannot possibly have covered around 280 nautical miles in two hours (?). In this respect, the information must be viewed critically.
  19. January LETTENS: Mitsuki Maru (+1942). wrecksite.eu, accessed on November 15, 2019 .
  20. ^ Douglas E. Campbell: Save Our Souls. Rescues Made by US Submarines During World War II . Lulu Press, Raleigh NC 2016, p. 658.
  21. ↑ Sea War 1945, March. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  22. ^ Heden: Sunken Ships , p. 281.
  23. Japanese Escorts. Retrieved November 15, 2019 .
  24. oneternalpatrol.com
  25. Cargo ships, tankers and transporters are listed in BRT, warships in ts.