White-toothed shrews

White-toothed shrews
Garden shrew ( Crocidura suaveolens )
Systematics
Subclass : Higher mammals (Eutheria) Superordinate : Laurasiatheria Order : Insect eater (Eulipotyphla) Family : Shrews (Soricidae) Subfamily : Crocidurinae Genre : White-toothed shrews
Scientific name
Crocidura
Wagler , 1832

The genus of Weißzahn- or batting shrews ( Crocidura ) is a mammalian species from the family of shrews (Soricidae). In a broader sense, this name is applied to the subfamily of the Crocidurinae . With almost 200 species it is the most species-rich genus of mammals, three species (the field shrew , the house shrew and the garden shrew ) also live in Central Europe.

features

The fur of these shrews is dense and silky, it is colored brown, gray or black on the upper side, the underside is lighter. The tail is long and, like the back of the body, eyelashed. The claws are short compared to other shrew species, the 28 teeth are colored white. These shrews reach head body lengths of 4 to 18 centimeters with a tail of 4 to 11 centimeters. The weight varies from 3 to 65 grams depending on the species.

distribution and habitat

White-toothed shrews are restricted to the Old World, they are found in Eurasia and Africa , and the greatest biodiversity is in central Africa . They inhabit a variety of habitats, for example forests and grasslands, but also fields and sometimes invade buildings.

Way of life

Like all shrews, they feed mainly on invertebrates (e.g. insects and earthworms ) and are characterized by a high metabolic rate. So they consume almost their own body weight in food every day. They are very fertile, two to ten young animals are born once or several times a year after a gestation period of around three to four weeks.

threat

Particularly some species with a small range are threatened. Directly threatened with extinction ( critically endangered are), according to IUCN C. dhofarensis , C. Harenna , C. negrina , C. thomensis and C. wimmeri and additionally there is the on the Christmas Island endemic type C. trichura that may already be extinct. 15 species are endangered and 20 are endangered ( vulnerable ), but precise data are lacking for some species.

The species

A total of almost 200 species are distinguished. Three species live in Central Europe:

• the field shrew ( Crocidura leucodon ),
• the house shrew ( Crocidura russula ) as well
• the garden shrew ( Crocidura suaveolens )

Four other species, C. sicula (in Sicily ), C. ichnusae (in Sardinia ), C. canariensis (in the Canary Islands ) and C. zimmermanni (in Crete ) are native to southern Europe. Most of the species live in Africa (around a hundred species are restricted to central or southern Africa) or in Southeast Asia (where there are several endemic species in the Philippines , Indonesia, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ). The following list follows Wilson & Reeder (2005) and reflects new discoveries:

• Crocidura afeworkbekelei was described from south-eastern Ethiopia .
• Crocidura aleksandrisi is only known from northeast Libya .
• Crocidura allex lives in Kenya and Northern Tanzania .
• Crocidura andamanensis isendemicto the Andaman Islands.
• Crocidura anhuiensis wasdescribedby the Huang Shan in 2019.
• Crocidura ansellorum is only known from northern Zambia .
• Crocidura arabica isnative to Oman and Yemen .
• Crocidura arispa lives in Anatolia .
• Crocidura armenica is native to Armenia .
• Crocidura attenuata is common in large parts of Southeast Asia.
• Crocidura attila lives in Nigeria , Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
• Crocidura baileyi isendemic tothe highlands of Ethiopia .
• Crocidura baluensis lives on Sumatra and Borneo .
• Crocidura batakorum is native to the Philippine island of Palawan .
• Crocidura batesi is native to South Cameroon and Gabon.
• Crocidura beatus lives in the southern Philippines.
• Crocidura beccarii is endemic to Sumatra.
• Crocidura bottegi is common from Guinea to Kenya .
• Crocidura bottegoides only lives in the highlands of Ethiopia.
• Crocidura brunnea isendemicto Java .
• Crocidura buettikoferi is common from Guinea to Nigeria .
• Crocidura caliginea is only known from the northeast of the DR Congo.
• The Canary Shrew ( Crocidura canariensis ) lives in the Canary Islands .
• Crocidura caspica lives on the west coast of the Caspian Sea .
• Crocidura caudipilosa occurs on Sulawesi.
• Crocidura cinderella is known from Gambia and Mali .
• Crocidura congobelgica only lives in the northeast of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura crenata is common in southern Cameroon, Gabon and the DR Congo.
• Crocidura crossei lives from Sierra Leone to Cameroon .
• Crocidura cyanea is native to southern Africa.
• Crocidura denti lives in Cameroon, Gabon and the DR Congo.
• Crocidura desperata is only known from southern Tanzania.
• Crocidura dhofarensis from Oman is critically endangered.
• Crocidura dolichura is common from Nigeria to Uganda.
• Crocidura douceti occurs from Guinea to Nigeria.
• Crocidura dsinezumi lives in Japan and Jeju-do .
• Crocidura eisentrauti is only known from Western Cameroon.
• Crocidura elgonius occurs in Kenya and Tanzania.
• Crocidura elongata isendemicto Sulawesi .
• Crocidura erica only lives in western Angola .
• Crocidura fischeri occurs in Kenya and Tanzania.
• Crocidura flavescens is native to South Africa and Mozambique .
• Crocidura floweri lives in Egypt .
• Crocidura foetida is native to Borneo.
• Crocidura foxi is only known from Nigeria.
• Crocidura fuliginosa lives in Southeast Asia.
• Crocidura fulvastra is common from Mali to Kenya.
• Crocidura fumosa is only known from Kenya.
• Crocidura fuscomurina iswidespreadfrom Senegal and Ethiopia to South Africa.
• Crocidura glassi only lives in the highlands of Ethiopia.
• Crocidura gmelini occurs from Iran to China.
• Crocidura goliath lives in South Cameroon, Gabon and the DR Congo.
• Crocidura gracilipes is only known from northern Tanzania.
• Crocidura grandiceps is common from Guinea to Nigeria.
• Crocidura grandis isendemicto Mindanao's Mount Malindang National Park .
• Crocidura grassei occurs in Cameroon, Central Africa and Gabon.
• Crocidura grayi lives in the northern Philippines.
• Crocidura greenwoodi is only known from southern Somalia.
• Crocidura harenna only lives in the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia and is threatened with extinction.
• Crocidura hikmiya has so far only been observed in a forest area in the southwest of Sri Lanka.
• Crocidura hildegardeae is common in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Crocidura hilliana lives in Thailand .
• Crocidura hirta is widespread from Somalia to South Africa.
• Crocidura hispida is endemic to the Andaman Islands.
• Crocidura horsfieldii is common in South and Southeast Asia.
• Crocidura huangshanensis was described by Huang Shan in 2020, and is genetically and morphologically different from the species C. anhuiensis that also occurs there
• Crocidura hutanis is known from Sumatra.
• Crocidura indochinensis occurs in Vietnam .
• Crocidura jacksoni is native to the east of the DR Congo to northern Tanzania.
• Crocidura jenkinsi is endemic to the Andaman Islands.
• Crocidura jouvenetae lives in West Africa.
• Crocidura katinka lives in the Middle East.
• Crocidura kivuana is native to the DR Congo and Rwanda.
• Crocidura lamottei is widespread from Senegal to Cameroon.
• Crocidura lanosa occurs in the east of the DR Congo and Rwanda.
• Crocidura lasiura lives in Southeast Siberia , Korea and Manchuria .
• Crocidura latona lives in the northeast of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura lea is only known from Northeast Sulawesi.
• Crocidura lepidura occurs in Sumatra.
• The field shrew ( Crocidura leucodon ) lives in Europe and Asia Minor.
• Crocidura levicula is endemic to Sulawesi.
• Crocidura littoralis only lives in the northeast of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura longipes is only known from western Nigeria.
• Crocidura lucina occurs in the highlands of Ethiopia.
• Crocidura ludia is native to the north of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura luna is common from Kenya to Zimbabwe.
• Crocidura lusitania lives in the Sahel from Morocco to Ethiopia.
• Crocidura macarthuri is native to Kenya and Somalia.
• Crocidura macmillani only lives in the highlands of Ethiopia.
• Crocidura macowi is only known from northern Kenya.
• Crocidura malayana inhabits the Malay Peninsula .
• Crocidura manengubae lives in Cameroon.
• Crocidura maquassiensis occurs in Zimbabwe and South Africa.
• Crocidura mariquensis is common in southern Africa.
• Crocidura maurisca lives in Uganda and Kenya.
• The Java white-toothed shrew ( Crocidura maxi ) is common on Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
• Crocidura mindorus only lives in Mindoro (Philippines).
• Crocidura mdumai occurs at the Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania.
• The Ceylon white shrew ( Crocidura miya ) is endemic to Sri Lanka .
• Crocidura monax lives in southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.
• Crocidura monticola inhabits the Malay Peninsula, Java and Borneo.
• Crocidura montis is native to Uganda, Kenya and Northern Tanzania.
• Crocidura muricauda is common from Guinea to Ghana.
• Crocidura musseri lives on Sulawesi.
• Crocidura munissi was found in the Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania.
• Crocidura mutesae is only known from Uganda.
• Crocidura nana lives in Ethiopia and Somalia.
• Crocidura nanilla is widespread from Mauritania to Kenya and the north of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura neglecta is endemic to Sumatra.
• The Negros shrew ( Crocidura negrina ) lives on the Philippine island of Negros and is endangered.
• Crocidura newmarki lives on Mount Meru in northern Tanzania.
• Crocidura nicobarica isendemicto the Nicobar Islands .
• Crocidura nigeriae lives in Nigeria, Cameroon and on Bioko .
• Crocidura nigricans inhabits Angola and Zambia.
• Crocidura nigripes is endemic to Sulawesi.
• Crocidura nigrofusca is common from Sudan and Ethiopia to Zambia.
• Crocidura nimbae occurs from Guinea to Liberia.
• Crocidura niobe lives in the east of the DR Congo and in Uganda.
• Crocidura obscurior is native to Sierra Leone to the Ivory Coast.
• Crocidura olivieri is widespread from Egypt and Senegal to South Africa.
• Crocidura orientalis inhabits Java.
• Crocidura orii isendemicto the Ryūkyū Islands .
• Crocidura osorio lives in the Canary Islands.
• The North African house shrew ( Crocidura pachyura ) inhabits Sardinia, Ibiza, Pantelleria , the north of Tunisia and the north-east of Algeria.
• Crocidura palawanensis isendemicto Palawan .
• Crocidura panayensis comes from the island of Panay in the Philippines.
• Crocidura paradoxura inhabits Sumatra.
• Crocidura parvipes is common from Cameroon and Sudan to Zambia.
• Crocidura pasha lives in Sudan and Ethiopia.
• Crocidura pergrisea lives in the western Himalayan regions.
• Crocidura phaeura is only known from southwest Ethiopia.
• Crocidura phuquocensis occurs on the island of Phu Quoc in southern Vietnam.
• Crocidura picea lives in West Cameroon.
• Crocidura pitmani inhabits Zambia.
• Crocidura planiceps is common from Nigeria to Ethiopia
• Crocidura poensis is native to Guinea, Cameroon and Angola.
• Crocidura polia lives in the northeast of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura pullata is distributed from Afghanistan to Thailand.
• Crocidura raineyi is only known from Central Kenya .
• Crocidura ramona inhabits the Negev desert in Israel .
• Crocidura rapax lives in southern China.
• Crocidura religiosa lives in the Egyptian Nile Valley .
• Crocidura rhoditis is endemic to Sulawesi.
• Crocidura roosevelti lives in central Africa.
• The house shrew ( Crocidura russula ) lives in Europe and North Africa.
• Crocidura sapaensis lives in Vietnam.
• Crocidura selina lives in Uganda.
• Crocidura serezkyensis iswidespreadfrom Asia Minor to Kazakhstan .
• Crocidura shantungensis lives in China.
• Crocidura sibirica is native to Siberia and Mongolia .
• Crocidura sicula lives in Sicily and Malta .
• Crocidura silacea is common in southern Africa.
• Crocidura smithii is known from Senegal, Ethiopia and Somalia.
• Crocidura sokolovi has its distribution area in central Vietnam.
• Crocidura somalica occurs from Mali to Somalia.
• Crocidura stenocephala lives in the east of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura suahelae lives in central Africa.
• The garden shrew ( C. suaveolens ) (garden shrew) lives in Eurasia.
• Crocidura susiana only lives in southwest Iran.
• Crocidura tanakae occurs in Taiwan .
• Crocidura tanzaniana lives in Northern Tanzania.
• Crocidura tarella is native to Uganda.
• Crocidura tarfayaensis lives on the Atlantic coast from Morocco to Mauritania.
• Crocidura telfordi is native to Tanzania.
• The Timor shrew ( Crocidura tenuis ) is endemic to Timor .
• Crocidura thalia lives in the highlands of Ethiopia.
• Crocidura theresae is common from Guinea to Ghana.
• Crocidura thomensis isendemicto Sao Tome and critically endangered.
• Crocidura trichura only lives on Christmas Island . The species was last seen in 1985 and may have already become extinct.
• Crocidura turba is common from Cameroon to Zambia.
• Crocidura ultima is only known from western Kenya.
• Crocidura umbra occurs at a site in western Java.
• Crocidura usambarae inhabits northern Tanzania.
• Crocidura viaria is common from Morocco to Tanzania.
• Crocidura virgata is a largely unknown species.
• Crocidura voi is native to Mali to Kenya and Somalia.
• Crocidura vorax lives in China.
• Crocidura vosmaeri is a largely unknown species.
• Crocidura watasei isendemicto the Ryūkyū Islands .
• Crocidura whitakeri lives in northern Africa.
• Crocidura wimmeri only lives in Ivory Coast and is threatened with extinction.
• Crocidura wuchihensis lives on Hainan .
• Crocidura xantippe lives in Kenya and Tanzania.
• Crocidura yaldeni occurs in southwestern Ethiopia.
• Crocidura yankariensis is distributed from Nigeria to Kenya.
• Crocidura zaitsevi comes from central Vietnam.
• Crocidura zaphiri inhabits Ethiopia and Kenya.
• Crocidura zarudnyi lives in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Crocidura zimmeri is only known from the southeast of the DR Congo.
• Crocidura zimmermanni isendemicto Crete .

Genetic studies suggest that there are other previously undescribed species on some islands in Southeast Asia.

literature

• Don E. Wilson , DeeAnn M. Reeder (Eds.): Mammal Species of the World . A taxonomic and geographic Reference. 2 volumes. 3. Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 .
• Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 2 volumes. 6th edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD et al. 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ CJ Burgin and K. He: Family Soricidae (shrews). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 8: Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2018, pp. 332–551 ISBN 978-84-16728-08-4
2. ↑ ^{a b} Leonid A. Lavrenchenko, Leonid L. Voyta and Rainer Hutterer: Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae). Zootaxa 4196 (1), 2016, pp. 38-60
3. ↑ Heng Zhang, Guiyou Wu, Yanqing Wu, Jianfei Yao, Shuo You, Chencheng Wang, Feng Cheng, Jingjing Chen, Mingxia Tang, Chunlin Li and Baowei Zhang: A new species of the genus Crocidura from China based on molecular and morphological data ( Eulipotyphla: Soricidae). Zoological Systematics 44 (4), 2019, pp. 279–293, doi: 10.11865 / zs.201927
4. ^ ^{A b} Rainer Hutterer: Records of shrews from Panay and Palawan, Philippines, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Soricidae). Lynx ns, 38, 2007, pp. 5-20
5. ^ Jacob A. Esselstyn, Anang S. Achmadi, Heru Handika, Thomas C. Giarla and Kevin C. Rowe: A new climbing shrew from Sulawesi highlights the tangled taxonomy of an endemic radiation. Journal of Mammalogy 100 (6), 2019, pp. 1713-1725, doi: 10.1093 / jmammal / gyz077
6. ↑ Suyama Meegaskumbura, Madhava Meegaskumbura, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi and Christopher J. Schneider: Crocidura hikmiya, a new shrew (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1665, 2007, pp. 19-30
7. ↑ Liu Yang, Heng Zhang, Chenling Zhang, Jun Wu, Zhaocheng Wang, Chunlin Li and Baowei Zhang: A new species of the genus Crocidura (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla: Soricidae) from Mount Huang, China. Zoological Systematics 45 (1), 2020, pp. 1–14, doi: 10.11865 / zs.202001
8. ↑ ^{a b c} William T. Stanley, Rainer Hutterer , Thomas C. Giarla and Jacob A. Esselstyn: Phylogeny, phylogeography and geographical variation in the Crocidura monax (Soricidae) species complex from the montane islands of Tanzania, with descriptions of three new species . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174, 2015, pp. 185-215
9. ↑ Alexei V. Abramov, Paulina D. Jenkins, Viatcheslav V. Rozhnov and Alexei A. Kalinin: Description of a new species of Crocidura (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from the island of Phu Quoc, Vietnam. Mammalia 72, 2008, pp. 269-272
10. ↑ ^{a b} Paulina D. Jenkins, Alexei V. Abramov, Viatcheslav V. Rozhnov and Olga Makarova: Description of two new species of white-toothed shrews belonging to the genus Crocidura (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) fromNgoc Linh Mountain, Vietnam. Zootaxa 1589, 2007, pp. 57-68
11. ↑ Terrence C. Demos, Anang S. Achmadi, Heru Handika, Maharadatunkamsi, Kevin C. Rowe, and Jacob A. Esselstyn: A new species of shrew (Soricomorpha: Crocidura) from Java, Indonesia: possible character displacement despite interspecific gene flow. Journal of Mammalogy 98 (1), 2017, pp. 183-193
12. ↑ Terrence C. Demos, Anang S. Achmadi, Thomas C. Giarla, Heru Handika, Maharadatunkamsi, Kevin C. Rowe and Jacob A. Esselstyn: Local endemism and within-island diversification of shrews illustrate the importance of speciation inbuilding Sundaland mammal diversity. Molecular Ecology 25, 2016, pp. 5158-5173

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