Wieliczka

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Wieliczka
Wieliczka coat of arms
Wieliczka (Poland)
Wieliczka
Wieliczka
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lesser Poland
Powiat : Wieliczka
Gmina : Wieliczka
Area : 13.40  km²
Geographic location : 49 ° 59 ′  N , 20 ° 3 ′  E Coordinates: 49 ° 59 ′ 0 ″  N , 20 ° 3 ′ 0 ″  E
Residents : 22,442 (Dec. 31, 2016)
Postal code : 32-020
Telephone code : (+48) 12
License plate : KWI
Economy and Transport
Street : Tarnów - Krakow
Next international airport : Krakow-Balice



Wieliczka [ vʲɛˈlʲiʧka ] (German Groß Salze ) is a town in the powiat Wielicki of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in Poland ; about ten kilometers southeast of Krakow . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with around 57,500 inhabitants.

The Wieliczka salt mine and salt Grafenschloss part of the world heritage of UNESCO .

City Center View (2008)

geography

The city lies on the border of the Pogórze Wielickie and Sandomir basins , at an altitude of 224 to 361.8 meters. Wieliczka, a satellite city of Krakow ( Kraków's Main Market Square is 13 km northwest), borders the capital of the voivodeship to the west ( Swoszowice district ) and to the northwest ( Bieżanów - Prokocim district ). In addition, the neighboring towns of Czarnachowice, Śledziejowice and Zabawa in the north, Lednica Górna in the east, Grabówki, Siercza and Rożnowa in the south.

history

Chapel in the Wieliczka Salt Mine (−96.5 m)

Until 1772

Salt was probably already mined there by the Celts. There was a salt works in the 9th century . The importance of the settlement increased under Casimir I Karl , the Duke of Poland in the middle of the 11th century.

The market town with four inns was named in a document by Gilo of Paris (probably from the years 1123-1125) as “ad magnum Sal [em]” (= “at the great salt”) and in the papal bull published in 1229 as “de magno Sals "(=" Of the great salt ") mentioned. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the irregular settlement near the river Srawa (Serafa) gathered in three points: in today's city center (around St. Clement's Church), around the past Holy Cross Church in today's Mickiewicz Park (10th century) . to 11th century), in Mierz (i) ączka (northeast of the city wall, in the 17th century a rival town of Wieliczka). Salt was extracted extensively near the present Daniłowicza and Dembowskiego Streets, including halite from the second half of the 13th century.

The Latin name was used until the 15th century. The Polish name appeared in 1335 as Weliczka and is derived from Wielka Sól (= "great salt", only used in royal privileges) - the translation of Magnum Sal . The German name Grosssalce was also used for a few decades in the Middle Ages (German miners immigrated there before the city was founded under German law), but the name, which had long been abandoned, was only partially restored after 1772.

The city received the Franconian town charter in 1290 by Duke Przemysl of Krakow and Sandomir and was a royal mountain town . 1361 Wieliczka received by Casimir the Great , the Magdeburg Law and subordinate to the Supreme Court of the six small cities in Poland in Krakow. The salt trading privilege included direct purchase on the saltworks and sale on the markets in Krakow and Auschwitz , it led to the wealth of the city and its citizens. At that time Wieliczka had about 1000 inhabitants. Crafts flourished in the city, and to protect himself from competition, King Sigismund II. August banned foreigners and Jews from moving into the city, which is why a small Jewish settlement Klasno developed in the north of the village of Siercza , southwest of Wieliczka .

The city's heyday came to an end at the end of the 16th century. The reasons for this were, on the one hand, the shattered political situation in Poland, but also damage to the mountains and breakages caused by insufficient protection of the mines . In particular, the fire in the Bonerschacht from 1644 to 1646, in which 20 miners were killed, caused great damage to the city as the shaft collapsed. The First Northern War led to the impoverishment of the city through military invasions, as a result of epidemics the number of inhabitants decimated to 500. All further attempts by the Polish kings to help the city up again through further privileges were unsuccessful.

1772 to 1945

As a result of the first partition of Poland in 1772, Wieliczka became part of Austria , the old privileges were revoked, self-government was dissolved and German was declared the official language. With the opening of the saltworks to visitors, its world fame was established.

In the years 1773 to 1785 Wieliczka became the seat of a district in Galicia . Between 1784 and 1785 the Austrians built a road from Josefstadt through Wieliczka to Gdów . On the southern bank of the road east of Wieliczka, the land of the nationalized brewery in Lednica Dolna was settled by a dozen German-Lutheran families from Thuringia in the course of the Josephine colonization , resulting in Lednica Niemiecka ( German Lednica ). At that time, the Jewish suburb of Klasno also developed very strongly. After the district's headquarters were relocated, urban development was restricted again.

During the time of the Duchy of Warsaw , from 1809 to 1813 the city was jointly owned by Austria and King Friedrich August I of Saxony . Regulating the special relations with Austria, the Saxon king had later chief mining Sigismund August Wolfgang von Herder called to Krakow, who for his work on reconstruction of the mining industry in Malopolska in the baron was charged. However, Herder could not achieve much with Wieliczka either because Austria skilfully delayed all negotiations.

At the beginning of the 19th century the spa business in Wieliczka, as began Feliks Boczkowski the curative effect of salt brine detected.

With the establishment of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in 1867, Wieliczka became the district town and seat of the Starost , and the city experienced a brief cultural and social boom. In 1877 the upper town was destroyed by a town fire. The situation in the city deteriorated rapidly. When the city came to the re-established Poland in 1918 , it was completely deprived and impoverished. Another decline happened in 1932 when the Wieliczka district was dissolved and the mountain school closed .

In 1934 the municipalities of Lednica Dolna, Lednica Niemiecka and Klaso were incorporated into Wieliczka.

During the German occupation in World War II , the town had more than 9800 inhabitants and was renamed Groß Salze . In 1942 the Jews were deported from the Klasno district.

After 1945

After 1945, due to its location in the vicinity of Krakow, Wieliczka experienced a large increase in population and new districts emerged. In 1959 the city was recognized as important for tourism and upgraded to a health resort in 1971 . In 1978, UNESCO declared the salt mine to be one of the twelve most valuable cultural assets in the world.

Since 1990 the infrastructure (sewer system, schools, water, electricity and gas supply), which had been inadequate until then, has been expanded. In 1992 a water ingress in the mine caused a daybreak at the train station and the monastery; the mine and the monastery were secured by a rescue operation. In 1995, the relic of the Francis of Assisi Church, the image of Saint Mary Gracious, to whom miracles are awarded, was decorated with papal crowns in a great celebration.

On July 30th and 31st, 2016, World Youth Day 2016 was concluded in a field on the outskirts . Pope Francis celebrated the vigil and the closing mass of the youth meeting here with more than two million participants .

local community

In addition to the city of Wieliczka, the urban and rural community also includes other villages with 29 school boards.

Town and city partnerships

traffic

The company Koleje Małopolskie , founded in 2013, has been operating a regional train connection to Kraków Główny (Kraków Central Station) since December 14, 2014 .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

Honorary citizen

Other personalities related to Wieliczka

Web links

Commons : Wieliczka  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinz Stoob: The medieval urban development in southeastern Europe . Böhlau, 1977, ISBN 978-3-412-01777-4 ( google.de [accessed on March 4, 2019]).
  2. ↑ Labuda Gerard: Szkice historyczne XI wieku: początki klasztoru benedyktynów w Tyńcu; . In: Studia Źródłoznawcze . 35, 1994, p. 39.
  3. ^ Atlas ..., 2015, p. 5.
  4. ↑ Władysław Lubas: nazwy miejscowe Południowej części dawnego województwa Krakowskiego . Polska Akademia Nauk . Instytut Języka Polskiego, Wrocław 1968, p. 158 (Polish, online ).
  5. ↑ Dzieje Miasta, 1990, pp. 61-62.
  6. ^ Paweł Zechenter: The Wieliczka Salt Mine. The tourist route, the miners route . Lex, Kraków 2013, ISBN 978-83-7922-004-5 .
  7. ↑ Publication Office Berlin-Dahlem: The Eastern Territories of the German Reich and the General Government of the Occupied Polish Territories in statistical information . Self-published, 1940 ( google.de [accessed on March 4, 2019]).
  8. ↑ Voivodship-owned operator Koleje Małopolskie launched , Railway Gazette, report of 17 December, 2014.

literature

  • Zdzisław Noga (Red.): Atlas historyczny miast polskich . V: Małopolska , booklet. 3: Wieliczka. Toruń-Kraków 2015, ISBN 978-83-231-3494-7 (Polish, English, online [PDF]).
  • Joint work: Wieliczka. Dzieje miasta . Cracovia, Kraków 1990, ISBN 83-8510407-0 (Polish).