Strategic environmental assessment and Cefradine: Difference between pages

Cefradine
Clinical data
Routes of; administration	Oral, IM, IV
ATC code	J01DB09 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Well absorbed
Protein binding	<10%
Metabolism	Nil
Elimination half-life	0.9 hours
Excretion	Renal, unchanged
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (6R,7R)-7-{[(2R)-2-amino-2-(1-cyclohexa-1,4-; dienyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-; 1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid;
CAS Number	38821-53-3;
PubChem CID	38103;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4022785 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.049.199
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C16H19N3O4S
Molar mass	349.406 g/mol g·mol−1

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Revision as of 03:34, 14 October 2008

Cefradine (INN) or cephradine (former BAN) is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic.

Indications

It has similar spectrum of activity to cefalexin.

Formulations

Capsules containing 250 mg or 500 mg, Syrup containing 250 mg/5 ml, or vials for injection containing 500 mg or 1 g.

References

British National Formulary 45 March 2003

This systemic antibiotic-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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+{{drugbox |
-'''Strategic Environmental Assessment''' (SEA) is a system of incorporating environmental considerations into policies, plans and programmes. It is sometimes referred to as Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment. The specific term '''Strategic Environmental Assessment''' relates to [[European Union]] policy. [[Image:DanishWindTurbines.jpg|thumb|right|380px|The EU is one of the leading global regions in [[Research and development|R & D]] of [[renewable energy]] and environmental protection.]]
+| IUPAC_name = (6''R'',7''R'')-7-{[(2''R'')-2-amino-2-(1-cyclohexa-1,4-<br>dienyl)acetyl]amino}-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-<br>1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
+| image = Cefradine.svg
+| CAS_number = 38821-53-3
+| ATC_prefix = J01
+| ATC_suffix = DB09
+| PubChem = 38103
+| DrugBank =
+| C = 16 | H = 19 | N = 3 | O = 4 | S = 1
+| molecular_weight = 349.406 g/mol
+| bioavailability = Well absorbed
+| protein_bound = <10%
+| metabolism = Nil
+| elimination_half-life = 0.9 hours
+| excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]], unchanged
+| pregnancy_AU =  <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
+| pregnancy_US =  <!-- A / B            / C / D / X -->
+| pregnancy_category =
+| legal_status = Rx-only
+| routes_of_administration = Oral, [[Intramuscular injection|IM]], [[Intravenous therapy|IV]]
+}}
+'''Cefradine''' ([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]) or '''cephradine''' (former [[British Approved Name|BAN]]) is a first generation  [[cephalosporin]] [[antibiotic]].
-==History==
+==Indications==
+It has similar spectrum of activity to [[cefalexin]].
-[[European Union Directive]] (85/337/EEC) on Environmental Impact Assessments (known as the [[Environmental impact assessment|EIA]] Directive) only applied to certain projects.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31985L0337:EN:HTML Council Directive 85/337/EEC on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment] ([[1985-06-27]]) from [http://eur-lex.europa.eu Eur-Lex]</ref> This was seen as deficient as it only dealt with specific effects at the local level whereas many environmentally damaging decisions had already been made at a more strategic level (for example the fact that new transport infrastructure may generate an increased demand for travel).
+==Formulations==
-The concept of Strategic Assessments originated from regional development / land use planning in the developed world. In 1981 the ''U.S. Housing and Urban Development Department'' published the ''Area-wide Impact Assessment Guidebook''. In Europe the  ''[[Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context]]'' the so called ''[[Espoo]] Convention'' laid the foundations for the introduction of SEA in 1991. In 2003, the Espoo Convention was supplemented by a [[Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment]].
+Capsules containing 250 mg or 500 mg, Syrup containing 250 mg/5 ml, or vials for injection containing 500 mg or 1 g.
-The European SEA Directive (2001/42/EC) required that all member states of the [[European Union]] should have ratified the Directive into their own country's law by 21 July 2004.<ref name=Directive>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0042:EN:HTML Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council] ([[2001-06-27]]) from [http://eur-lex.europa.eu Eur-Lex]</ref>
-Countries of the EU started implementing the land use aspects of SEA first, some took longer to adopt the directive than others, but the implementation of the directive can now be seen as completed. Many EU nations have a longer history of strong Environmental Appraisal including [[Denmark]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]]. The newer member states to the EU have hurried in implementing the directive.
-==Relationship with [[Environmental Impact Assessment]]==
-For the most part an SEA is conducted before a corresponding EIA is undertaken. This will mean that information on the environmental impact of a plan will be able to cascade down through the tiers of decision making and be used in an EIA at a later stage. This should reduce the amount of work that needs to be undertaken. A handover procedure is foreseen.
-==Aims and Structure of SEA==
-The SEA Directive only applies to plans and programmes, not policies, although policies within plans are likely to be assessed and SEA can be applied to policies if needed and in the UK certainly, very often is.
-The structure of SEA (under the Directive) is based on the following phases:
-* "Screening", investigation of whether the plan or programme falls under the SEA legislation,
-* "Scoping", defining the boundaries of investigation, assessment and assumptions required,
-* "Documentation of the state of the environment", effectively a ''baseline'' on which to base judgments,
-* "Determination of the likely (non-marginal) environmental impacts", usually in terms of Direction of Change rather than firm figures,
-* Informing and consulting the public,
-* Influencing "Decision taking" based on the assessment and,
-* Monitoring of the effects of plans and programmes after their implementation.
-The EU directive also includes other impacts besides the environmental, such as material assets and archaeological sites. In most western European states this has been broadened further to include economic and social aspects of [[sustainability]].
-SEA should ensure that plans and programmes take into consideration the environmental effects they cause. If those environmental effects are part of the overall decision taking it is called ''Strategic Impact Assessment''.
-==SEA in the European Union==
-SEA is a legally enforced assessment procedure required by Directive 2001/42/EC (known as the SEA Directive). The SEA Directive aims at introducing systematic assessment of the environmental effects of strategic land use related plans and programs. It typically applies to regional and local, development, waste and transport plans, within the European Union. Some plans, such as finance and budget plans or civil defence plans are exempt from the SEA Directive, it also only applies to plans that are required by law, which interestingly excludes national government's plans and programs, as their plans are 'voluntary', whereas local and regional governments are usually required to prepare theirs.
-===United Kingdom===
-SEA within the UK is complicated by different Regulations, guidance and practice between England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.  In particular the SEA Regulations in Scotland contain an expectation that SEA will apply to strategies as well as plans and programmes. In the UK, SEA is inseparable from the term '[[sustainability]]', and an SEA is expected to be carried out as part of a wider [[Sustainability Appraisal]] (SA), which was already a requirement for many types of plan before the SEA directive and includes social, and economic factors in addition to environmental. Essentially an SA is intended to better inform decision makers on the sustainability aspects of the plan and ensure the full impact of the plan on sustainability is understood.
-The United Kingdom in its strategy for sustainable development, ''A Better Quality of Life'' (May 1999), explained sustainable development in terms of four objectives. These are:
-*social progress which recognises the needs of everyone
-*effective protection of the environment
-*prudent use of natural resources
-*maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment.
-These headline objectives are usually used and applied to local situations in order to asses the impact of the plan or program.
-==SEA Internationally==
-===The pan-European region===
-The [[Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment]] was negotiated by the member States of the [[UNECE]] (in this instance Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia). It requires ratification by 16 States to come into force. Once in force it will be open to all [[UN]] Member States. Besides its potentially broader geographical application (global), the Protocol differs from the corresponding European Union Directive in its non-mandatory application to policies and legislation - not just plans and programmes. The Protocol also places a strong emphasis on the consideration of health, and there are other more subtle differences between the two instruments.
-===New Zealand===
-SEA in New Zealand is part of an integrated planning and assessment process and unlike the US is not used in the manner of [[Environmental impact assessment]].  The [[Resource Management Act]] has, as a principle objective, the aim of sustainable management. SEA is increasingly being considered for transportation projects. [http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/rma/roading-delays-feb03.pdf]
-===The OECD DAC - SEA in development co-operation===
-[[Development assistance]] is increasingly being provided through strategic-level interventions, aimed to make aid more effective. SEA meets the need to ensure environmental considerations are taken into account in this new aid context. Applying SEA to development co-operation provides the environmental evidence to support more informed decision making, and to identify new opportunities by encouraging a systematic and thorough examination of development options.
-The [[OECD]] [[Development Assistance Committee]] (DAC) Task Team on SEA has developed [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/21/37353858.pdf guidance] on how to apply SEA to development co-operation. The document explains the benefits of using SEA in development co-operation and sets out key steps for its application, based on recent experiences.
-==See also==
-*[[Environmental impact assessment]]
-*[[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] (MEA)
 ==References==
+* [[British National Formulary]] ''45'' March 2003
-{{Reflist}}
-*[http://www.nssd.net/pdf/IIED02.pdf nssd.net] - ''Strategic Environmental Assessment: A rapidly evolving approach''.
-==External links==
-{{external links}}
-===Organisations===
-*[http://www.iaia.org/modx/ International Association for Impact Assessment]
-*[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/107861/sea/sea/materials.html World Bank]
-*[http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/home.htm European Union]
-*[http://www.unece.org/env/eia/sea_protocol.htm United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]
-*[http://sea.unu.edu United Nations University's Open Educational Resource on SEA: Contains a Course Module, Wiki and Instructional Guide]
-*[http://www.odpm.gov.uk/stellent/groups/odpm_planning/documents/page/odpm_plan_026670.pdf UK government guidance]
-*[http://www.seataskteam.net/ The Strategic Environmental Assessment Task Team Network]
-*[http://www.oecd.org/dac/environment The OECD DAC Network on Environment and Development Co-operation]
-*[http://www.sea-info.net/ Strategic Environmental Assessment Information Service]
-*[http://coe.epa.ie/sea/ Environmental Protection Agency Ireland SEA Workshop Series]
+{{CephalosporinAntiBiotics}}
-===EC projects===
-*[http://www.transport-sea.net BEACON] - Strategic Environmental Assessment of transport plans and programmes
-[[Category:Impact assessment]]
+[[Category:Cephalosporin antibiotics]]
+{{antibiotic-stub}}
-[[Category:Sustainability]]
-[[Category:Town and country planning in the United Kingdom]]
+[[es:Cefradina]]
-[[de:Strategische Umweltprüfung]]
+[[pt:Cefradina]]
-[[es:Evaluación ambiental estratégica]]
+[[th:เซฟราดีน]]
-[[ja:戦略的環境アセスメント]]