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{{Short description|Theatre space in which the audience surrounds the stage}}
{{for|the Washington, DC theater|Arena Stage}}
{{Redirect|In the round}}
[[File:Royal Exchange, Manchester.jpg|thumb|right|The theatre pod at the [[Royal Exchange, Manchester|Royal Exchange]], [[Manchester]] designed by [[Richard Negri]] in 1976. The largest round theatre in the UK with a capacity of 760.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Theatre Module |url=http://www.royalexchange.co.uk/page.aspx?page=568 |work=Royal Exchange Theater |accessdate=2012-10-31}}</ref>]]
[[File:Theatre in the Round (15676322577).jpg|thumb|right]]
[[Image:Cockpit Theatre (Marylebone) - Auditorium.jpg|thumb|The stage of the [[Cockpit Theatre (Marylebone)|Cockpit Theatre]], [[London]], has seating on four sides with a capacity of 240.]]
[[Image:Cockpit Theatre (Marylebone) - Auditorium.jpg|thumb|The stage of the [[Cockpit Theatre (Marylebone)|Cockpit Theatre]], [[London]], has seating on four sides with a capacity of 240.]]
'''Theater-in-the-round''' or '''arena theater''' (also referred as '''central staging''') is any [[theatre]] space in which the audience surrounds the stage area. In 1947, [[Margo Jones]] established America's first professional theater-in-the-round company when she opened her Theater ’47 in Dallas.
A '''theatre in the round''', '''arena theatre''', or '''central staging''' is a space for [[theatre]] in which the audience surrounds the [[Stage (theatre)|stage]].


Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]], but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.
As developed by Margo Jones, That stage design was used by directors in later years for such well-known shows as the original stage production of ''[[Man of La Mancha]]'' and all plays staged at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre (demolished in the late 1960s), including [[Arthur Miller]]'s autobiographical ''After the Fall''. Such theaters had previously existed in colleges but not in professional spaces for almost two millennia. It is also a popular setup used in contemporary pop concerts in an arena or stadium setting.


The [[Glenn Hughes (producer)|Glenn Hughes]] Penthouse Theatre in [[Seattle, Washington]] was the first theatre-in-the-round venue built in the United States. It first opened on May 19, 1940 with a production of ''Spring Dance'', a comedy by playwright [[Philip Barry]].<ref>Tate, Cassandra. 200255. [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3710 "Curtain rises on Seattle's new Penthouse Theatre on May 16, 1947."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235439/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=3710 |date=August 8, 2016 }}</ref> The 160-seat theatre is located on the campus of the [[University of Washington]] in Seattle and is on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].
==Configuration of the stage==
The stage is always in the centre with the audience arranged on all sides. Commonly used shapes can be rectangular, circular, diamond, or triangular, with actors entering and exiting through the audience from different directions or from below the stage. The stage is usually on an even level with or lowered below the audience in a "pit" or "arena" formation.


In 1947, [[Margo Jones]] established America's first professional theatre-in-the-round company when she opened her Theater '47 in Dallas. The stage design as developed by Margo Jones was used by directors in later years for such well-known shows as ''[[Fun Home (musical)|Fun Home]]'', the original stage production of ''[[Man of La Mancha]],'' and all plays staged at the [[ANTA Washington Square Theatre]] (demolished in the 1960s), including [[Arthur Miller]]'s autobiographical ''[[After the Fall (play)|After the Fall]]''. Such theatres had previously existed in colleges, but not in professional theatre buildings.
This configuration lends itself to high-energy productions, and anything that requires audience participation. It is favoured by producers of classical theater. Theater-in-the-round was common in ancient theater, particularly that of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]] but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century; it has continued as a creative alternative to the more common [[Proscenium]] format.


Theater in the round is a particularly appropriate setting for staging of dramas using [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s ''[[Distancing effect|alienation effect]]'',<ref name="AE">[https://www.britannica.com/art/alienation-effect Alienation Effect] in Encyclopedia Britannica online.</ref> which stands in opposition to the more traditional ''[[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislavski technique]]''<ref name="ST">The book "An Actor Prepares" was first published in 1936 and is the first volume of the translations of Constantin Stanislavski's books on acting, which were published as a trilogy in English, though originally meant to be published as two books in Russian.</ref> in drama. Alienation techniques include visible lighting fixtures and other technical elements. Round theatres also allow lighting parts of the audience so that people are reminded that they are in a theatre watching a drama with others.
In effect theater-in-the-round removes [[Fourth wall|the fourth wall]] and brings the actor into the same space as the audience. This is often problematic for Proscenium or end stage trained actors who are taught that they must never turn their backs to the audience; something that is unavoidable in this format. However, it allows for strong and direct engagement with the audience.


==Stage configuration==
It is also employed when theatrical performances are presented in non-traditional spaces such as restaurants, public areas such as fairs or festivals, or [[street theater]]. [[set construction|Set design]] is often minimal in order not to obscure the audience's view of the performance.
The stage is always in the centre with the audience arranged on all sides, and is most commonly rectangular, circular, diamond, or triangular. Actors may enter and exit through the audience from different directions or from below the stage. The stage is usually on an even level with or below the audience in a "pit" or "arena" formation.


This configuration lends itself to high-energy productions and anything that requires audience participation. It is favoured by producers of classical theatre and it has continued as a creative alternative to the more common [[proscenium]] format.
==History of Theater-in-the-Round==
In Margo Jones's survey of theater-in-the-round,<ref>Jones, Margo. 1951. ''Theater-in-the-Round''. Rinehard & Company, Inc.; Sec. Pr. edition</ref> the first two sources of central staging in the United States she identified were the productions by Azubah Latham and Milton Smith at Columbia University dating from 1914, and T. Earl Pardoe's productions at Brigham Young University in 1922.


In effect, theatre-in-the-round removes [[Fourth wall|the fourth wall]] and brings the actor into the same space as the audience. This is often problematic for proscenium or end stage trained actors who are taught that they must never turn their backs to the audience, something that is unavoidable in this format. However, it allows for strong and direct engagement with the audience.
In 1924, [[Gilmor Brown]] founded the Fair-oaks Play box in Pasadena, California, an important early practitioner of central staging in addition to other stage configurations that it pioneered in its advent of '''flexible staging'''.<ref>Altenberg, Roger. 1964. [http://dynamics.org/ROGER/THESIS/ ''A Historical Study of Gilmore Brown's Fair-oaks Play box: 1924-1927'']</ref> As Indicated by Jones,<ref>Jones, Margo. 1951. ''Theater-in-the-Round'', p. 38</ref> the centrally staged productions of the Fair-oaks Play box were followed approximately eight years later by the work of Glenn Hughes in his Seattle Penthouse.


It is also employed when theatrical performances are presented in non-traditional spaces such as restaurants, public squares, or during [[street theater]]. [[Set construction|Set design]] is usually minimal since it would obscure the audience's view.
[[Stephen Joseph]] was the first to populise the form in the United Kingdom from the US in the 1950s<ref>[Stephen Joseph]</ref> and set up theaters-in-the-round in [[New Vic Theater |Newcastle Under Lyme]] and the Studio Theater in Scarborough. The theater there is now known as the [[Stephen Joseph Theater]]. Joseph was reputed to have once rhetorically asked "Why must authorities stand with their back to a wall?" His answer to which was: "So nobody can knife them from behind."


==History==
Sam Walters set up an impromptu performance space in the upstairs of the Orange Tree pub in Richmond, Surrey in the early 1970s and subsequently moved across the road to a permanent [http://www.orangetreetheatre.co.uk/ Orange Tree Theater].
Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of [[Greece]] and [[Rome]], but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.


In Margo Jones' survey of theatre-in-the-round,<ref>Jones, Margo. 1951. ''Theatre-in-the-Round''. Rinehard & Company, Inc.; Sec. Pr. edition</ref> the first two sources of central staging in the United States she identified were the productions by Azubah Latham and Milton Smith at [[Columbia University]] dating from 1914, and [[T. Earl Pardoe]]'s productions at [[Brigham Young University]] in 1922.
In 1972, [http://www.rggregory.com/ RG Gregory] set up the Word And Action theatre company in Dorset in England to work exclusively in theatre-in-the-round. Gregory sought to create a grammar that would enable actors to maximise the form's potential for connecting with the audience both as individuals and as a collective. All Word and Action productions were performed in normal lighting conditions, without costume and or make up.

In 1924, [[Gilmor Brown]] founded the Fair Oaks Playbox in Pasadena, California, an important early practitioner of central staging in addition to other stage configurations that it pioneered in its advent of '''flexible staging'''.<ref>Altenberg, Roger. 1964. [http://dynamics.org/ROGER/THESIS/ ''A Historical Study of Gilmore Brown's Fair-oaks Play box: 1924–1927''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327125016/http://dynamics.org/ROGER/THESIS/ |date=March 27, 2016 }}</ref> As Indicated by Jones,<ref>Jones, Margo. 1951. ''Theatre-in-the-Round'', p. 38</ref> the centrally staged productions of the Fair Oaks Playbox were followed approximately eight years later by the work of Glenn Hughes in his Seattle Penthouse.

[[Stephen Joseph]] was the first to popularise the form in the United Kingdom from the US in the 1950s and set up theatres-in-the-round in [[New Vic Theatre|Newcastle-under-Lyme]] and the Studio Theatre in Scarborough. The current theatre, opened in 1996, is known as the [[Stephen Joseph Theatre]]. Joseph was reputed to have once rhetorically asked, "Why must authorities stand with their back to a wall?" His answer was: "So nobody can knife them from behind."

[[Sam Walters (director)|Sam Walters]] set up an impromptu performance space in the upstairs of the Orange Tree pub in [[Richmond, London]] in the early 1970s and subsequently moved across the road to a permanent [[Orange Tree Theatre]].

In 1972, RG Gregory set up the Word and Action theatre company in Dorset in England to work exclusively in theatre-in-the-round. Gregory sought to create a grammar that would enable actors to maximise the form's potential for connecting with the audience both as individuals and as a collective. All Word and Action productions were performed in normal lighting conditions, without costumes or makeup.


==Uses in television and concert halls==
==Uses in television and concert halls==
The innovations of Margo Jones were an obvious influence on [[Albert McCleery]] when he created his ''Cameo Theater'' for television in 1950. Continuing until 1955, McCleery offered dramas seen against pure black backgrounds instead of walls of a set. This enabled cameras in the darkness to pick up shots from any position.
The innovations of Margo Jones were an obvious influence on [[Albert McCleery]] when he created his ''Cameo Theatre'' for television in 1950. Continuing until 1955, McCleery offered dramas seen against pure black backgrounds instead of walls of a set. This enabled cameras in the darkness to pick up shots from any position.


Richard Nixon's 1968 U.S. Presidential campaign staged nine live televised question and answer sessions using a ground-breaking theatre-in-the-round format, adapted for a live televised audience. The first time use of the staging device was memorialized in the book, ''[[The Selling of the President 1968]]'' by [[Joe McGinniss]]. The producer of these Nixon "Man in the Arena" <ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/yFeWFjbeEQ8 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215031334/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFeWFjbeEQ8 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFeWFjbeEQ8| title = Man in the Arena Part 1 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> programs was [[Roger Ailes]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2017/05/roger-ailes-nixons-television-man/ | title=Roger Ailes, Nixon's Television Man » | date=18 May 2017 }}</ref> who later went to on start [[Fox News]]. Ailes' innovation of the theatre-in-the-round format for candidate forums became the blueprint for modern "town hall" candidate formats and even multiple-candidate debates.
Elvis Presley's [[Elvis (1968 TV program)|'68 Comeback Special]] TV programme was performed with the musicians seated using a raised staging in-the-round format.

Elvis Presley's ''[[Elvis (1968 TV program)|'68 Comeback Special]]'' TV program was performed with the musicians seated using a raised staging in-the-round format.


When an arena staging was conceived for the progressive-rock group [[Yes (band)|Yes]] by their tour manager Jim Halley in the mid-1970s, it prompted a redesign of rock concerts and venue seating arrangements.
When an arena staging was conceived for the progressive-rock group [[Yes (band)|Yes]] by their tour manager Jim Halley in the mid-1970s, it prompted a redesign of rock concerts and venue seating arrangements.


==The politics of the Round==
==The politics of the round==
The politics of theatre-in-the-round were explored most deliberately by RG Gregory. In his view the lit space of a proscenium arch is analogous to the seat of power; the audience adopts the role of passive receivers. In traditional theatre design, maximum care is taken with [[sight line]]s in order to ensure that the actor can engage every member of the audience at the same time.

The politics of theater-in-the-round were explored most deliberately by [http://www.rggregory.com/ RG Gregory]. In his view the lit space of Proscenium Arch is analogous to the seat of power; the audience adopts the role of passive receivers. In traditional theater design, maximum care is taken with sight lines in order to ensure that the actor can engage every member of the audience at the same time.


However, once removed from the picture frame of the arch, the actors are compelled to turn their back on some members of the audience and so necessarily lose exclusive command of the acting space. All members of the audience can see the actor, but the actor can no longer see all of them. At this point, in order for the play to function, the audience themselves must be allowed to become key conductors of the meaning of the performance.
However, once removed from the picture frame of the arch, the actors are compelled to turn their back on some members of the audience and so necessarily lose exclusive command of the acting space. All members of the audience can see the actor, but the actor can no longer see all of them. At this point, in order for the play to function, the audience themselves must be allowed to become key conductors of the meaning of the performance.
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==Arena stage archive==
==Arena stage archive==
[[George Mason University]] in [[Fairfax, Virginia]] is home to the largest Arena Stage Archive and contains material from the theater's 50 year history. Included in the collection are photographs, production notebooks, scrapbooks, playbills, oral histories and handwritten correspondence. According to their website, the total volume is {{convert|260|cuft|m3}} or {{convert|440|ft|m}} linear and is housed in the Fenwick Library.
[[George Mason University]] in [[Fairfax, Virginia]] is home to the largest arena stage archive and contains material from the theatre's 50-year history. Included in the collection are photographs, production notebooks, scrapbooks, playbills, oral histories and handwritten correspondence. According to their website, the total volume is {{convert|260|cuft|m3}} or {{convert|440|ft|m}} linear and is housed in the Fenwick Library.

==Notable examples==

=== Australia===
*[[La Boite Theatre Building]], [[Brisbane]] (no longer used as a theatre)<ref name=qhr>{{cite QHR|16992|La Boite Theatre|602171|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref>
* [[Roundhouse Theatre]], [[Brisbane]] (replacing the La Boite Theatre Building)<ref name=rt>{{cite web|title=Roundhouse Theatre|url=http://www.ciprecinct.qut.edu.au/about/partners/roundhouse.jsp|publisher=[[Queensland University of Technology]]|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Canada===
*[[Globe Theatre, Regina|Globe Theatre]], [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]
* Seton Auditorium, [[Mount Saint Vincent University]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]

=== France===
*[[:fr:L'Européen|L'Européen]], [[Paris]]<ref name="Théatre en rond">{{cite web|url=http://theatreenrond.free.fr/ |title=Le Théâtre en Rond|publisher=Théatre en rond |access-date=20 June 2014}}</ref>
*[[:fr:Théâtre en Rond (Sassenage)|Théâtre en Rond]], [[Sassenage]] and [[Fresnes, Val-de-Marne|Fresnes]]

===Hong Kong===
* [[Hong Kong Coliseum]], [[Hung Hom Bay]], [[Kowloon]]
* [[Festival of the Lion King|Theater in the Wild]], [[Hong Kong Disneyland]], [[Penny's Bay]], [[Lantau Island]]

=== Japan===
* [[The Enchanted Tiki Room: Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai!]], [[Tokyo Disney Resort]], [[Urayasu]], [[Chiba (city)|Chiba]]

=== Malta===
*Saint James Cavalier Theatre, [[Valletta]]

=== Poland===
*[[Theater Scena STU]], [[Kraków]]

=== United Kingdom===

====Greater London====
*[[@sohoplace]], [[Soho]]
*[[Playhouse Theatre|The Playhouse Theatre]], [[Westminster]] <small>(after renovation to [[Cabaret (musical)|Kit Kat Club]] in 2021)</small>
*[[Cockpit Theatre, Marylebone]]
*[[Orange Tree Theatre]], [[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
*Pembroke Theatre, [[Croydon]] <small>(closed 1962)</small>

====Greater Manchester====
*[[Octagon Theatre, Bolton]]
*[[Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester]]

====Elsewhere====
*[[Crucible Theatre]], [[Sheffield]]. Most famous for hosting the World Snooker Championships since 1977.
*[[Blue Orange Theatre]], [[Birmingham]]
*[https://tobaccofactorytheatres.com/ Tobacco Factory Theatres, Bristol]
*[[The Castle Theatre, Wellingborough]]<small> (can be in the round or normal theatre format)</small>
*[[New Vic Theatre]], [[Newcastle-under-Lyme]]
*[[The Round]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] <small>(closed 2008)</small>
*[[Stephen Joseph Theatre]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]]
* The Dukes, [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]]
*[[Everyman Theatre, Liverpool]]
*Pyramid Theatre, [[Leeds University Union]], [[Leeds]]<small> (formerly Raven Theatre)</small>

=== United States===

====Arizona====
*[[Northern Arizona University|NAU Theatre]], [[Flagstaff, Arizona]]
*[[Celebrity Theatre]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
*Hale Centre Theatre, [[Gilbert, Arizona]]<ref name="haleaz">[http://www.haletheatrearizona.com/ Hale Centre Theatre in Arizona] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620060700/http://www.haletheatrearizona.com/ |date=June 20, 2013 }}. Accessed 2014-06-20</ref>
*Theater Works, [[Peoria, Arizona]] [http://theaterworks.org]

====California====
*[[UC Davis Health Pavilion]], [[Sacramento, California]] <small>(Home of Broadway Sacramento's [[Broadway At Music circus|Broadway At Music Circus]]<ref name="cmt">[http://www.broadwaysacramento.com/ Broadway Sacramento] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028194328/http://www.calmt.com/ |date=October 28, 2016 }} at The Wells Fargo Pavilion</ref>)</small>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130709045058/http://www.heart4theharvest.com/ The Rock Forum], [[Anaheim, California]]
*[https://www.glendalecentretheatre.com/ Glendale Centre Theatre], [[Glendale, California]]
*[[Golden Bough Playhouse]], [[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California]]
*Marian Theatre, Santa Maria, California [http://pcpa.org/]
*[http://pcpa.org/ Solvang Festival Theater, Solvang, California]
*[[Old Globe Theatre]], [[San Diego|San Diego, California]]
**Cassius Carter Centre Stage <small>(demolished 2008)</small>
**Cheryl and Harvey White Theatre
*[[Circle Star Theater]], [[San Carlos, California]] <small>(torn down for office buildings)</small>
*Riverside Community Players, [[Riverside, California]] <small>(built in 1953)</small>
*[[Valley Music Theater]], [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] <small>(built 1963, demolished 2007)</small>
*[[Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room]], [[Disneyland]], Anaheim, California

====Colorado====
*[[Denver Performing Arts Complex|The Space Theatre]], [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]

====District of Columbia====
*[[Arena Stage]], [[Washington, D.C.]]

====Florida====
*[[Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room]] (previously Tropical Serenade), [[Adventureland (Disney)|Adventureland]], [[Magic Kingdom]] ([[Walt Disney World]]), [[Bay Lake, Florida]]
**From 1998 to 2011, [[The Enchanted Tiki Room (Under New Management)]] operated in this attraction's space.
*[[Stitch's Great Escape!]], [[Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)|Tomorrowland]], [[Magic Kingdom]] ([[Walt Disney World]]), [[Bay Lake, Florida]] {{small|(operated from 2004 to 2018; space currently unused)}}
**Preceding attractions include Flight to the Moon (1971–1975), [[Mission to Mars (attraction)|Mission to Mars]] (1975–1993) and the [[ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter]] (1994–2003).
*[[Festival of the Lion King]], [[Disney's Animal Kingdom]] ([[Walt Disney World]]), [[Bay Lake, Florida]]

====Illinois====
*[[Marriott Theatre]], [[Lincolnshire, Illinois]] [http://www.marriotttheatre.com/]
*[[Mill Run Playhouse]], [[Niles, Illinois]] (demolished 1984)
*Richmond Hill Theatre, [[Geneseo, Illinois]] [http://www.rhplayers.com/]
*Cornstock Theatre, [[Peoria, Illinois]] [http://cornstocktheatre.com/]

====Indiana====
*Wagon Wheel Theatre, [[Warsaw, Indiana]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Wagon Wheel Center for the Arts|url=http://wagonwheelcenter.org/|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

====Iowa====
*Flanagan Studio Theater, [[Grinnell, Iowa]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Facilities|url=http://www.smith.edu/smitharts/facilities.php|publisher=Smith College|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

==== Kansas ====

* Mark A. Chapman Theatre, [[Kansas State University]], [[Manhattan, Kansas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.k-state.edu/mtd/about/facilities/chapman-theatre/|title=Mark A. Chapman Theatre|date=12 October 2019|website=[[Kansas State University]] School of Music, Theatre, and Dance|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012000901/https://www.k-state.edu/mtd/about/facilities/chapman-theatre/|archive-date=12 October 2019|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

====Maryland====
*Colonial Players, [[Annapolis]], [[Maryland]]
*Shady Grove Music Fair, [[Gaithersburg, Maryland]] <small>(Demolished)</small>
*Painters Mill Music Fair, [[Owings Mills, Maryland]] <small>(Demolished 1991)</small>

====Massachusetts====
*[[North Shore Music Theatre]], [[Beverly, Massachusetts]] [http://www.nsmt.org/]
*[[Cape Cod Melody Tent]], [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]]<ref name="capecod">[http://www.melodytent.com/ Cape Cod Melody Tent] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208103324/http://www.melodytent.com/ |date=February 8, 2007 }} official web site</ref>
*South Shore Music Circus, [[Cohasset, Massachusetts]]<ref name="sshore">[http://www.musiccircus.com/ South Shore Music Circus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129210457/http://www.musiccircus.com/ |date=November 29, 2006 }} official web site</ref>
*[[Newton North High School|The Little Theatre]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
*[[Tufts University|Balch Arena Theater]], [[Medford, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Balch Arena Theater at Tufts University|url=http://www.mapquest.com/us/massachusetts/business-medford/balch-arena-theater-at-tufts-university-267720606|access-date=13 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017014622/http://www.mapquest.com/us/massachusetts/business-medford/balch-arena-theater-at-tufts-university-267720606|archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref>

====Minnesota====
*[[Theatre in the Round Players]], [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]]<ref name="titr-minn">
[http://www.theatreintheround.org/ Theatre in the Round] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018162446/http://www.theatreintheround.org/ |date=October 18, 2016 }}, Minneapolis, official web site</ref>
*[[Guthrie Theater]], Minneapolis, Minnesota
*[[Rarig Center|Rarig Center Arena]], Minneapolis, Minnesota
*[[Carleton College|Arena Theater]], [[Northfield, Minnesota]] <small>(Built 1967, mothballed 2011)</small>

====Missouri====
*[[Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]]

====Nevada====
*[[Le Rêve (show)|Le Rêve Theater]] inside [[Wynn Las Vegas]], [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas, Nevada]] (opened 2005, closed 2020.)
*[[LOVE (Cirque du Soleil)|LOVE Theatre]] inside [[The Mirage]], Las Vegas, Nevada

====New Jersey====
*[[Seton Hall University|Seton Hall Theatre in the Round]], [[South Orange, New Jersey]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Seton Hall Theatre|url=https://www.shu.edu/academics/artsci/seton-hall-theatre/about.cfm|publisher=Seton Hall University|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

====New York====
*[[Circle Repertory Company]], [[New York City|New York City, New York]]
*The Irish Classical Theatre in [[Buffalo, New York]]
*[[NYCB Theatre at Westbury]], [[Westbury, New York]]
*[[Circle in the Square Theatre]] in [[New York City|New York City, New York]] <small>(can also be configured as a [[thrust stage]])</small>
*Arena Theatre at [[University at Albany, SUNY]] in [[Albany, New York]]

====North Carolina====
*[[Paul Green Theatre]], [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina]]

====Ohio====
*The Front Row, [[Highland Heights, Ohio]] <small>(Demolished 1994)</small>
*[[Kent State University|Porthouse Theatre]], [[Kent, Ohio]]

====Oregon====
*The Thomas Theater, Ashland, Oregon <small>(one of the theaters used for the [[Oregon Shakespeare Festival]])</small>

====Pennsylvania====
*[[Arden Theatre Company (Philadelphia)|F. Otto Haas Stage]], [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
*[[Valley Forge Music Fair]], [[Devon, Pennsylvania]] <small>(demolished 1996)</small>

====South Carolina====
*[[University of South Carolina|Longstreet Theatre]], [[Columbia, South Carolina]]

====Tennessee====
*Ula Love Doughty Carousel Theatre, [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]

====Texas====
*[[Plaza Theatre Company]], [[Cleburne, Texas]]<ref name="plazaco">[http://www.plaza-theatre.com/ Plaza Theatre Company] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414080820/http://www.plaza-theatre.com/ |date=April 14, 2016 }} official web site</ref>
*[[Artisan Center Theater]], [[Hurst, Texas|Hurst]]<ref name="artisan">[http://www.artisanct.com/ Artisan Center Theatre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016130452/http://www.artisanct.com/ |date=October 16, 2016 }} official web site</ref>
*[[Zach Theatre|Whisenhunt Stage]], [[Austin, Texas]]
*[[Casa Mañana]], [[Fort Worth, Texas]] <small>(converted to [[thrust stage]] in 2003)</small>
*Theatre '47, [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]]
*Mary Moody Northen Theatre, Austin, Texas
*Arena Theater, Houston, Texas

====Utah====
*[[Hale Center Theatre|Hale Centre Theatre]], [[Sandy, Utah]]
*[https://www.wvcarts.org/theatre West Valley Performing Arts Center], [[West Valley City, Utah]]

====Virginia====
*The Barksdale Theater in [[Richmond, Virginia]]

====Washington====
*Glenn Hughes Penthouse Theatre, [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]
*[[ACT Theatre]], Seattle, Washington


====Wisconsin====
==Theatres in the round==
*Fireside Dinner Theater, [[Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin]]
*[[United Kingdom]]
**[[Blue Orange Theatre]], [[Birmingham]]
*Melody Top Theatre, [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] (1963–86)
**The Castle Theatre <small>(can be in the round or normal theatre format)</small>
**[[Cockpit Theatre, Marylebone|Cockpit Theatre]], London
**[[New Vic Theatre]], [[Newcastle-under-Lyme]]
**[[Octagon Theatre, Bolton|Octagon Theatre]], [[Bolton]]
**[[Orange Tree Theatre]], [[London]]
**Pembroke Theatre, [[Croydon]] <small>(closed 1962)</small>
**[[The Round]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] <small>(closed 2008)</small>
**[[Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester|Royal Exchange Theatre]], [[Manchester]]
**[[Stephen Joseph Theatre]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]]
**The Dukes Theatre, [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lanchaster]]
*[[United States]]
**'''Arizona'''
***[[Northern Arizona University|NAU Theatre]], [[Flagstaff, Arizona]]
***[[Celebrity Theatre]], [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
***Hale Centre Theatre, [[Gilbert, Arizona]]<ref name="haleaz">[http://www.haletheatrearizona.com/ http://www.haletheatrearizona.com/]</ref>
**'''California'''
***The Wells Fargo Pavilion, [[Sacramento, California]] <small>(Home of California Musical Theatre's [[Music circus|Music Circus]]<ref name="cmt">[http://www.calmt.com/ California Musical Theatre] at The Wells Fargo Pavilion</ref>)</small>
***The Rock Forum, [[Anaheim, California]] [http://www.heart4theharvest.com/ <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]
***Glendale Centre Theatre, [[Glendale, California]] [http://www.glendalecentretheatre.com]
***[[Golden Bough Playhouse]], [[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California]]
***Marian Theatre, Santa Maria, California [http://pcpa.org]
***Solvang Festival Theater, Solvang, California [http://pcpa.org]
***[[Old Globe Theatre]], [[San Diego|San Diego California]]
****Cassius Carter Centre Stage <small>(demolished 2008)</small>
****Cheryl and Harvey White Theatre
***[[Circle Star Theater]], [[San Carlos, California]] <small>(torn down for office buildings)</small>
***Riverside Community Players, [[Riverside, California]] <small>(built in 1953)</small>
***[[Valley Music Theater]], [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] <small>(built 1963, demolished 2007)</small>
***[[Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room]], [[Disneyland]], Anaheim, California
**'''Colorado'''
***[[Denver Performing Arts Complex|The Space Theatre]], [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]
**'''District of Columbia'''
***[[Arena Stage]], [[Washington, D.C.]]
**'''Florida'''
***[[Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room]], [[Walt Disney World]], [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida]]
[[Stitch's Great Escape!]], [[Walt Disney World]], [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida]]
[[ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter]],[[Walt Disney World]], [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida]]
**'''Illinois'''
***[[Marriott Theatre]], [[Lincolnshire, Illinois]] [http://www.marriotttheatre.com/]
***[[Mill Run Playhouse]], [[Niles, Illinois]] (demolished 1984)
***Richmond Hill Theatre, [[Geneseo, Illinois]] [http://www.rhplayers.com/]
***Cornstock Theatre, [[Peoria, Illinois]] [http://cornstocktheatre.com/]
**'''Indiana'''
***Wagon Wheel Theatre, [[Warsaw, Indiana]] [http://www.wagonwheeltheatre.com/Index/index.php]
**'''Iowa'''
***Flanagan Studio Theater, [[Grinnell, Iowa]] [http://web.grinnell.edu/theatre/facilities/flanagan.html]
**'''Maryland'''
***Colonial Players, [[Annapolis]], [[Maryland]]
***Shady Grove Music Fair, [[Gaithersburg, Maryland]] <small>(Demolished)</small>
***Painters Mill Music Fair, [[Owings Mills, Maryland]] <small>(Demolished 1991)</small>
**'''Massachusetts'''
***[[North Shore Music Theatre]], [[Beverly, Massachusetts]] [http://www.nsmt.org/]
***[[Cape Cod Melody Tent]], [[Hyannis, Massachusetts]]<ref name="capecod">[http://www.melodytent.com/ Cape Cod Melody Tent] official web site</ref>
***South Shore Music Circus, [[Cohasset, Massachusetts]]<ref name="sshore">[http://www.musiccircus.com/ South Shore Music Circus] official web site</ref>
***[[Newton North High School|The Little Theatre]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]
***[[Tufts University|Balch Arena Theater]], [[Medford, Massachusetts]] [http://ase.tufts.edu/drama-dance/]
**'''Minnesota'''
***Theatre in the Round Players, [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]]<ref name="titr-minn">
[http://www.theatreintheround.org Theatre in the Round], Minneapolis, official web site</ref>
***[[University of Minnesota|Rarig Center Arena]], Minneapolis, Minnesota
***[[Carleton College|Arena Theater]], [[Northfield, Minnesota]] <small>(Built 1967, mothballed 2011)</small>
**'''Missouri'''
***[[Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts]], [[Kansas City, Missouri]]
**'''Nevada'''
***[[Le Rêve (show)|Le Rêve Theater]] inside [[Wynn Las Vegas]], [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas, Nevada]]
***[[LOVE (Cirque du Soleil)|LOVE Theatre]] inside [[The Mirage]], Las Vegas, Nevada
**'''New Jersey'''
***[[Seton Hall University|Seton Hall Theatre in the Round]], [[South Orange, New Jersey]]<ref name="shu">[http://artsci.shu.edu/theatre/ Seton Hall University - Arts and Sciences: TITR]</ref>
**'''New York'''
***[[Circle Repertory Company]], [[New York City|New York City, New York]]
***The Irish Classical Theatre in [[Buffalo, New York]]
***[[NYCB Theatre at Westbury]], [[Westbury, New York]]
**'''Ohio'''
***Front Row Theater [[Columbus, Ohio]]
***[[Kent State University|Porthouse Theatre]], [[Kent, Ohio]]
**'''Oregon'''
***The New Theater, Ashland, Oregon <small>(one of the theaters used for the [[Oregon Shakespeare Festival]]</small>
**'''Pennsylvania'''
***[[Arden Theatre Company (Philadelphia)|F. Otto Haas Stage]], [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
***[[Valley Forge Music Fair]], [[Devon, Pennsylvania]] <small>(Demolished 1997)</small>
**'''South Carolina'''
***[[University of South Carolina|Longstreet Theatre]], [[Columbia, South Carolina]]
**'''Tennessee'''
***Ula Love Doughty Carousel Theatre, [[Knoxville, Tennessee]]
**'''Texas'''
***[[Artisan Center Theater]], [[Hurst, Texas|Hurst]]<ref name="artisan">[http://www.artisanct.com/ Artisan Center Theatre] official web site</ref>
***[[Zach Theatre|Whisenhunt Stage]], [[Austin, Texas]]
***[[Casa Mañana]], [[Fort Worth, Texas]] <small>(converted to [[thrust stage]] in 2003)</small>
***Theatre '47, [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]]
**'''Utah'''
***Hale Centre Theatre, [[West Valley City, Utah]]<ref name="halectr">[http://www.halecentretheatre.org/ http://www.halecentretheatre.org/]</ref>
**'''Virginia'''
***The Barksdale Theater in [[Richmond, Virginia]]
**'''Washington'''
***Glenn Hughes Penthouse Theatre, [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]
***ACT Theatre, Seattle, Washington
**'''Wisconsin'''
***Fireside Dinner Theater, [[Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin]]
*[[Australia]]
**[[La Boite Theatre]], [[Brisbane]]<ref name="boite">[http://www.laboite.com.au/ http://www.laboite.com.au/]</ref>
*[[France]]
**[[:fr:L'Européen|L'Européen]], [[Paris]]<ref name="Théatre en rond">[http://theatreenrond.free.fr http://theatreenrond.free.fr]</ref>
**[[:fr:Théâtre en Rond (Sassenage)|Théâtre en Rond]], [[Sassenage]] and [[Fresnes, Val-de-Marne|Fresnes]]
*[[Canada]]
**[[Globe Theatre, Regina|Globe Theatre]], [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]
*[[Malta]]
**Saint James Cavalier Theatre, [[Valletta]]
*[[Poland]]
**[[Theater Scena STU]], [[Kraków]]


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
*In the novel [[The Prestige]] by [[Christopher Priest (novelist)|Christopher Priest]], the magician Rupert Angier courts controversy by writing that stage magic should be performed "in the round" rather than in theatres with a [[proscenium]] arch.
*In the novel ''[[The Prestige]]'' by [[Christopher Priest (novelist)|Christopher Priest]], the magician Rupert Angier courts controversy by writing that stage magic should be performed "in the round" rather than in theatres with a [[proscenium]] arch.
*The English progressive rock band [[Yes (band)|Yes]] were the first rock-era group to perform "in the round" during their 1978-79 Tormato tour. The band also performed using a round, rotating stage during portions of their Drama and Union tours in 1980 and 1991, respectively.
*The English progressive rock band [[Yes (band)|Yes]] were the first rock-era group to perform "in the round" during their 1978–79 [[Tormato]] tour. The band also performed using a round, rotating stage during portions of their [[Drama (Yes album)|Drama]] and [[Union (Yes album)|Union]] tours in 1980 and 1991, respectively.
*The second tour of the global country-pop superstar [[Shania Twain]], the [[Up! Tour]] (2003/04), had a stage configuration in the style of "in the round". The tour was one of the most successful tours of 2004, and served to promote the RIAA diamond certified album, "Up!" (2002).
*British rock band [[Def Leppard]] played "in the round" for several tours in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Their 1989 live [[VHS]] release was entitled [[Live: In the Round, in Your Face]].
*American [[thrash metal]] band [[Metallica]] have employed "in the round" staging for their arena shows since the early 1990s
*The [[Into the Millennium Tour]] by the American [[boy band]] [[Backstreet Boys]] featured an "in the round" stage. The tour, which began in 1999 and ended in March 2000, is one of the most successful of all time.
*British rock band [[Def Leppard]] played "in the round" for several tours in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Their 1989 live [[VHS]] release was entitled ''[[Live: In the Round, in Your Face]]''. "In-the-round is an incredibly, insanely aerobic kind of thing…" remarked singer [[Joe Elliott]], who gave up drinking on the ''[[Hysteria (Def Leppard album)|Hysteria]]'' tour to cope with the physical demands. "You can't stand still; you've got to keep moving. The [other members of the band] had identical microphones on either side of the stage, so they could stand still for a little bit. I had to keep moving."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Mick|last=[[Mick Wall|Wall]]|title=A wild ride over stony ground|magazine=[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]|date=May 2018|issue=248|page=36}}</ref>
*In order to give a show similar to a three ring circus, American singer [[Britney Spears]] used an in-the-round setting for her 2009 [[The Circus Starring Britney Spears]] tour.
*To evoke a three-ring circus, American singer [[Britney Spears]] used an in-the-round setting for her 2009 ''[[The Circus Starring Britney Spears]]'' tour.
*Stand-up comedians have performed specials "in the round," such as ''[[Dane Cook: Vicious Circle]]'' and [[Louis C.K.]]'s ''Oh My God''.
*Stand-up comedians have performed specials "in the round," such as ''[[Dane Cook: Vicious Circle]]'' and [[Louis C.K.]]'s ''Oh My God''.
* [[The Spice Girls]] used a circular stage in the round setting for their [[Christmas in Spiceworld]] tour in 1999
* [[The Spice Girls]] used a circular, in-the-round stage for their [[Christmas in Spiceworld]] tour in 1999.
* [[U2]]'s [[U2 360° Tour|360° Tour]] uses a very large circular stage structure.
* [[U2]]'s [[U2 360° Tour|360° Tour]] used a very large circular stage.
* The [[Dixie Chicks]] Top Of The World Tour used a circular stage, except in venues where it was an end stage.
* The [[Dixie Chicks]]' [[Top of the World Tour]] used a circular stage, except in venues where it was an end stage.
* [[Metallica]] have used a rectangular, diamond or oval-shaped stage in the center of the arena, beginning with their 1991 [[Wherever We May Roam Tour]]. On different tours, they have included an area within the stage, called "the snake pit", where audience members can watch the show. Their [[2012 European Black Album Tour]] used this format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metallica.com/news/20120420-news.asp |title=News &#124; The Snake Pit Returns!! |publisher=Metallica.com |access-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110051252/https://www.metallica.com/news/20120420-news.asp |archive-date=10 November 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Metallica]] have been known to use a rectangular or oval shaped stage in recent years that is placed in the centre of an arena at their concerts. Most recently, their [[Death Magnetic]] tour.
* In a [[Curb Your Enthusiasm]] season finale, Larry David, while playing [[The Producers (musical)|The Producers]] character Max Bialystock said he invented "theater in the square".
* In the musical ''[[The Producers (musical)|The Producers]]'' Max Bialystock remarks that he invented "theater in the square".
* [[Roger Waters]]' 2022 [[This Is Not a Drill]] tour is performed in the round with a large cross-shaped stage. Hanging overhead is a cross-shaped video screen arrangement that matches the shape of the stage.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 176: Line 259:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{Authority control}}
==External links==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Theatre In The Round}}
[[Category:Theatre]]
[[Category:Theatre]]
[[Category:Stage terminology]]
[[Category:Stage terminology]]

Latest revision as of 19:28, 10 May 2024

"In the round" redirects here. For other uses, see In the round (disambiguation).
The stage of the Cockpit Theatre, London, has seating on four sides with a capacity of 240.

A theatre in the round, arena theatre, or central staging is a space for theatre in which the audience surrounds the stage.

Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.

The Glenn Hughes Penthouse Theatre in Seattle, Washington was the first theatre-in-the-round venue built in the United States. It first opened on May 19, 1940 with a production of Spring Dance, a comedy by playwright Philip Barry.[1] The 160-seat theatre is located on the campus of the University of Washington in Seattle and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1947, Margo Jones established America's first professional theatre-in-the-round company when she opened her Theater '47 in Dallas. The stage design as developed by Margo Jones was used by directors in later years for such well-known shows as Fun Home, the original stage production of Man of La Mancha, and all plays staged at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre (demolished in the 1960s), including Arthur Miller's autobiographical After the Fall. Such theatres had previously existed in colleges, but not in professional theatre buildings.

Theater in the round is a particularly appropriate setting for staging of dramas using Bertolt Brecht's alienation effect,[2] which stands in opposition to the more traditional Stanislavski technique[3] in drama. Alienation techniques include visible lighting fixtures and other technical elements. Round theatres also allow lighting parts of the audience so that people are reminded that they are in a theatre watching a drama with others.

Stage configuration[edit]

The stage is always in the centre with the audience arranged on all sides, and is most commonly rectangular, circular, diamond, or triangular. Actors may enter and exit through the audience from different directions or from below the stage. The stage is usually on an even level with or below the audience in a "pit" or "arena" formation.

This configuration lends itself to high-energy productions and anything that requires audience participation. It is favoured by producers of classical theatre and it has continued as a creative alternative to the more common proscenium format.

In effect, theatre-in-the-round removes the fourth wall and brings the actor into the same space as the audience. This is often problematic for proscenium or end stage trained actors who are taught that they must never turn their backs to the audience, something that is unavoidable in this format. However, it allows for strong and direct engagement with the audience.

It is also employed when theatrical performances are presented in non-traditional spaces such as restaurants, public squares, or during street theater. Set design is usually minimal since it would obscure the audience's view.

History[edit]

Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.

In Margo Jones' survey of theatre-in-the-round,[4] the first two sources of central staging in the United States she identified were the productions by Azubah Latham and Milton Smith at Columbia University dating from 1914, and T. Earl Pardoe's productions at Brigham Young University in 1922.

In 1924, Gilmor Brown founded the Fair Oaks Playbox in Pasadena, California, an important early practitioner of central staging in addition to other stage configurations that it pioneered in its advent of flexible staging.[5] As Indicated by Jones,[6] the centrally staged productions of the Fair Oaks Playbox were followed approximately eight years later by the work of Glenn Hughes in his Seattle Penthouse.

Stephen Joseph was the first to popularise the form in the United Kingdom from the US in the 1950s and set up theatres-in-the-round in Newcastle-under-Lyme and the Studio Theatre in Scarborough. The current theatre, opened in 1996, is known as the Stephen Joseph Theatre. Joseph was reputed to have once rhetorically asked, "Why must authorities stand with their back to a wall?" His answer was: "So nobody can knife them from behind."

Sam Walters set up an impromptu performance space in the upstairs of the Orange Tree pub in Richmond, London in the early 1970s and subsequently moved across the road to a permanent Orange Tree Theatre.

In 1972, RG Gregory set up the Word and Action theatre company in Dorset in England to work exclusively in theatre-in-the-round. Gregory sought to create a grammar that would enable actors to maximise the form's potential for connecting with the audience both as individuals and as a collective. All Word and Action productions were performed in normal lighting conditions, without costumes or makeup.

Uses in television and concert halls[edit]

The innovations of Margo Jones were an obvious influence on Albert McCleery when he created his Cameo Theatre for television in 1950. Continuing until 1955, McCleery offered dramas seen against pure black backgrounds instead of walls of a set. This enabled cameras in the darkness to pick up shots from any position.

Richard Nixon's 1968 U.S. Presidential campaign staged nine live televised question and answer sessions using a ground-breaking theatre-in-the-round format, adapted for a live televised audience. The first time use of the staging device was memorialized in the book, The Selling of the President 1968 by Joe McGinniss. The producer of these Nixon "Man in the Arena" [7] programs was Roger Ailes,[8] who later went to on start Fox News. Ailes' innovation of the theatre-in-the-round format for candidate forums became the blueprint for modern "town hall" candidate formats and even multiple-candidate debates.

Elvis Presley's '68 Comeback Special TV program was performed with the musicians seated using a raised staging in-the-round format.

When an arena staging was conceived for the progressive-rock group Yes by their tour manager Jim Halley in the mid-1970s, it prompted a redesign of rock concerts and venue seating arrangements.

The politics of the round[edit]

The politics of theatre-in-the-round were explored most deliberately by RG Gregory. In his view the lit space of a proscenium arch is analogous to the seat of power; the audience adopts the role of passive receivers. In traditional theatre design, maximum care is taken with sight lines in order to ensure that the actor can engage every member of the audience at the same time.

However, once removed from the picture frame of the arch, the actors are compelled to turn their back on some members of the audience and so necessarily lose exclusive command of the acting space. All members of the audience can see the actor, but the actor can no longer see all of them. At this point, in order for the play to function, the audience themselves must be allowed to become key conductors of the meaning of the performance.

Some, like the writer Mick Fealty, have stressed a close analogy between Gregory's description of the rudimentary dynamics of theater-in-the-round with the network effect of Internet-based communication in comparison to traditional broadcast and marketing channels.

Arena stage archive[edit]

George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia is home to the largest arena stage archive and contains material from the theatre's 50-year history. Included in the collection are photographs, production notebooks, scrapbooks, playbills, oral histories and handwritten correspondence. According to their website, the total volume is 260 cubic feet (7.4 m3) or 440 feet (130 m) linear and is housed in the Fenwick Library.

Notable examples[edit]

Australia[edit]

Canada[edit]

France[edit]

Hong Kong[edit]

Japan[edit]

Malta[edit]

Poland[edit]

United Kingdom[edit]

Greater London[edit]

Greater Manchester[edit]

Elsewhere[edit]

United States[edit]

Arizona[edit]

California[edit]

Colorado[edit]

District of Columbia[edit]

Florida[edit]

Illinois[edit]

Indiana[edit]

Iowa[edit]

Kansas[edit]

Maryland[edit]

Massachusetts[edit]

Minnesota[edit]

Missouri[edit]

Nevada[edit]

New Jersey[edit]

New York[edit]

North Carolina[edit]

Ohio[edit]

Oregon[edit]

Pennsylvania[edit]

South Carolina[edit]

Tennessee[edit]

Texas[edit]

Utah[edit]

Virginia[edit]

Washington[edit]

Wisconsin[edit]

In popular culture[edit]

  • In the novel The Prestige by Christopher Priest, the magician Rupert Angier courts controversy by writing that stage magic should be performed "in the round" rather than in theatres with a proscenium arch.
  • The English progressive rock band Yes were the first rock-era group to perform "in the round" during their 1978–79 Tormato tour. The band also performed using a round, rotating stage during portions of their Drama and Union tours in 1980 and 1991, respectively.
  • The second tour of the global country-pop superstar Shania Twain, the Up! Tour (2003/04), had a stage configuration in the style of "in the round". The tour was one of the most successful tours of 2004, and served to promote the RIAA diamond certified album, "Up!" (2002).
  • The Into the Millennium Tour by the American boy band Backstreet Boys featured an "in the round" stage. The tour, which began in 1999 and ended in March 2000, is one of the most successful of all time.
  • British rock band Def Leppard played "in the round" for several tours in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Their 1989 live VHS release was entitled Live: In the Round, in Your Face. "In-the-round is an incredibly, insanely aerobic kind of thing…" remarked singer Joe Elliott, who gave up drinking on the Hysteria tour to cope with the physical demands. "You can't stand still; you've got to keep moving. The [other members of the band] had identical microphones on either side of the stage, so they could stand still for a little bit. I had to keep moving."[24]
  • To evoke a three-ring circus, American singer Britney Spears used an in-the-round setting for her 2009 The Circus Starring Britney Spears tour.
  • Stand-up comedians have performed specials "in the round," such as Dane Cook: Vicious Circle and Louis C.K.'s Oh My God.
  • The Spice Girls used a circular, in-the-round stage for their Christmas in Spiceworld tour in 1999.
  • U2's 360° Tour used a very large circular stage.
  • The Dixie Chicks' Top of the World Tour used a circular stage, except in venues where it was an end stage.
  • Metallica have used a rectangular, diamond or oval-shaped stage in the center of the arena, beginning with their 1991 Wherever We May Roam Tour. On different tours, they have included an area within the stage, called "the snake pit", where audience members can watch the show. Their 2012 European Black Album Tour used this format.[25]
  • In the musical The Producers Max Bialystock remarks that he invented "theater in the square".
  • Roger Waters' 2022 This Is Not a Drill tour is performed in the round with a large cross-shaped stage. Hanging overhead is a cross-shaped video screen arrangement that matches the shape of the stage.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Tate, Cassandra. 200255. "Curtain rises on Seattle's new Penthouse Theatre on May 16, 1947." Archived August 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Alienation Effect in Encyclopedia Britannica online.
  3. ^ The book "An Actor Prepares" was first published in 1936 and is the first volume of the translations of Constantin Stanislavski's books on acting, which were published as a trilogy in English, though originally meant to be published as two books in Russian.
  4. ^ Jones, Margo. 1951. Theatre-in-the-Round. Rinehard & Company, Inc.; Sec. Pr. edition
  5. ^ Altenberg, Roger. 1964. A Historical Study of Gilmore Brown's Fair-oaks Play box: 1924–1927 Archived March 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Jones, Margo. 1951. Theatre-in-the-Round, p. 38
  7. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Man in the Arena Part 1". YouTube.
  8. ^ "Roger Ailes, Nixon's Television Man »". 18 May 2017.
  9. ^ "La Boite Theatre (entry 602171)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  10. ^ "Roundhouse Theatre". Queensland University of Technology. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  11. ^ "Le Théâtre en Rond". Théatre en rond. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
  12. ^ Hale Centre Theatre in Arizona Archived June 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2014-06-20
  13. ^ Broadway Sacramento Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine at The Wells Fargo Pavilion
  14. ^ "Welcome to the Wagon Wheel Center for the Arts". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  15. ^ "Facilities". Smith College. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  16. ^ "Mark A. Chapman Theatre". Kansas State University School of Music, Theatre, and Dance. 12 October 2019. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  17. ^ Cape Cod Melody Tent Archived February 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  18. ^ South Shore Music Circus Archived November 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  19. ^ "Balch Arena Theater at Tufts University". Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  20. ^ Theatre in the Round Archived October 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Minneapolis, official web site
  21. ^ "About Seton Hall Theatre". Seton Hall University. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  22. ^ Plaza Theatre Company Archived April 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  23. ^ Artisan Center Theatre Archived October 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine official web site
  24. ^ Wall, Mick (May 2018). "A wild ride over stony ground". Classic Rock. No. 248. p. 36.
  25. ^ "News | The Snake Pit Returns!!". Metallica.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
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