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{{Short description|Genus of viruses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Virusbox
{{Virusbox
| image = ODR.Cysto.Fig1.v2.L.M.png
| image = ODR.Cysto.Fig1.v2.L.M.png
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image2_caption = [[Pseudomonas phage phi6]] particle, reconstruction, and genome
| image2_caption = [[Pseudomonas phage phi6]] particle, reconstruction, and genome
| image2 = ODR.Cysto.Fig2.v4.png
| image2 = ODR.Cysto.Fig2.v4.png
| taxon = Cystovirus
| taxon = Cystovirus
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = [[#Taxonomy|See text]]
}}
}}


'''''Cystovirus''''' is a genus of [[viruses]], in the family ''[[Cystoviridae]]''.<ref name="ICTVReport">{{cite web|title=ICTV Report Cystoviridae|url=http://www.ictv.global/report/cystoviridae}}</ref> [[Pseudomonas syringae]] pathovar ''phaseolicola'' bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are currently seven species in this genus, including the type species ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]''.<ref name=ICTVReport /><ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/586.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web|title=NCBI Taxonomy Browser: Cystoviridae|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=10877|publisher=NCBI|accessdate=19 June 2016}}</ref>
'''''Cystovirus''''' is a genus of [[double-stranded RNA viruses]] which infects [[bacteria]]. It is the only genus in the family '''''Cystoviridae'''.'' The name of the group c''ysto'' derives from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''kystis'' which means bladder or sack. There are seven species in this genus.<ref name="ICTVReport">{{cite web|title=ICTV Report Cystoviridae|url=http://www.ictv.global/report/cystoviridae}}</ref><ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/586.html|publisher=ExPASy|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web|title=NCBI Taxonomy Browser: Cystoviridae|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=10877|publisher=NCBI|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>


== Discovery ==
== Discovery ==


''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]'' was the first virus in this family to be discovered and was initially characterized in 1973 by Anne K. Vidaver in the Department of Plant Pathology at the [[University of Nebraska]]. She found that when she cultured the bacterial strain ''[[Pseudomonas phaseolicola]]'' HB1OY with halo blight infected bean straw, cytopathic effects were detected in cultured lawns, indicating that there was a lytic microbe or bacteriophage present.<ref name="Vidaver_1973">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vidaver AK, Koski RK, Van Etten JL|date=May 1973|title=Bacteriophage Φ6 a Lipid-Containing Virus of Pseudomonas phaseolicola|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=11|issue=15|pages=799–805}}</ref>
''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]'' was the first virus in this family to be discovered and was initially characterized in 1973 by Anne Vidaver at the [[University of Nebraska]]. She found that when she cultured the bacterial strain ''[[Pseudomonas phaseolicola]]'' HB1OY with [[halo blight]] infected bean straw, cytopathic effects were detected in cultured lawns, indicating that there was a lytic microbe or [[bacteriophage]] present.<ref name="Vidaver_1973">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vidaver AK, Koski RK, Van Etten JL|date=May 1973|title=Bacteriophage Φ6 a Lipid-Containing Virus of Pseudomonas phaseolicola|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=11|issue=15|pages=799–805|doi=10.1128/jvi.11.5.799-805.1973|pmid=16789137|pmc=355178}}</ref>


In 1999, phi7–14 were identified by the laboratory of Leonard Mindich in the Department of Microbiology at the Public Health Research Institute associated with [[New York University]]. They did this by culturing various leaves in [[Lysogeny Broth]] and then plating the broth on lawns of ''[[Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola]]''. They were able to identify [[viral plaque]]s from this and then subsequently sequence their genomes.<ref name="Mindich_1999" />
In 1999, phi7–14 were identified by the laboratory of Leonard Mindich at the Public Health Research Institute associated with [[New York University]]. They did this by culturing various leaves in [[Lysogeny Broth]] and then plating the broth on lawns of ''[[Pseudomonas syringae|Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola]]''. They were able to identify [[viral plaque]]s from this and then subsequently sequence their genomes.<ref name="Mindich_1999" />


==Structure==
== Microbiology ==


===Structure===
⚫
Cystovirus particles are [[Viral envelope|enveloped]], with [[Icosahedron|icosahedral]] and spherical geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The virion diameter is around 85&nbsp;nm. Cystoviruses are distinguished by outer layer [[protein]] and [[lipid]] envelope. No other [[bacteriophage]] has any lipid in its outer coat, though the ''[[DNA virus|Tectiviridae]]'' and the ''[[DNA virus|Corticoviridae]]'' have lipids within their [[capsid]]s.<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />
[[File:1-s2.0-S1879625718300348-gr1 lrg.jpg|thumb|Virion assembly and pre-genome packaging of family ''Cystoviridae'']]
⚫
Cystovirus particles are [[Viral envelope|enveloped]], with [[Icosahedron|icosahedral]] and spherical geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The virion diameter is around 85&nbsp;nm. Cystoviruses are distinguished by their outer layer [[protein]] and [[lipid]] envelope. No other [[bacteriophage]] has any lipid in its outer coat, though the ''[[DNA virus|Tectiviridae]]'' and the ''[[DNA virus|Corticoviridae]]'' have lipids within their [[capsid]]s.<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />


== Genome ==
=== Genome ===


Cystoviruses have a tripartite double stranded RNA genome which is approximately 14 [[Base pair#Length unit|kbp]] in total length. The genome is linear and segmented, and labeled as large (L) 6.4kbp, medium (M) 4 kbp, and small (S) 2.9 kb in length. The genome codes for twelve proteins.<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />
Cystoviruses have a tripartite double-stranded RNA genome which is approximately 14 [[Base pair#Length unit|kbp]] in total length. The genome is linear and segmented, and labeled as large (L) 6.4 kbp, medium (M) 4 kbp, and small (S) 2.9 kb in length. The genome codes for twelve proteins.<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />


==Life cycle==
===Life cycle===
[[File:ODR.Cysto.Fig3.v3.png|thumb|Life cycle of cystoviruses]]
[[File:ODR.Cysto.Fig3.v3.png|thumb|Life cycle of cystoviruses]]
Cytoviruses enter the bacteria by adsorption on its [[pilus]] and then membrane fusion. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The progeny viruses are released from the cell by [[lysis]].<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />
Cytoviruses enter the bacteria by adsorption on its [[pilus]] and then membrane fusion. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The progeny viruses are released from the cell by [[lysis]].<ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />


Most identified cystoviruses infect ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment.<ref name="Silander_2005">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM|date=December 2005|title=Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=102|issue=52|pages=19009–14|bibcode=2005PNAS..10219009S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503074102|pmc=1323146|pmid=16365305}}</ref> The type species is ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]'', but there are many other proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas viruses φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, φ11, φ12, and φ13 have been identified and named,<ref name="Mindich_1999">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D|date=August 1999|title=Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA|url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/181/15/4505|journal=J. Bacteriol.|volume=181|issue=15|pages=4505–8|pmc=103579|pmid=10419946}}</ref> but other cystovirus-like viruses have also been isolated.<ref name="Silander_2005" /> These seven putative relatives are classified as either close (φ7, φ9, φ10, φ11) or distant (φ8, φ12, φ13) relatives to φ6,<ref name="Mindich_1999" /> with the distant relatives thought to infect via the [[Lipopolysaccharide|LPS]] rather than the pili.<ref name="Gottleib_2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gottlieb P, Potgieter C, Wei H, and Toporovsky I|date=2002|title=Characterization of &phi;12, a Bacteriophage Related to &phi;6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Large Double-Stranded RNA|journal=Virology|volume=295|issue=2|pages=266–271|doi=10.1006/viro.2002.1436|pmid=12033785}}</ref>
Most identified cystoviruses infect ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment.<ref name="Silander_2005">{{cite journal|display-authors=etal|vauthors=Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM|date=December 2005|title=Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.|volume=102|issue=52|pages=19009–14|bibcode=2005PNAS..10219009S|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503074102|pmc=1323146|pmid=16365305|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are many proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas viruses φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, φ11, φ12, and φ13 have been identified and named,<ref name="Mindich_1999">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D|date=August 1999|title=Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA|url= |journal=J. Bacteriol.|volume=181|issue=15|pages=4505–8|doi=10.1128/JB.181.15.4505-4508.1999|pmc=103579|pmid=10419946}}</ref> but other cystovirus-like viruses have also been isolated.<ref name="Silander_2005" /> These seven putative relatives are classified as either close (φ7, φ9, φ10, φ11) or distant (φ8, φ12, φ13) relatives to φ6,<ref name="Mindich_1999" /> with the distant relatives thought to infect via the [[Lipopolysaccharide|LPS]] rather than the pili.<ref name="Gottleib_2002">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gottlieb P, Potgieter C, Wei H, and Toporovsky I|date=2002|title=Characterization of φ12, a Bacteriophage Related to φ6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Large Double-Stranded RNA|journal=Virology|volume=295|issue=2|pages=266–271|doi=10.1006/viro.2002.1436|pmid=12033785|doi-access=free}}</ref>

However, cystoviruses do not only infect ''Pseudomonas''. But also bacteria of the genera ''[[Streptomyces]]'',<ref name="Siddhart">Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy, Andrew B. Janowski,Guoyan Zhao, Dan Barouch, David Wang (2016). [https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002409 Hyperexpansion of RNA Bacteriophage Diversity]. PlosOne.</ref> ''[[Microvirgula]]'',<ref name=Cai>Xiaoyao Cai, Fengjuan Tian, Li Teng, Hongmei Liu, Yigang Tong Tong, Shuai Le, Tingting Zhang (2021). [https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00399-21 Cultivation of a Lytic Double-Stranded RNA Bacteriophage Infecting Microvirgula aerodenitrificans Reveals a Mutualistic Parasitic Lifestyle]. American Society for Microbiology.</ref> ''[[Acinetobacter]]'',<ref name="crippen">Clay S. Crippen, Bibi Zhou, and Christine M. Szymanski (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8402811/ RNA and Sugars, Unique Properties of Bacteriophages Infecting Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter radioresistens Strain LH6]. NCBI.</ref> ''[[Lactococcus]]'', ''[[Pectobacterium]]'',<ref name="ncbi">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=10877 Cystoviridae]. NCBI Taxonomy.</ref> and possibly other bacterial genera.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
[[File:ODR.Cysto.Fig4A.v3.png|thumb|Phylogenetic tree of ''Cystovirus'']]
[[File:ODR.Cysto.Fig4A.v3.png|thumb|Phylogenetic tree of ''Cystovirus'']]
Members of the ''[[Cystoviridae]]'' appear to be most closely related to the ''[[Reoviridae]]'',<ref name="Butcher_1997">{{cite journal|vauthors=Butcher SJ, Dokland T, Ojala PM, Bamford DH, Fuller SD|date=July 1997|title=Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded RNA virus phi6|journal=EMBO J.|volume=16|issue=14|pages=4477–87|doi=10.1093/emboj/16.14.4477|pmc=1170074|pmid=9250692}}</ref> but also share [[homology (biology)|homology]] with the ''[[Totiviridae]]''. In particular, the structural genes of cystoviruses are highly-similar to those used by a number of dsRNA viruses that infect eukaryotes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Koonin|first1=Eugene V.|last2=Dolja|first2=Valerian V.|last3=Krupovic|first3=Mart|year=2015|title=Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity|journal=Virology|volume=479-480|pages=2–25|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.039|pmc=5898234|pmid=25771806}}</ref> The genus ''Cystovirus'' has seven species:
Members of the ''Cystoviridae'' appear to be most closely related to the ''[[Reoviridae]]'',<ref name="Butcher_1997">{{cite journal|vauthors=Butcher SJ, Dokland T, Ojala PM, Bamford DH, Fuller SD|date=July 1997|title=Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded RNA virus phi6|journal=EMBO J.|volume=16|issue=14|pages=4477–87|doi=10.1093/emboj/16.14.4477|pmc=1170074|pmid=9250692}}</ref> but also share [[homology (biology)|homology]] with the ''[[Totiviridae]]''. In particular, the structural genes of cystoviruses are highly-similar to those used by a number of dsRNA viruses that infect eukaryotes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Koonin|first1=Eugene V.|last2=Dolja|first2=Valerian V.|last3=Krupovic|first3=Mart|year=2015|title=Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity|journal=Virology|volume=479-480|pages=2–25|doi=10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.039|pmc=5898234|pmid=25771806}}</ref> The genus ''Cystovirus'' has seven species:<ref name="ICTVReport" />


{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]''
* ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi6]]''
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phi8]]''
* ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi8]]''
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phi12]]''
* ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi12]]''
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phi13]]''
* ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi13]]''
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phi2954]]''
* ''[[Pseudomonas virus phi2954]]''
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phiNN]]''
* ''[[Pseudomonas virus phiNN]]''
*''[[Pseudomonas virus phiYY]]''
* ''[[Pseudomonas virus phiYY]]''
{{div col end}}
{{Div col end}}

Other unassigned phages:
* ''[[Microvirgula virus phiNY]]''<ref name=Cai/>
* ''[[Streptomyces virus phi0]]''<ref name="Siddhart"/>
* ''[[Lactococcus virus phi7-4]]''<ref name="ncbi"/>
* ''[[Pectobacterium virus MA14]]''<ref name="ncbi"/>
* ''[[Acinetobacter virus CAP3]]''<ref name="crippen"/>
* ''[[Acinetobacter virus CAP4]]''<ref name="crippen"/>
* ''[[Acinetobacter virus CAP5]]''<ref name="crippen"/>
* ''[[Acinetobacter virus CAP6]]''<ref name="crippen"/>
* ''[[Acinetobacter virus CAP7]]''<ref name="crippen"/>


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Baltimore classification}}
{{Baltimore classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1149066}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1149066}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Cystoviridae]]
[[Category:Cystoviridae]]

Latest revision as of 20:59, 23 October 2022

Cystovirus
Pseudomonas phage phi6 particle, reconstruction, and genome
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Duplornaviricota
Class: Vidaverviricetes
Order: Mindivirales
Family: Cystoviridae
Genus: Cystovirus
Species

See text

Cystovirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses which infects bacteria. It is the only genus in the family Cystoviridae. The name of the group cysto derives from Greek kystis which means bladder or sack. There are seven species in this genus.[1][2][3]

Discovery[edit]

Pseudomonas virus phi6 was the first virus in this family to be discovered and was initially characterized in 1973 by Anne Vidaver at the University of Nebraska. She found that when she cultured the bacterial strain Pseudomonas phaseolicola HB1OY with halo blight infected bean straw, cytopathic effects were detected in cultured lawns, indicating that there was a lytic microbe or bacteriophage present.[4]

In 1999, phi7–14 were identified by the laboratory of Leonard Mindich at the Public Health Research Institute associated with New York University. They did this by culturing various leaves in Lysogeny Broth and then plating the broth on lawns of Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. They were able to identify viral plaques from this and then subsequently sequence their genomes.[5]

Microbiology[edit]

Structure[edit]

Virion assembly and pre-genome packaging of family Cystoviridae

Cystovirus particles are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The virion diameter is around 85 nm. Cystoviruses are distinguished by their outer layer protein and lipid envelope. No other bacteriophage has any lipid in its outer coat, though the Tectiviridae and the Corticoviridae have lipids within their capsids.[1][2]

Genome[edit]

Cystoviruses have a tripartite double-stranded RNA genome which is approximately 14 kbp in total length. The genome is linear and segmented, and labeled as large (L) 6.4 kbp, medium (M) 4 kbp, and small (S) 2.9 kb in length. The genome codes for twelve proteins.[1][2]

Life cycle[edit]

Life cycle of cystoviruses

Cytoviruses enter the bacteria by adsorption on its pilus and then membrane fusion. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The progeny viruses are released from the cell by lysis.[1][2]

Most identified cystoviruses infect Pseudomonas species, but this is likely biased due to the method of screening and enrichment.[6] There are many proposed members of this family. Pseudomonas viruses φ7, φ8, φ9, φ10, φ11, φ12, and φ13 have been identified and named,[5] but other cystovirus-like viruses have also been isolated.[6] These seven putative relatives are classified as either close (φ7, φ9, φ10, φ11) or distant (φ8, φ12, φ13) relatives to φ6,[5] with the distant relatives thought to infect via the LPS rather than the pili.[7]

However, cystoviruses do not only infect Pseudomonas. But also bacteria of the genera Streptomyces,[8] Microvirgula,[9] Acinetobacter,[10] Lactococcus, Pectobacterium,[11] and possibly other bacterial genera.

Taxonomy[edit]

Phylogenetic tree of Cystovirus

Members of the Cystoviridae appear to be most closely related to the Reoviridae,[12] but also share homology with the Totiviridae. In particular, the structural genes of cystoviruses are highly-similar to those used by a number of dsRNA viruses that infect eukaryotes.[13] The genus Cystovirus has seven species:[1]

Other unassigned phages:

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "ICTV Report Cystoviridae".
  2. ^ a b c d "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. ^ "NCBI Taxonomy Browser: Cystoviridae". NCBI. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  4. ^ Vidaver AK, Koski RK, Van Etten JL (May 1973). "Bacteriophage Φ6 a Lipid-Containing Virus of Pseudomonas phaseolicola". Journal of Virology. 11 (15): 799–805. doi:10.1128/jvi.11.5.799-805.1973. PMC 355178. PMID 16789137.
  5. ^ a b c Mindich L, Qiao X, Qiao J, Onodera S, Romantschuk M, Hoogstraten D (August 1999). "Isolation of additional bacteriophages with genomes of segmented double-stranded RNA". J. Bacteriol. 181 (15): 4505–8. doi:10.1128/JB.181.15.4505-4508.1999. PMC 103579. PMID 10419946.
  6. ^ a b Silander OK, Weinreich DM, Wright KM, et al. (December 2005). "Widespread genetic exchange among terrestrial bacteriophages". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (52): 19009–14. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10219009S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503074102. PMC 1323146. PMID 16365305.
  7. ^ Gottlieb P, Potgieter C, Wei H, and Toporovsky I (2002). "Characterization of φ12, a Bacteriophage Related to φ6: Nucleotide Sequence of the Large Double-Stranded RNA". Virology. 295 (2): 266–271. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1436. PMID 12033785.
  8. ^ a b Siddharth R. Krishnamurthy, Andrew B. Janowski,Guoyan Zhao, Dan Barouch, David Wang (2016). Hyperexpansion of RNA Bacteriophage Diversity. PlosOne.
  9. ^ a b Xiaoyao Cai, Fengjuan Tian, Li Teng, Hongmei Liu, Yigang Tong Tong, Shuai Le, Tingting Zhang (2021). Cultivation of a Lytic Double-Stranded RNA Bacteriophage Infecting Microvirgula aerodenitrificans Reveals a Mutualistic Parasitic Lifestyle. American Society for Microbiology.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Clay S. Crippen, Bibi Zhou, and Christine M. Szymanski (2021). RNA and Sugars, Unique Properties of Bacteriophages Infecting Multidrug Resistant Acinetobacter radioresistens Strain LH6. NCBI.
  11. ^ a b c Cystoviridae. NCBI Taxonomy.
  12. ^ Butcher SJ, Dokland T, Ojala PM, Bamford DH, Fuller SD (July 1997). "Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded RNA virus phi6". EMBO J. 16 (14): 4477–87. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.14.4477. PMC 1170074. PMID 9250692.
  13. ^ Koonin, Eugene V.; Dolja, Valerian V.; Krupovic, Mart (2015). "Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity". Virology. 479–480: 2–25. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.039. PMC 5898234. PMID 25771806.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cystovirus&oldid=1117835840"