Düren: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 50°48′N 6°29′E / 50.800°N 6.483°E / 50.800; 6.483
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{{Short description|Town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany}}
{{Redirect|Duren|Southeast Asian fruit|Durian|the village in Iran|Duren, Iran}}
{{Redirect|Duren|the Southeast Asian fruit|Durian}}
{{Infobox German location
{{Infobox German location
|type = Stadt
|type = Stadt
|name = Düren
|name = Düren
|image_photo = Schlossburgau2.jpg
|image_photo = Schlossburgau2.jpg
|image_caption = View of Burgau Castle
|image_caption = View of Burgau Castle
|image_coa = Wappen der Stadt Düren.svg
|image_coa = Wappen der Stadt Düren.svg
|image_flag = Flagge der Stadt Düren.svg
|image_flag = Flagge der Stadt Düren.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|50|48|N|6|29|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|50|48|N|6|29|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Düren in DN.svg
|image_plan = Düren in DN.svg
|state = Nordrhein-Westfalen
|state = Nordrhein-Westfalen
|region = Köln
|region = Köln
|district = Düren
|district = Düren
|elevation = 125
|elevation = 125
|area = 85.02
|area = 85.02
|postal_code = 52349/52351/52353/52355
|postal_code = 52349/52351/52353/52355
|area_code = 02421
|area_code = 02421
|licence = DN
|licence = DN
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 3 58 008
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 3 58 008
|divisions = 15
|divisions = 15
Line 25: Line 26:
}}
}}


'''Düren''' ({{IPA-de|ˈdyːʁən}};<ref>{{cite dictionary|date=2015|entry=Düren|title=Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch|language=de|page=327|location=Berlin|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut|isbn=978-3411911516|edition=7th}}</ref> [[Ripuarian language|ripuarian]]: Düre) is a town in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]], between [[Aachen]] and [[Cologne]] on the river [[Rur]].
'''Düren''' ({{IPA-de|ˈdyːʁən}};<ref>{{cite dictionary|date=2015|entry=Düren|title=Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch|language=de|page=327|location=Berlin|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut|isbn=978-3411911516|edition=7th}}</ref> [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]: Düre) is a town in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Germany]], between [[Aachen]] and [[Cologne]], on the river [[Rur]].


==History==
==History==
{{unreferencedsect|date=December 2023}}

===Roman era===
===Roman era===
The area of Düren was part of [[Gallia Belgica]], more specifically the territory of the [[Eburones]], a people who were described as both [[Belgae]] and [[Germanic peoples|Germani]].
[[Celt]]s inhabited the area now known as Düren before the Roman invasion. The Celts called their small settlement, ''Durum'' (meaning [[castle]]). After the Celts, [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] settled this area. They were conquered by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] under [[Julius Caesar]].
It was conquered by the [[Roman Republic]] under [[Julius Caesar]] and became part of [[Germania inferior]].


Durum became a supply area for the rapidly growing Roman city of [[Cologne]] (Roman name Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium). Furthermore, a few important Roman roads skirt Durum (including the road from [[Cologne]] to [[Jülich]] and [[Tongeren]] and the road from Cologne to [[Zülpich]] and [[Trier]]). The Romans remained in the area for about 400 years. The name "villa duria" occurred the first time in the [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Annals]] in the year 747.
Düren became a supply area for the rapidly growing Roman city of [[Cologne]] (Roman name Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium). Furthermore, a few important Roman roads skirt Düren (including the road from [[Cologne]] to [[Jülich]] and [[Tongeren]] and the road from Cologne to [[Zülpich]] and [[Trier]]). By the 4th century, the area was settled by the [[Ripuarian Franks]].
The name ''villa duria'' occurred the first time in the Frankish Annals in the year 747.


After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the [[Franks]] settled in Düren. The [[Franks|Frankish]] king Pippin der Kleine ([[Pippin the Short]]) often visited Düren in the 8th century and held a few important conventions there. Pippin was the father of the famous emperor [[Charlemagne]]. The Franks made of Durum a royal palace, from which the name [[Palatine]] ([[Kaiserpfalz|Pfalz]] in German) is derived. Charlemagne sojourned a few times there. The castle was built at the place where, since 1991, the [[Saint Anne]] Church is located. Due to the frequent visits of Charlemagne, a few markets sprang up, such as the corn, cattle, wood, chicken, and butter markets, all of which contributed to Düren's development.
Frankish king [[Pippin the Short]] often visited Düren in the 8th century and held a few important conventions there. The Franks made of Düren a royal palace, from which the name [[Palatine]] ([[Kaiserpfalz|Pfalz]] in German) is derived. [[Charlemagne]] sojourned a few times there. Due to the frequent visits of Charlemagne, a few markets sprang up, such as the corn, cattle, wood, chicken, and butter markets, all of which contributed to Düren's development. The castle was built at the place where, since 1991, the [[Saint Anne]] Church is located.


===Middle Ages===
===Middle Ages===
Düren obtained [[Town privileges|city rights]] in the early 13th century. Around 1200, the construction of the city wall was started, which includes 12 towers and 5 gates. The gates faced all directions: in the north, the ''Philippstor'') and the ''Wirteltor'', in the east the ''Kölntor'' (Cologne gate), in the south the ''Obertor'' and in the west the ''Holztor'' (wooden gate). There are still ruins of the gates today.
Düren obtained [[Town privileges|city rights]] in the early 13th century. Around 1200, the construction of the city wall was started, which includes 12 towers and 5 gates. The gates faced all directions: in the north, the ''Philippstor'' and the ''Wirteltor'', in the east the ''Kölntor'' (Cologne gate), in the south the ''Obertor'' and in the west the ''Holztor'' (wooden gate). There are still ruins of the gates today.


The chiseler Leonhard stole a small box with the relic of [[Saint Anne]] out of the Mainzer Stiftskirche St. Stephan in 1501 and brought it to Düren. [[Pope Julius II]] decided on March 18, 1506 that Düren could keep the remains. They were kept in the ''Martinskirche'' (church of [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]]) which was renamed the ''Annakirche'' (church of [[Saint Anne]]) in 1505. (Probably the church was renamed much later, because in the 19th century it was still called sometimes parish church of the holy Martinus). Saint Anne became the [[patron saint]] of Düren. Every year, the [[Calendar of saints|saint's day]] of Saint Anne (July 26) is celebrated for one week with the Anna octavos and the Anna parish fair, one of the biggest folk festivals of [[Germany]].
The chiseler Leonhard stole a small box with the relic of [[Saint Anne]] out of the Mainzer Stiftskirche St. Stephan in 1501 and brought it to Düren. [[Pope Julius II]] decided on March 18, 1506, that Düren could keep the remains. They were kept in the ''Martinskirche'' (church of [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]]) which was renamed the ''Annakirche'' (church of [[Saint Anne]]) in 1505. (Probably the church was renamed much later, because in the 19th century it was still called sometimes parish church of the holy Martinus). Saint Anne became the [[patron saint]] of Düren. Every year, the [[Calendar of saints|saint's day]] of Saint Anne (July 26) is celebrated for one week with the Anna octavos and the Anna parish fair, one of the biggest folk festivals of [[Germany]].


===17th to 19th century===
===17th to 19th century===
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In 1642, Düren was embroiled in the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Opposing troops destroyed the city. After the war has finally ended in 1648, [[Bubonic plague|plague]] broke out and caused many lives to be lost. A second plague epidemic broke out in 1665. Due to the various attacks on the debilitated city, Düren was destroyed again in 1679. In this time, the settlement Miesheim was destroyed, never to be rebuilt.
In 1642, Düren was embroiled in the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Opposing troops destroyed the city. After the war has finally ended in 1648, [[Bubonic plague|plague]] broke out and caused many lives to be lost. A second plague epidemic broke out in 1665. Due to the various attacks on the debilitated city, Düren was destroyed again in 1679. In this time, the settlement Miesheim was destroyed, never to be rebuilt.


Towards the end of the year 1755 in the area around Düren and [[Aachen]] began a series of [[earthquake]]s, which reached its peak on February 18, 1756 with an earthquake with the strength 8 on the [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli scale]]. The series of earthquakes affected all of Europe, most famously the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]].
Towards the end of the year 1755 in the area around Düren and [[Aachen]] began a series of [[earthquake]]s, which reached its peak on [[1756 Düren earthquake|February 18, 1756]] with an earthquake with the strength 8 on the [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli scale]]. The series of earthquakes affected all of Europe, most famously the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]].


The businesses in the area of Düren was affected since the 15th century by the [[drapery]] and metal industry. Since the beginning of the 17th century, paper industry had settled here, advantaged by the exceptionally [[soft water]] of the [[Rur]]. Rütger von Scheven built the first [[paper mill]] in Düren. In 1812, there were already 17 paper factories, 11 cloth- and blanket factories, one [[masticator]] and two [[foundry|iron foundries]].
The businesses in the area of Düren was affected since the 15th century by the [[drapery]] and metal industry. Since the beginning of the 17th century, paper industry had settled here, advantaged by the exceptionally [[soft water]] of the [[Rur]]. Rütger von Scheven built the first [[paper mill]] in Düren. In 1812, there were already 17 paper factories, 11 cloth- and blanket factories, an iron [[rolling mill]] or [[slitting mill]] and two [[foundry|iron foundries]].


In the year 1794, Düren was occupied by [[French revolution|French revolutionary troops]]. From 1798 until 1814, Düren was the main city of the same named canton in the arrondissement [[Aachen]] of the French ''Roerdepartements'' (from the name of the River Rur (Roer) and ''départment''). After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Düren was ceded to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and was subsequently administered within the [[Rhine Province]].
In the year 1794, Düren was occupied by [[French Revolution|French revolutionary troops]]. From 1798 until 1814, Düren was the main city of the same named canton in the arrondissement [[Aachen]] of the French ''Roerdepartements'' (from the name of the River Rur (Roer) and ''département''). After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Düren was ceded to the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and was subsequently administered within the [[Rhine Province]].


===20th century===
===20th century===
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The city of Düren was located on the main [[Front (military)|fighting front]] during the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of Germany in [[World War II]]. During 1944 and 1945, the protracted and bloody [[Battle of Huertgen Forest|Battle for Hürtgenwald]] was fought on Düren's district area, and on November 16, 1944, Düren was completely destroyed by Allied [[Aerial bombing of cities|air bombings]]. Approximately 22,000 people lived in Düren at that time, and 3,000 of them died during the bombing. Those who survived were [[emergency evacuation|evacuated]] to central Germany. Destroyed buildings included the [[Stadttheater Düren]] (1907), designed in [[Jugendstil]] by [[Carl Moritz (architect)|Carl Moritz]].
The city of Düren was located on the main [[Front (military)|fighting front]] during the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of Germany in [[World War II]]. During 1944 and 1945, the protracted and bloody [[Battle of Huertgen Forest|Battle for Hürtgenwald]] was fought on Düren's district area, and on November 16, 1944, Düren was completely destroyed by Allied [[Aerial bombing of cities|air bombings]]. Approximately 22,000 people lived in Düren at that time, and 3,000 of them died during the bombing. Those who survived were [[emergency evacuation|evacuated]] to central Germany. Destroyed buildings included the [[Stadttheater Düren]] (1907), designed in [[Jugendstil]] by [[Carl Moritz (architect)|Carl Moritz]].

By 1939, the population had risen to over 45,000, but then fell to just 3,806 by June 1945 due to the effects of World War II. After the bombing of November 16, 1944, on March 1, 1945, only four German residents lived in the city, including forced laborers etc. there were 21 people. On April 1, the number of inhabitants had risen to 180 and on May 1, 1945, there were already 1218 people. In December 1945 the number increased to 25,000 inhabitants and in 1958 it was 45,000, the same number as before the war. Due to the incorporation of several places in the area, the city's population grew on January 1, 1972, by 35,522 to 89,087.


On February 25, 1945, [[US Army|U.S.]] troops crossed the [[Rur]] at Düren. After the war was over in the summer that year, many evacuated people came back to the destroyed city and started to rebuild their homes against the advice of the American troops. By June 1945, the population had risen to 3,806. Most of the architecture in Düren therefore dates from the 1950s.
On February 25, 1945, [[US Army|U.S.]] troops crossed the [[Rur]] at Düren. After the war was over in the summer that year, many evacuated people came back to the destroyed city and started to rebuild their homes against the advice of the American troops. By June 1945, the population had risen to 3,806. Most of the architecture in Düren therefore dates from the 1950s.
[[File:Düren-Ühledömche.jpg|thumb|240px|Eulendom.]]
[[File:Düren-Ühledömche.jpg|thumb|240px|Eulendom]]


==Culture and points of interest==
==Culture and points of interest==
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==Theatre and music==
==Theatre and music==
The former Stadttheater Düren was opened in January 1907. In the bombing of November 16, 1944 the theatre was almost completely destroyed. Today cultural performances take place mainly at the ''Haus der Stadt''. Since 2004 the multi-functional ''Arena Kreis Düren'', which has around 2000 seats, serves as a venue for major concerts.
The former Stadttheater Düren was opened in January 1907. In the bombing of November 16, 1944, the theatre was almost completely destroyed. Today cultural performances take place mainly at the ''Haus der Stadt''. Since 2004 the multi-functional ''Arena Kreis Düren'', which has around 2000 seats, serves as a venue for major concerts.


==Buildings==
==Buildings==
Line 70: Line 75:
The town hall was inaugurated <ref>Das alte und neue Rathaus in Düren, Festschrift 1959</ref> in 1959. It now ranks as an example of 1950s architecture under [[Cultural heritage management]].
The town hall was inaugurated <ref>Das alte und neue Rathaus in Düren, Festschrift 1959</ref> in 1959. It now ranks as an example of 1950s architecture under [[Cultural heritage management]].


==Worship==
==Politics==
The current mayor of Düren is Frank Peter Ullrich of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate
! rowspan=2| Party
! colspan=2| First round
! colspan=2| Second round
|-
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
| align=left| Frank Peter Ullrich
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]]
| 10,641
| 36.1
| 14,853
| 69.8
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|
| align=left| Thomas Floßdorf
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]]
| 7,877
| 26.7
| 6,435
| 30.2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
| align=left| Maria Belka
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]]
| 6,724
| 22.8
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|
| align=left| Siegfried Fahl
| align=left| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 2,166
| 7.3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|
| align=left| Karl Cremer
| align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]]
| 2,113
| 7.2
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 29,521
! 97.2
! 21,288
! 98.3
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 837
! 2.8
! 364
! 1.7
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 30,358
! 100.0
! 21,652
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 69,324
! 43.8
! 69,257
! 31.3
|-
| colspan=7| Source: City of Düren ([https://wahlen.regioit.de/1/km2020/05358008/html5/Buergermeisterwahl_NRW_80_Gemeinde_Stadt_Dueren.html 1st round], [https://wahlen.regioit.de/1/km2020/05358008/html5/Buergermeisterstichwahl_NRW_85_Gemeinde_Stadt_Dueren.html 2nd round])
|}

===City council===
[[File:2020 Düren City Council election.svg|thumb|350px|Results of the 2020 city council election]]
The Düren city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU)
| 9,896
| 33.3
| {{decrease}} 7.7
| 17
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD)
| 8,555
| 28.8
| {{decrease}} 3.7
| 15
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}|
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne)
| 5,317
| 17.9
| {{increase}} 8.1
| 9
| {{increase}} 4
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)
| 2,111
| 7.1
| {{increase}} 1.6
| 4
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}|
| align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP)
| 1,338
| 4.5
| {{increase}} 1.2
| 2
| ±0
|-
|
| align=left| Citizens for Düren (BfD)
| 943
| 3.2
| {{increase}} 1.1
| 2
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}|
| align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke)
| 844
| 2.8
| {{decrease}} 2.5
| 1
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Pirate Party Germany}}|
| align=left| [[Pirate Party Germany]] (Piraten)
| 396
| 1.3
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|
| align=left| Independent Harf
| 329
| 1.1
| New
| 1
| New
|-
! colspan=2| Valid votes
! 29,729
! 98.1
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Invalid votes
! 581
! 1.9
!
!
!
|-
! colspan=2| Total
! 30,310
! 100.0
!
! 52
! {{increase}} 2
|-
! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout
! 69,324
! 43.7
! {{increase}} 1.7
!
!
|-
| colspan=7| Source: [https://wahlen.regioit.de/1/km2020/05358008/html5/Ratswahl_NRW_81_Gemeinde_Stadt_Dueren.html City of Düren]
|}

==Religion==
*The most important church in the city is the Annakirche. The church was completely destroyed by bombing in 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s under the guidance of the architect [[Rudolf Schwarz (architect)|Rudolf Schwarz]]. Throughout the city there are 15 other Catholic parish and church communities, including in Arnoldsweiler.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirchen und religiöse Gemeinschaften|publisher=Stadt Düren|url=http://www.dueren.de/kultur-freizeit/kultur/kirchen-in-dueren/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124170857/http://www.dueren.de/kultur-freizeit/kultur/kirchen-in-dueren/|archive-date=2008-01-24|language=de}}</ref>
*The most important church in the city is the Annakirche. The church was completely destroyed by bombing in 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s under the guidance of the architect [[Rudolf Schwarz (architect)|Rudolf Schwarz]]. Throughout the city there are 15 other Catholic parish and church communities, including in Arnoldsweiler.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kirchen und religiöse Gemeinschaften|publisher=Stadt Düren|url=http://www.dueren.de/kultur-freizeit/kultur/kirchen-in-dueren/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124170857/http://www.dueren.de/kultur-freizeit/kultur/kirchen-in-dueren/|archive-date=2008-01-24|language=de}}</ref>
* The most important Protestant church in Düren is the Christuskirche. At its inauguration in 1954, it possessed the highest freestanding [[bell tower]] in Germany.<ref>Festschrift zur Einweihung der evangelischen Kirche in Düren 1954, Selbstverlag des Presbyteriums</ref>
* The most important Protestant church in Düren is the Christuskirche. At its inauguration in 1954, it possessed the highest freestanding [[bell tower]] in Germany.<ref>Festschrift zur Einweihung der evangelischen Kirche in Düren 1954, Selbstverlag des Presbyteriums</ref>
* Up to the destruction of [[Kristallnacht]], the [[synagogue]] was located in Schützenstraße. In its place is now a stele from Düren artist Rückriem.
* Up to the destruction of [[Kristallnacht]], the [[synagogue]] was located in Schützenstraße. In its place is now a stele from Düren artist Rückriem.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rückriem-Stele Schützenstraße|publisher=duereninfo.de|url=http://www.duereninfo.de/stelen/schue.html|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123116/http://www.duereninfo.de/stelen/schue.html|archive-date=2007-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Rückriem-Stele Schützenstraße|publisher=duereninfo.de|url=http://www.duereninfo.de/stelen/schue.html|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006123116/http://www.duereninfo.de/stelen/schue.html|archive-date=2007-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Main sights==
==Main sights==
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
* Rabbi Isaac ben Meir of Duren (13th century rabbi), author of Shaarei Dura
* [[Karl Benrath|Benrath, Karl]] (1845–1924), church historian
* [[Karl Benrath]] (1845–1924), Church historian
* [[Johann Bollig]] (b. 1821), [[Theologian of the Pontifical Household|Pontifical Theologian]] and advisor to [[Pope Pius IX]]
* [[Johann Bollig]] (born 1821), [[Theologian of the Pontifical Household|Pontifical Theologian]] and advisor to [[Pope Pius IX]]
* [[Marita Breuer|Breuer, Marita]] (b. 1953), actress
* [[Marita Breuer]] (born 1953), actress
* [[Manfred Donike]] (1933–1995), cyclist
* [[Manfred Donike]] (1933–1995), cyclist
* [[Gert Engels|Engels, Gert]] (b. 1957), football coach
* [[Gert Engels]] (born 1957), football coach
* [[John Engels|Engels, John]] (b. 1959), historian
* [[John Engels]] (born 1959), historian
* [[Simon Ernst|Ernst, Simon]] (b. 1994), Handball Player
* [[Simon Ernst]] (born 1994), handball player
*[[Margot Eskens]], (born 1939), [[Schlager]] singer
* [[Margot Eskens]] (born 1939), [[Schlager music|Schlager]] singer
* [[Jerome Felton]] (born 1987), American football player
* [[Jerome Felton]] (born 1987), American football player
* [[Hermann Heinrich Gossen|Gossen, Hermann Heinrich]] (1810–1858), Prussian [[Economics|economist]]
* [[Hermann Heinrich Gossen|Gossen, Hermann Heinrich]] (1810–1858), Prussian economist
* [[Georg Hamel|Hamel, Georg]] (1877–1954), mathematician
* [[Georg Hamel]] (1877–1954), mathematician
*[[Wilfried Hannes]] (born 1957), [[Football (soccer)|football]] player
* [[Wilfried Hannes]] (born 1957), football player
* [[Ute Hasse|Hasse, Ute]] (born 1963), swimmer, Olympic silver medal
* [[Ute Hasse]] (born 1963), swimmer, Olympic silver medal
* [[Rudolf Henke|Henke, Rudolf]] (born 1954), MP''
* [[Rudolf Henke]] (born 1954), MP''
* [[Leopold Hoesch (entrepreneur)|Hoesch, Leopold]] (1820–1899), founder of Hoesch AG in [[Dortmund]], founder of the Leopold Hoesch Museum in Düren
* [[Leopold Hoesch (entrepreneur)|Leopold Hoesch]] (1820–1899), founder of Hoesch AG in [[Dortmund]], and founder of the Leopold Hoesch Museum in Düren
* [[Friedrich Honigmann|Honigmann, Friedrich]] (1841–1913), mining entrepreneur
* [[Friedrich Honigmann]] (1841–1913), mining entrepreneur
* [[Gerd Hoppe]] (born 1968), Evangelist
* [[Gerd Hoppe]] (born 1968), Evangelist
* [[Karin Jacobsen|Jacobsen, Karin]] (1924–1989), actress and screenwriter
* [[Karin Jacobsen]] (1924–1989), actress and screenwriter
* [[Harald Konopka|Konopka, Harald]] (born 1952), football legends
* [[Harald Konopka]] (born 1952), football player
* [[Karl Lauterbach (SPD)|Lauterbach, Karl]] (born 1963), economist
* [[Karl Lauterbach (SPD)|Karl Lauterbach]] (born 1963), economist and politician
* [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] (1805–1859), [[mathematician]]
* [[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet]] (1805–1859), mathematician
* [[Michael Lentz|Lentz, Michael]] (born 1964), writer, musician
* [[Michael Lentz]] (born 1964), writer and musician
* [[Christoph Moritz|Moritz, Christoph]] (born 1990), football player
* [[Christoph Moritz]] (born 1990), football player
* [[Kalle Pohl]] (born 1951), [[comedian]]
* [[Kalle Pohl]] (born 1951), comedian
* [[Eugen Prym|Prym, Eugen]] (1843–1913), orientalist and linguist
* [[Eugen Prym]] (1843–1913), orientalist and linguist
* [[Friedrich Prym|Prym, Friedrich]] (1841–1915), mathematician), musician
* [[Friedrich Prym]] (1841–1915), mathematician and musician
* [[Sven Schaffrath|Schaffrath, Sven]] (born 1984), football player
* [[Sven Schaffrath]] (born 1984), football player
* [[Karl-Heinz Schnellinger]] (born 1939), [[Football (soccer)|football]] player
* [[Karl-Heinz Schnellinger]] (born 1939), football player
* [[Max von Schillings]] (1868-1933), conductor and composer
* [[Max von Schillings]] (1868–1933), conductor and composer
* [[Sybille Schmitz]] (1909–1955), German [[film]] star
* [[Sybille Schmitz]] (1909–1955), German film star
* [[Rudolf Schock]], (1915–1986), [[opera]] singer
* [[Rudolf Schock]] (1915–1986), [[opera]] singer
* [[Rudolf Schoeller]] (1902–1978), Swiss racing driver
* [[Harald Schumacher]], (born 1954) [[Football (soccer)|football]] player with [[1. FC Köln]] and Germany
* [[Harald Schumacher]] (born 1954), football player with [[1. FC Köln]] and [[Germany national football team|Germany national]]
* [[Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)|Hermann Schwarz]] (1864–1951), philosopher
* [[Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)|Hermann Schwarz]] (1864–1951), philosopher
* [[Georg Stollenwerk]] (born 1927), [[Football (soccer)|football]] player
* [[Georg Stollenwerk]] (born 1927), football player
* [[Lars Vogt]] (born 1970), [[pianist]]
* [[Klaus H. Carl]] (born 1935), photographer
* [[Lars Vogt]] (1970–2022), pianist
* [[Paul J. J. Welfens]] (1957–2022), economist


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:Free imperial cities]]
[[Category:Free imperial cities]]
[[Category:Rhine Province]]
[[Category:Districts of the Rhine Province]]
[[Category:Düren (district)]]
[[Category:Düren (district)]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Latest revision as of 13:21, 20 December 2023

"Duren" redirects here. For the Southeast Asian fruit, see Durian.
Düren
Town
View of Burgau Castle
View of Burgau Castle
Flag of Düren
Flag
Coat of arms of Düren
Coat of arms
Location of Düren within Düren district
Düren (district)North Rhine-WestphaliaRhein-Erft-KreisEuskirchen (district)Rhein-Kreis NeussHeinsberg (district)AachenAachen (district)BelgiumHeimbachKreuzauNideggenVettweißDürenJülichLangerweheTitzMerzenichAldenhovenHürtgenwaldNörvenichIndenNiederzierLinnich
Düren is located in Germany
Düren
Düren
Düren is located in North Rhine-Westphalia
Düren
Düren
Coordinates: 50°48′N 6°29′E / 50.800°N 6.483°E / 50.800; 6.483
CountryGermany
StateNorth Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. regionKöln
DistrictDüren
Subdivisions15
Government
 • Mayor (2020–25) Frank Peter Ullrich[1] (SPD)
Area
 • Total85.02 km2 (32.83 sq mi)
Elevation
125 m (410 ft)
Population
 (2022-12-31)[2]
 • Total93,207
 • Density1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
52349/52351/52353/52355
Dialling codes02421
Vehicle registrationDN
Websitewww.dueren.de

Düren (German pronunciation: [ˈdyːʁən];[3] Ripuarian: Düre) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, between Aachen and Cologne, on the river Rur.

History[edit]

Roman era[edit]

The area of Düren was part of Gallia Belgica, more specifically the territory of the Eburones, a people who were described as both Belgae and Germani. It was conquered by the Roman Republic under Julius Caesar and became part of Germania inferior.

Düren became a supply area for the rapidly growing Roman city of Cologne (Roman name Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium). Furthermore, a few important Roman roads skirt Düren (including the road from Cologne to Jülich and Tongeren and the road from Cologne to Zülpich and Trier). By the 4th century, the area was settled by the Ripuarian Franks. The name villa duria occurred the first time in the Frankish Annals in the year 747.

Frankish king Pippin the Short often visited Düren in the 8th century and held a few important conventions there. The Franks made of Düren a royal palace, from which the name Palatine (Pfalz in German) is derived. Charlemagne sojourned a few times there. Due to the frequent visits of Charlemagne, a few markets sprang up, such as the corn, cattle, wood, chicken, and butter markets, all of which contributed to Düren's development. The castle was built at the place where, since 1991, the Saint Anne Church is located.

Middle Ages[edit]

Düren obtained city rights in the early 13th century. Around 1200, the construction of the city wall was started, which includes 12 towers and 5 gates. The gates faced all directions: in the north, the Philippstor and the Wirteltor, in the east the Kölntor (Cologne gate), in the south the Obertor and in the west the Holztor (wooden gate). There are still ruins of the gates today.

The chiseler Leonhard stole a small box with the relic of Saint Anne out of the Mainzer Stiftskirche St. Stephan in 1501 and brought it to Düren. Pope Julius II decided on March 18, 1506, that Düren could keep the remains. They were kept in the Martinskirche (church of Saint Martin) which was renamed the Annakirche (church of Saint Anne) in 1505. (Probably the church was renamed much later, because in the 19th century it was still called sometimes parish church of the holy Martinus). Saint Anne became the patron saint of Düren. Every year, the saint's day of Saint Anne (July 26) is celebrated for one week with the Anna octavos and the Anna parish fair, one of the biggest folk festivals of Germany.

17th to 19th century[edit]

View of Düren in 1945, following the heavy Allied aerial bombing

In 1642, Düren was embroiled in the Thirty Years' War. Opposing troops destroyed the city. After the war has finally ended in 1648, plague broke out and caused many lives to be lost. A second plague epidemic broke out in 1665. Due to the various attacks on the debilitated city, Düren was destroyed again in 1679. In this time, the settlement Miesheim was destroyed, never to be rebuilt.

Towards the end of the year 1755 in the area around Düren and Aachen began a series of earthquakes, which reached its peak on February 18, 1756 with an earthquake with the strength 8 on the Mercalli scale. The series of earthquakes affected all of Europe, most famously the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

The businesses in the area of Düren was affected since the 15th century by the drapery and metal industry. Since the beginning of the 17th century, paper industry had settled here, advantaged by the exceptionally soft water of the Rur. Rütger von Scheven built the first paper mill in Düren. In 1812, there were already 17 paper factories, 11 cloth- and blanket factories, an iron rolling mill or slitting mill and two iron foundries.

In the year 1794, Düren was occupied by French revolutionary troops. From 1798 until 1814, Düren was the main city of the same named canton in the arrondissement Aachen of the French Roerdepartements (from the name of the River Rur (Roer) and département). After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Düren was ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia and was subsequently administered within the Rhine Province.

20th century[edit]

By 1900, Düren was among Germany's richest cities (with 42 millionaires and 93 factories) and had a population of 27,168. By comparison, fewer than 5,000 people had lived in Düren a century earlier.

The city of Düren was located on the main fighting front during the Allied invasion of Germany in World War II. During 1944 and 1945, the protracted and bloody Battle for Hürtgenwald was fought on Düren's district area, and on November 16, 1944, Düren was completely destroyed by Allied air bombings. Approximately 22,000 people lived in Düren at that time, and 3,000 of them died during the bombing. Those who survived were evacuated to central Germany. Destroyed buildings included the Stadttheater Düren (1907), designed in Jugendstil by Carl Moritz.

By 1939, the population had risen to over 45,000, but then fell to just 3,806 by June 1945 due to the effects of World War II. After the bombing of November 16, 1944, on March 1, 1945, only four German residents lived in the city, including forced laborers etc. there were 21 people. On April 1, the number of inhabitants had risen to 180 and on May 1, 1945, there were already 1218 people. In December 1945 the number increased to 25,000 inhabitants and in 1958 it was 45,000, the same number as before the war. Due to the incorporation of several places in the area, the city's population grew on January 1, 1972, by 35,522 to 89,087.

On February 25, 1945, U.S. troops crossed the Rur at Düren. After the war was over in the summer that year, many evacuated people came back to the destroyed city and started to rebuild their homes against the advice of the American troops. By June 1945, the population had risen to 3,806. Most of the architecture in Düren therefore dates from the 1950s.

Eulendom

Culture and points of interest[edit]

The most famous museum of Düren is the Leopold Hoesch Museum. The in 1905 in Baroque Revival architecture erected building presents changing exhibitions of contemporary art. Since 1986, can also be seen artworks of the international Biennale PaperArt. Since 2006, is in the former nurses' home of the St. Augustinus Hospital Lendersdorf the Düren Carnival Museum. The most recent museum is the in 2009 founded Stadtmuseum Düren. This museum shows an exhibition of the local history.

Theatre and music[edit]

The former Stadttheater Düren was opened in January 1907. In the bombing of November 16, 1944, the theatre was almost completely destroyed. Today cultural performances take place mainly at the Haus der Stadt. Since 2004 the multi-functional Arena Kreis Düren, which has around 2000 seats, serves as a venue for major concerts.

Buildings[edit]

At the edge of the forest in the Niederau district lies Burgau Castle. The water castle ways inhabited by the Counts of Heinsberg at the beginning of the 14th Century. After it was destroyed in 1944, the restoration process lasted from 1979 to 1998. In Theodor Heuss Park is the Bismarck Memorial, erected in 1892 to commemorate the most famous honorary citizen from Düren. The town hall was inaugurated [4] in 1959. It now ranks as an example of 1950s architecture under Cultural heritage management.

Politics[edit]

The current mayor of Düren is Frank Peter Ullrich of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 September 2020, with a runoff held on 27 September, and the results were as follows:

Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Frank Peter Ullrich Social Democratic Party 10,641 36.1 14,853 69.8
Thomas Floßdorf Christian Democratic Union 7,877 26.7 6,435 30.2
Maria Belka Alliance 90/The Greens 6,724 22.8
Siegfried Fahl Independent 2,166 7.3
Karl Cremer Free Democratic Party 2,113 7.2
Valid votes 29,521 97.2 21,288 98.3
Invalid votes 837 2.8 364 1.7
Total 30,358 100.0 21,652 100.0
Electorate/voter turnout 69,324 43.8 69,257 31.3
Source: City of Düren (1st round, 2nd round)

City council[edit]

Results of the 2020 city council election

The Düren city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 9,896 33.3 Decrease 7.7 17 Decrease 3
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 8,555 28.8 Decrease 3.7 15 Decrease 1
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) 5,317 17.9 Increase 8.1 9 Increase 4
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 2,111 7.1 Increase 1.6 4 Increase 1
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 1,338 4.5 Increase 1.2 2 ±0
Citizens for Düren (BfD) 943 3.2 Increase 1.1 2 Increase 1
The Left (Die Linke) 844 2.8 Decrease 2.5 1 Decrease 2
Pirate Party Germany (Piraten) 396 1.3 New 1 New
Independent Harf 329 1.1 New 1 New
Valid votes 29,729 98.1
Invalid votes 581 1.9
Total 30,310 100.0 52 Increase 2
Electorate/voter turnout 69,324 43.7 Increase 1.7
Source: City of Düren

Religion[edit]

  • The most important church in the city is the Annakirche. The church was completely destroyed by bombing in 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s under the guidance of the architect Rudolf Schwarz. Throughout the city there are 15 other Catholic parish and church communities, including in Arnoldsweiler.[5]
  • The most important Protestant church in Düren is the Christuskirche. At its inauguration in 1954, it possessed the highest freestanding bell tower in Germany.[6]
  • Up to the destruction of Kristallnacht, the synagogue was located in Schützenstraße. In its place is now a stele from Düren artist Rückriem.[7]

Main sights[edit]

  • Burgau Castle (German: Schloss Burgau)
  • Dicker Turm ("Fat Tower"), a remain of the old city's fortifications
  • Annakirche (St. Anne Church)
  • Marienkirche (St. Mary Magdalene Church)
  • Monument to Bismarck
  • Leopold Hoesch Museum

Emblem[edit]

The emblem of the city of Düren is divided. It shows on the top a red castle, below that, a black eagle and in the lower half a black lion with a red tongue. The black eagle refers to the old history of Düren as a royal city and Reichsstadt. In 1242–46 Düren was bonded to the dukes of Jülich (later, Napoleon was also Duke of Jülich). Their emblem was a lion passant, with open mouth and a red tongue.

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Düren is twinned with:[8]

Media[edit]

Düren has its own radio station (Radio Rur). The station broadcasts on 92.7 and 107.5 MHz, and on cable at 87.5 MHz. There are two daily newspapers (Dürener Zeitung, Dürener Nachrichten) and several weekly papers.

Notable people[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2022 – Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus vom 9. Mai 2011" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  3. ^ "Düren". Duden – Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Bibliographisches Institut. 2015. p. 327. ISBN 978-3411911516.
  4. ^ Das alte und neue Rathaus in Düren, Festschrift 1959
  5. ^ "Kirchen und religiöse Gemeinschaften" (in German). Stadt Düren. Archived from the original on 2008-01-24.
  6. ^ Festschrift zur Einweihung der evangelischen Kirche in Düren 1954, Selbstverlag des Presbyteriums
  7. ^ "Rückriem-Stele Schützenstraße" (in German). duereninfo.de. Archived from the original on 2007-10-06.
  8. ^ "Partnerstädte der Stadt Düren" (PDF). dueren.de (in German). Düren. Retrieved 2021-02-12.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Düren.
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