Girl group

girl groups
Stylistic origins	1930s-1965: music hall, vaudeville, swing music, jump blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, soul music, gospel music, traditional pop 1965-2000s: disco, r&b, power pop, pop rock, electronic dance music, 2000s: pop punk, indie rock, indie pop, garage rock, dance punk, pop rap, emo/post-hardcore, new rave
Cultural origins	1930s United States
Typical instruments	Vocals, electronic backing, sampler, sequencer, electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, keyboard
Derivative forms	boy bands, twee pop, riot grrrl, indie pop, bubblegum pop, Yé-yé
Other topics
Motown Records, Eurovision song contest, camp (style), pop icon, teenybopper, postmodernism, consumerism, gay culture, kitsch, pop culture, manufactured pop, teen idol, gay icon, girl power, All-female band

The Supremes A' Go-Go (1966) was the first album by a female group to reach the top position of the Billboard magazine pop albums chart in the United States.

A girl group is a popular music act featuring several young female singers who generally harmonize together.

Girl groups emerged in the late 1950s as groups of young singers teamed up with behind-the-scenes songwriters and music producers to create hit singles, often featuring glossy production values and backing by top studio musicians. In later eras the girl group template would be applied to disco, R&B, and country- based formats as well as pop music.

History

During the Music Hall/Vaudeville era, all-girl singing groups were mainly novelty acts singing nonsense songs in silly voices. One of the first major exceptions was the Boswell Sisters, who became one of the most popular singing groups from 1930 to 1936, with over twenty hits. The Boswells were noted for their artistry, and often played their own instruments and performed their own arrangements. The Andrews Sisters started (1937) as a Boswell tribute band, filling the vacuum left after that group's demise. The Andrews Sisters remained hugely popular through the 1940s and 1950s as recording and performing stars, until the rise of early rock and roll made their tight-harmony, big band-derived style obsolete.

1950s and 1960s

Among the earliest acts categorizable as a "girl group" are The Chantels, whose 1958 hit "Maybe" had many of the earmarks of what would become the classic girl-group sound: looser harmonies mixing elements of pop and rhythm and blues, an identifiable lead vocal within a harmony arrangement, and subject matter centered around young love.

As rock and roll began to quickly grow in popularity, dozens of groups tried their luck, often teaming up with established songwriters and record producers. The Shirelles, who had had some minor R&B hits, hooked up with Brill Building songwriters, notably Gerry Goffin and Carole King, who wrote "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" for them. The song became a number one pop hit in early 1961, and is widely recognized as establishing the prototypical girl-group style.

Other songwriters and producers quickly recognized the potential of this new approach, and recruited existing acts (or, in some cases, created them anew) to record their songs in a girl-group style. Phil Spector recruited The Crystals, The Blossoms, and The Ronettes, while Goffin and King handled much of the output of The Cookies. Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller would likewise foster The Dixie Cups, The Shangri-Las, and The Exciters. Other important girl group songwriters included Ellie Greenwich, Jeff Barry, Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann. The Motown label also masterminded several major girl groups, beginning with The Marvelettes and later with Martha and the Vandellas and The Supremes.

By the mid to late 1960s, in the face of the British Invasion and the increasing popularity of rock music, the popularity of girl groups began to wane. During this time, only a few all-female groups, such as The Supremes and Martha and the Vandellas (both Motown), made the transition to an earthier, soulful sound and success. The influence of the girl-group sound would continue to be heard even as the rock era progressed; particularly through The Beatles, who would cover several girl-group hits including "Chains" (The Cookies), "Please Mr. Postman" (The Marvelettes), "Baby It's You", and "Boys" (both originally recorded by The Shirelles).

High-end production

Besides harmony singing, girl group songs of the time were characterized by high-end production and dramatic arrangements, and producers were often as important to the recordings as the artists themselves. Spector was the most famous and influential producer of the era. His Wall of Sound production featured a thick layer of instrumentation (drums, guitar, bass, a horn section and often something more exotic, such as Glockenspiel or vibraphone). Amidst the musical accompaniment, there was a lead vocal, often deliberately girlish in tone, singing deceptively simple, naïve lyrics which artfully and eloquently expressed the emotions of teenagers of the time. An example would be The Ronettes' "Be My Baby," which doubles as both a charming love song and, implicitly, a portrayal of adolescent sexual mores. Many groups, such as the Shangri-Las, used productions inspired by Spector, even if Spector himself did not work on their records. Others, including some New York City-based groups like The Chiffons, used more conventional pop music arrangements, while the Motown groups used typical driving Motown arrangements of the period.

The high-production, harmony-heavy sound of girl groups was so well-established and proved so popular that many individual singers adopted the "girl-group sound." Lesley Gore and Little Eva were solo artists, but are often considered part of the girl group genre. Other groups, such as Ruby and the Romantics and The Essex, had the "girl-group sound," even though they were not composed entirely of females. The sound was also a key element of many of the "Beach Party" type movies of the same era, many starring Annette Funicello.

Fashion

Fashion became a key aspect of the girl group phenomenon, especially as the acts began to be invited to appear on variety television programs and musical revues. Despite their often-humble backgrounds, the girl groups wore the latest and most stylish dresses (often in matching sets) and set styles for hair and clothing.

Crossing ethnic and cultural boundaries

Although the most popular girl groups of the 1960s were primarily of young black women, their success and popularity crossed all ethnic and cultural boundaries, even during periods of racial tension. (A few white girl groups, including The Angels and The Paris Sisters, had hits that were basically indistinguishable in style and sound from their black counterparts.) Even when the content of the songs bordered on the risqué, the well-dressed, well-mannered young women in these groups found acceptance in suburban America, subtly changing attitudes and spearheading the crossover successes of many black musical acts to come.

Mid 1970s to mid 1980s

From the mid 1970s to the mid 1980s, a profusion of successful disco/pop dance female groups were formed in continental Europe: Luv', Babe, Dolly Dots, Maywood, Doris D. & The Pins, Snoopy, Star Sisters, Mai Tai from the Netherlands, Silver Convention and Arabesque from Germany, and Baccara from Spain.

In the United States, the 1980s saw the emergence of girl groups such as The Go-Go's, The Bangles and Pointer Sisters, who charted several hits in the 1980s, including "Jump (for My Love)" and "I'm So Excited".

In the United Kingdom the New Wave/pop group Bananarama had an extensive number of Top 40 singles around the world in the 1980s and 1990s. Their most famous international hit, "Venus," hit #1 in the United States (a feat they didn't achieve in their homeland). In 1988, they entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the most successful all-female group in history, a title they held for over a decade.

Late 1980s and the 1990s

In the late 1980s and early 1990s in the United States, Exposé, Sweet Sensation, The Cover Girls, Jade, and Seduction all enjoyed commercial success with the growth of a Latin- or R&B-oriented dance sound. 1990 saw the beginning of Destiny's Child, whose success through to 2006 rendered to the best-selling girl groups of all time, with sales of 100 million records worldwide. Billboard called them one of the best musical trios of all time.

Many of the girl groups of the 1990s returned to a manufactured pop style, marketed as clean-cut and aimed at young, predominantly female audiences. A prime example of this was the US vocal trio, Wilson Phillips. In Canada, West End Girls achieved minor hits on the Canadian charts.

Former Bananarama member Siobhan Fahey created an edgy alternative group, Shakespears Sister, whose single "Stay" stayed at #1 in the UK for eight weeks (the longest run by any girl group) and made the top 5 in the US.

In the UK, the R&B act Eternal scored a string of hits both within the U.K and internationally as well as having three multi-platinum selling albums. One of the most successful American R&B girl groups of the early 1990s was vocal quartet En Vogue. According to Billboard magazine, they were the eighteenth most successful act of the 1990s. Irish girl group B*Witched enjoyed chart success with four #1 singles in the UK. Cleopatra scored hits both in the UK and the US. They had their own television sitcom and were signed by Madonna|. The All Saints became one of the most successful British pop group of the 1990s with five #1 hits in the UK and two multi-platinum albums. Their second single, "Never Ever", is their biggest hit, topping the charts in UK and Australia.

Spice Girls had nine #1 singles in the UK, including "Wannabe", "2 Become 1" and "Spice Up Your Life". With sold-out concerts, advertisements, merchandise and a film, Spice Girls became the most commercially successful British girl group. They were one of the biggest selling female group of the 1990s, and one of best-selling female groups in modern music history. Their first album, Spice is the best-selling album of the all time by a female group, with 23 million sales worldwide. In total, Spice Girls sold in excess of 55 million records worldwide.

In the 1990s, TLC also experienced high popularity in the US. Their sophomore album, Crazy Sexy Cool is the best selling hip hop and female r&b group album of all time in the US with sales of 15 million copies. Billboard ranks them as one of the best musical trios of all time. Another R&B girl group SWV became one of the big selling female groups in the US to come out of the 1990s.

Since the late 1990s, as J-Pop has become more popular outside its native Japan (thanks largely to the Internet), Japanese girl groups such as SPEED, Zone and (especially) Morning Musume (whose past sales figures rival those of many well-known British and American acts) have achieved a degree of cult status within certain communities and social groups, especially those associated with Japanophilia.

In the UK, Sugababes formed in 1998, and have been named the most successful all-female act of the 21st century in the UK. They have also sold more than 5 million albums in the UK alone.

2000s

Girl group UC3 sing "The Star-Spangled Banner" for U.S. troops in Afghanistan

In the early 2000s, popular girl groups included California-based Dream, the Swedish quartet Play, Chinese pop band S.H.E and the UK/U.S. quintet No Secrets. Bands like The Raveonettes, The Pipettes, Miss Derringer and the Detroit Cobras incorporate the sound of early-1960s girl groups.

The reality TV show Popstars produced some short-lived girl groups: in Australia, Bardot, in the US, Eden's Crush, in Argentina, Bandana, and in Canada, Sugar Jones. In Germany, Popstars produced the girl groups No Angels, Monrose and Preluders. In France, the show produced the girl groups L5 and Diadems. However, in the UK, Popstars: the Rivals, Girls Aloud was formed in late 2002 and is still recording and performing together as a group to this day to widespread acclaim and success.

Pussycat Dolls, an all-American girl group, gathered worldwide success with their #1 hit "Don't Cha" and songs such as "Stickwitu" and "Beep". In 2008, the creator of Pussycat Dolls, Robin Antin, created a new reality show in which women compete to become members of a new R&B/pop girl group Girlicious. Another creation of Antin is Paradiso Girls, the European version of Pussycat Dolls. Another co-creation is Girlesque, somewhat following in the footsteps of Pussycat Dolls.

In Germany, Soccx formed with five members from the US. They released the singles "From Dusk till Dawn" and "Scream Out Loud".

In Korea, girl groups such as Baby V.O.X, Fin.K.L, S.E.S, Wonder Girls and Girls' Generation, led the K-pop boom in East Asia and contributed to Korean Wave (also known as Hanryu). Meanwhile, in Japan, J-pop groups Zone and Speed continued to be popular well into the first decade of the 21st century while Morning Musume evolved into the "flagship group" of the all-female vocalist collective Hello! Project; more recently, AKB48 has become increasingly popular as well. Music videos of J-Pop girl groups are widely available for viewing on sites such as YouTube and Veoh; many non-Japanese even post videos of themselves singing popular Japanese girl groups' songs karaoke-style, creating "fandubs".

K-Pop and J-pop girl groups' music and merchandise is readily-available in online stores through mail order.

The Cheetah Girls, a girl group spawned by three successful TV movies on Disney Channel, released two platinum-selling soundtracks. The group's 2006 tour was the most successful in Disney Channel history, and a year later, they released their studio debut album TCG, which debuted in the top 50 on the Billboard charts.

In 2005, Diddy formed Danity Kane in the MTV reality show, Making the Band 3. Their first album debuted at #1 on the main charts and went platinum. Danity Kane released their second studio album Welcome to the Dollhouse which also debuted at #1 on the main charts. Danity Kane is the first girl group in history to have both there debut and sophomore album make it onto the US Billboard top 200 charts at #1 in the first week of release. They are the most successful multicultural R&B and Pop group.

See also

• List of best-selling girl groups