BM-21

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BM-21PD on an Ural-375D truck

BM-21 is a multiple missile launcher system in 122 mm caliber that was developed in the Soviet Union . The GRAY index is 9K51 degrees . BM is an abbreviation for "Bojewaja maschina" ( Russian Боевая машина ), for "combat vehicle"; Degree means "hail".

development

The system was developed between 1950 and 1958 by the state arms manufacturer Splaw in Tula . It was introduced to the land forces of the Soviet Army from 1963 . Grad replaced the multiple rocket launcher systems BM-14 and BMD-20 .

BM-21 is the most widely used multiple rocket launcher system in the world. By the end of the 1980s, the Motowilicha plant in Perm had produced around 3,500 launchers and over 3 million rockets. Several thousand launchers and rockets were also manufactured under license abroad.

Versions

Marine version A-215 Degree-M with 2 × 20 tubes
  • Grade : basic version with 40 tubes; on an Ural 375D .
  • Grade 1 : Introduced in 1976 and is mounted on a ZIL-131 truck with 36 gun tubes (index 9K55) . This version is called BM-21b by NATO.
  • Grade V : Air-loadable version with 12 launch tubes; mounted on a GAZ-66 B.
  • Grade-M : Newer version mounted on an Ural-4320 ; System index 9P137. In NATO this version is called BM-21-1.
  • 9P128 : Single tube on a tripod; the 9M28 missile series was developed for this launcher.
  • Grade-P : Single tube on a tripod. System index 9K132 Partisan; for guerrilla and special forces.
  • DKZ-66P : 4-tube launcher on a tripod. System index 9K132 Partisan; for airborne and special forces.
  • 9K510 Illuminatsija : 1-tube launcher with 9M42 rocket for battlefield lighting.
  • 9P139 : Version with 40 launcher tubes installed on the tracked vehicle MT-LB . Only a few copies made.
  • 2B26 Grad-K : Current version with 40 gun tubes and automated command system; Mounted on a KamAZ-5350 truck.
  • 9K51 Tornado : Current version with 50 gun tubes and automated command system; Mounted on a ZIL-131 truck.
  • 9K51 Great : Export version of the 9K51 Tornado.
  • 9A53 Tornado -G : successor model with 2 × 24 turret tubes, presented in 2009; on 8 × 8 truck MZKT-7930 . Thanks to the modular design, the missiles of the BM-30 and BM-22 systems can also befired.
  • BM-21PD : For coastal defense; with 40 launcher tubes mounted on an Ural-375D or Ural-4320. Also known as the DT-62 "Damba".
  • A-215 Grad-M : naval version, installed on dropships.
Versions outside of the Soviet Union
RM-70 /85 of the Polish Army
A technical (chariot): four launcher tubes mounted on a Dodge RAM during the 2011 Libyan Civil War
  • Type 81 : Version of the People's Republic of China. Installed on a 6 × 6 Yan'an SX2150 truck with 40 gun tubes.
  • Type 83 : Installed with 36 turret tubes on a 6 × 6 truck.
  • Type 84 : Improved Type 83.
  • Type 89 : Installed with 40 turret tubes on a Type 83 tracked vehicle. With a complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • Type 90 : version with 40 turret tubes, installed on a 6 × 6 truck MF-4 . With a complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • RM-70 : Version of Czechoslovakia with 40 launcher tubes, installed on an 8 × 8 truck Tatra 813 . A complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • RM-70/85 : Improved RM-70 installed on an 8 × 8 Tatra 815 truck .
  • PRL-111 : Egyptian version. Single tube on a tripod
  • PRL-113 : Egyptian version, three tubes on a tripod.
  • Sacr-18 : Egyptian version of grade-1.
  • Firos 30 : Italian version on a 6 × 6 FIAT or Mercedes truck , with 40 gun tubes.
  • Firos 25 : Installed on a 5-ton IVECO truck .
  • M96 Typhoon : Version from Croatia. Installed on a Tatra T813 truck with 12 launchers and a complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • WR-40 Langusta : Version from Poland with 40 gun tubes, installed on a 6 × 6 JELCZ P662D.35-M27truck.
  • Langusta II : Version from Poland with 40 launcher tubes, installed on an 8 × 8 truck. A complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • Oganj : Version from Serbia with 32 gun tubes, installed on a 6 × 6 truck TAM 150 T11 BV . A complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • Oganj 2000 ER : Version from Serbia with 50 launcher tubes, installed on an 8 × 8 KamAZ-63501 truck . A complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • BelGrad : Version from Ukraine with 40 gun tubes, installed on a MAZ-6317 ; a complete set of missiles in reserve.
  • BM-11 : version from North Korea; installed on a Ural 375D.
  • Hadid HM20 : Iranian version; installed on a Mercedes 2624 with 40 launch tubes
  • Arash : Iranian version; installed on (4 × 4) tanker lorry Mercedes-Benz LA 911 B .
  • T-122 Sakarya : Turkish version with 40 gun tubes on a MAN 26.281 .
  • R-Han: version from Indonesia; 8 launch tubes installed on a Land Rover or 16 launch tubes installed on a truck.
  • APRA-40/41 : Romanian version with 40 gun tubes; installed on a 6 × 6 DAC -665T truck .
  • LAROM : Improved APRA-41.
  • Awora : Version from Romania. 12 launch tubes installed on a light ARO truck.

technology

The launcher was first mounted on a 6 × 6 Ural-375D truck. The Grad system consists of the launcher, the rockets and the 9F37 reloading vehicle (Ural-375D). Before firing, two stabilizing supports are lowered at the rear of the launch vehicle. The thrower is ready to fire in three minutes and can leave the position after half a minute. It takes seven minutes to reload a fired launcher. The rocket launcher can fire all 40 rockets within 20 seconds. A battery of six BM-21 systems covers a target area of ​​450 × 450 m (around 190,000 m²) with a total of 240 missiles.

The automated Kapustnik-BM guidance system is used with the degree system . This consists of the 1W153M command post and is installed on an Ural-375D or Ural-4320. The target data are sent directly to the control panels of the throwers. A battery needs about six minutes from stopping to the start of the fire fight.

The rocket has a folding tail that allows the rocket to rotate in flight. Three basic missile types were developed: a long 9M22U, an improved 9M22M and a short 9M28 missile.

Missiles / warheads

9M22 and 9M28 missile
Loading missiles, Ukraine 2015
A volley 122mm Grad rockets strikes on January 13, 2015 near the Ukrainian Volnovakha a

The BM-21 Grad can use the following types of missiles:

Missiles from Russia:

  • 9M22 with 9N51 fragment warhead weighing 18.4 kg. Range 20.4 km.
  • 9M22U with a 9N51 fragment warhead weighing 18.4 kg. Range 20.4 km.
  • 9M22M with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 21 km.
  • 9M22S with 9N510 -Gefechtskopf 180 9N25 - thermite -Brandpellets. Range 19.9 km.
  • 9M22D with 9N511 agitation warhead with leaflets. Range 21 km.
  • 9M22K with PFM-1 S anti-personnel mines .
  • 9M22K1 (3M16) with 5 pieces of POM-2 S anti-personnel refills .
  • 9M22K2 with 3 pieces PTM-3 - tank mines .
  • 9M28F with a 9N55 21 kg fragment warhead. Range 15 km.
  • 9M28D with 9N511 agitation warhead with leaflets. Range 15.4 km.
  • 9M28K with 3 pieces of PTM-3 tank mines. Range 13.4 km.
  • 9M28K1 (3M16) with 5 pieces of POM-2S anti-personnel leads. Range 13.4 km.
  • 9M28S with 9N510 -Gefechtskopf 180 9N25 - thermite -Brandpellets. Range 15.1 km.
  • 9M42 with a light kit for battlefield lighting. Range 20 km.
  • 9M43 with 4 bomblets (submunition) with red phosphorus with smoke and fire effects. Range 20.2 km.
  • 9M53F with a parachute- braked fragmentation warhead of 26 kg. Range 20 km.
  • 9M215 with thermobaric warhead (FAE).
  • 9M215M Version of the 9M215 rocket with a new detonator.
  • 9M217 with 2 target-seeking daughter bullets 9N282 SPBE-D (MOTV-3F). Range 18.5 km.
  • 9M218 with 45 3B30 bombets with a combined splinter and armor penetrating effect. Range 30 km.
  • 9M519 with a jammer to interrupt radio signals. Range 18.5 km.
  • 9M521 with a fragmentation warhead of 21 kg. Range 40 km.
  • 9M522 with a parachute- braked fragmentation warhead of 25 kg. Range 37.5 km.
  • 9M538 with a 34.4 kg fragmentation warhead. Range 20 km.
  • 9M539 with a parachute- braked fragmentation warhead. Range 20 km.
  • 9M541 with 70 bomblets with combined fragmentation and armor penetrating effects. Range 30 km.
  • PRS-60 for combating underwater targets. With a warhead of 20 kg. Range 15 km.
  • 9M23 (MS-21 Leica) with warhead 9N56 with 2.84 kg of chemical warfare agent VX . Range 20.4 km.
  • 9M23M (MS-21M Leica-M) with warhead 9N57 with 3.03 kg of chemical warfare agent sarin . Range 20.4 km.
  • 9M23M (MS-21M Leica-M) with warhead 9N58 with 3.07 kg of chemical warfare agent soman . Range 20.4 km.
  • Ugrosa prototype with laser sighting head for precision attacks . Range up to 32 km.
  • OU-122 kit from Rostec with the satellite navigation systems GLONASS and GPS for the 9M2xx and 9M5xx missiles. Accuracy ( CEP ) 10 m. Introduced in 2019.

Missiles from Egypt:

  • SAKR-10 with a fragmentation warhead of 19.5 kg. Range 11 km.
  • SAKR-18A with 77 ZP-39 shaped charge bomblets. Range 20 km.
  • SAKR-18B with a fragmentation warhead of 19.5 kg. Range 20 km.
  • SAKR-36A with 98 ZP-39 shaped charge bomblets. Range 12 km.
  • SAKR-36B with a fragmentation warhead of 19.5 kg. Range 36 km.
  • SAKR-45A with 72 ZP-39 shaped charge bomblets. Range 42 km.
  • SAKR-45B with a fragmentation warhead of 20.5 kg. Range 45 km.
  • D-4000 with smoke and fire effects. Range 4 km.
  • D-6000 with smoke and fire effects. Range 6 km.

Missiles from Bulgaria:

  • KNURS-DM AT with four TMD-1 tank mines
  • KNURS-DM AP with four POMD-1 or 16 PMD-1 anti-personnel mines

Missiles from China:

  • Type-81-HE with a fragmentation warhead of 18.3 kg. Range 21 km.
  • Type-81-HE-FRAG with a fragmentation warhead of 18.3 kg. Range 21 km.
  • Type 81 HEI with an incendiary head of 18.3 kg. Range 21 km.
  • Type-81-ICM with 35 MZD-2 bomblets with combined fragmentation and armor piercing effects. Range 21 km.
  • Type-83-C1 39 shaped charge - bomblets . Range 32 km.
  • Type-83-C2 with 74 shaped charge bomblets. Range 26 km.
  • Type-84 with 96 anti-personnel mines or 6 Type-84 anti - tank mines with magneto . Range 15 km.
  • Type-89 with 128 anti-personnel mines or 6 Type-84 anti - tank mines with magneto. Range 21 km.
  • Type-90A with a fragmentation warhead of 18.3 kg. Range 33 km.
  • Type-90B with a fragmentation warhead of 22 kg. Range 40 km.
  • Type-90C with 44 shaped charge bomblets. Range 40 km.

Missiles from Iran:

  • Arash-1 with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 21 km.
  • Arash-2 with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 29 km.
  • Arash-4 with a fragmentation warhead of 22 kg. Range 40 km.
  • Arash-Noor with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 18 km.
  • Arash-Fadjr with six anti-tank mines. Range 6 km.

Missiles from Italy:

  • FIROS 25-HE with a fragmentation warhead of 17.3 kg. Range 27 km.
  • FIROS 25-ATM with seven anti- tank mines. Range 25 km.
  • FIROS 25-APM with 44 anti-personnel mines. Range 25 km.
  • FIROS 25-ATB-AT with 20 shaped charge bomblets. Range 25 km.
  • FIROS 25-ATB-AP with 28 bomblets with a combined splinter and armor penetrating effect. Range 25 km.
  • FIROS 30-HE with a fragmentation warhead of 26 kg. Range 34 km.
  • FIROS 30-AT with six anti- tank mines. Range 30 km.
  • FIROS 30-AP with 91 shaped charge bomblets. Range 30 km.

Missiles from North Korea:

  • BM-11-HE with a fragmentation warhead of 18 kg. Range 21 km.
  • BM-11-S with smoke and fire effects. Range 21 km.
  • BM-11-C for chemical warfare agents. Range 21 km.

Missiles from Poland:

  • M-21FHE with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 42 km.
  • M-21FK with 42 bomblets with combined fragmentation and armor piercing effects. Range 32 km.

Missiles from Romania:

  • M21-OF-FP with a fragmentation warhead. Range 21 km.
  • M21-OF-S with a fragmentation warhead. Range 13 km.
  • DKZ-B with smoke and fire effects. Range 11 km.

Missiles from Serbia:

  • Degree with a fragmentation warhead of 19.1 kg. Range 20.1 km.
  • Grade-M with a 19.1 kg fragmentation warhead. Range 27.8 km.
  • Grade-2000 with a 19.1 kg fragmentation warhead. Range 40 km.

Missiles from Turkey:

  • Mizrak with a fragmentation warhead of 18.7 kg. Range 20 km.
  • SR-122 with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 20 km.
  • SRB-122 with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 20 km.
  • SRK-122 with 50 shaped charge bomblets. Range 20 km.
  • TR-122 with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 36 km.
  • TRB-122 with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 36 km.
  • TRK-122 with 50 shaped charge bomblets. Range 36 km.
  • TRK-122 with 6 fire bodies. Range 36 km.

Missiles from the Czech Republic:

  • AGAT with 56 shaped charge bomblets. Range 17 km.
  • M-21-OF with a fragmentation warhead of 18.4 kg. Range 20 km.
  • DB-1B with a 19.4 kg fragmentation warhead. Range 21 km.
  • Krizna-R with four PT-Mi-D tank mines. Range 17 km.
  • Krizna-S with four PT-Mi-D tank mines. Range 3 km.
  • Kus with four PP-Mi-S1 anti-personnel mines and five dummy mines. Range 3 km.

User states

Current users

  • EgyptEgypt Egypt - As of January 2018, there are 60 BM-21s in service.
  • AlgeriaAlgeria Algeria - As of January 2018, there are 48 BM-21s in service.
  • AngolaAngola Angola - As of January 2018, 50 BM-21s are in service.
  • ArmeniaArmenia Armenia - As of January 2018, there are 47 BM-21s in service.
  • AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Azerbaijan - As of January 2018, there are 43 BM-21s in service.
  • EthiopiaEthiopia Ethiopia - As of January 2018, approximately 50 BM-21s are in service.
  • BulgariaBulgaria Bulgaria - As of January 2018, there are 24 BM-21s in service.
  • BurundiBurundi Burundi - As of January 2018, there are 12 BM-21s in service.
  • Congo Democratic RepublicDemocratic Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo - As of January 2018, there are 24 BM-21s in service.
  • EcuadorEcuador Ecuador - As of January 2018, there are 18 BM-21s in service.
  • Ivory CoastIvory Coast Ivory Coast - As of January 2018, there are 6 BM-21s in service.
  • EritreaEritrea Eritrea - As of January 2018, there are 35 BM-21s in service.
  • GeorgiaGeorgia Georgia - As of January 2018, there are 13 BM-21s in service.
  • IndiaIndia India - As of January 2018, there are approximately 150 BM-21s in service.
  • IraqIraq Iraq - As of January 2018, some BM-21s are in service.
  • IranIran Iran - As of January 2018, 100 BM-21s are in service.
  • CambodiaCambodia Cambodia - As of January 2018, there are 8 BM-21s in service.
  • CameroonCameroon Cameroon - As of January 2018, there are 20 BM-21s in service.
  • KazakhstanKazakhstan Kazakhstan - As of January 2018, there are 100 BM-21s in service.
  • KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan - As of January 2018, 15 BM-21s are in service.
  • CroatiaCroatia Croatia - As of January 2018, there are 31 BM-21s in service.
  • CubaCuba Cuba - As of January 2018, an unknown number of BM-21s are in service.
  • LebanonLebanon Lebanon - As of January 2018, 11 BM-21s are in service.
  • MaliMali Mali - As of January 2018, at least 30 BM-21s are in service.
  • MoroccoMorocco Morocco - As of January 2018, there are 35 BM-21s in service.
  • MongoliaMongolia Mongolia - As of January 2018, 130 BM-21s are in service.
  • MozambiqueMozambique Mozambique - As of January 2018, there are 12 BM-21s in service.
  • MyanmarMyanmar Myanmar - As of January 2018, an unknown number of BM-21s are in service.
  • NamibiaNamibia Namibia - As of January 2018, 5 BM-21s are in service.
  • NicaraguaNicaragua Nicaragua - As of January 2018, there are 18 BM-21s in service.
  • NigeriaNigeria Nigeria - As of January 2018, there are 10 BM-21s in service.
  • Korea NorthNorth Korea North Korea - As of January 2018, an unknown number of BM-21s are in service.
  • North MacedoniaNorth Macedonia North Macedonia - As of January 2018, there are 6 BM-21s in service.
  • PeruPeru Peru - As of January 2018, there are 22 BM-21s in service.
  • PolandPoland Poland - As of January 2018, there are 75 BM-21s in service.
  • Congo RepublicRepublic of the Congo Republic of the Congo - As of January 2018, there are 10 BM-21s in service.
  • RussiaRussia Russia
    Russian Army - As of October 25, 2018, there are 409 BM-21s and at least 141 9A53s in service. BM-21 ("Grad") are permanently replaced by 9A53 ("Tornado-G").
    Russian Marines - As of January 2018, there are 36 BM-21s in service.
  • ZambiaZambia Zambia - As of January 2018, there are 30 BM-21s in service.
  • SenegalSenegal Senegal - As of January 2018, there are 6 BM-21s in service.
  • SudanSudan Sudan - As of January 2018, there are 120 BM-21s in service.
  • South SudanSouth Sudan South Sudan - As of January 2018, an unknown number of BM-21s are in service.
  • SyriaSyria Syria - As of January 2018, an unknown number of BM-21s are in service.
  • TajikistanTajikistan Tajikistan - As of January 2018, 3 BM-21s are in service.
  • TanzaniaTanzania Tanzania - As of January 2018, there are 58 BM-21s in service.
  • ChadChad Chad - As of January 2018, there are 6 BM-21s in service.
  • TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Turkmenistan - As of January 2018, there are 70 BM-21s in service.
  • UgandaUganda Uganda - As of January 2018, an unknown number of BM-21s are in service.
  • UkraineUkraine Ukraine - As of January 2018, 185 BM-21s are in service.
  • UzbekistanUzbekistan Uzbekistan - As of January 2018, there are 36 BM-21s in service.
  • VenezuelaVenezuela Venezuela - As of January 2018, there are 24 BM-21s in service.
  • VietnamVietnam Vietnam - As of January 2018, there are 350 BM-21s in service.
  • BelarusBelarus Belarus - As of January 2018, there are 128 BM-21s in service.
  • Cyprus RepublicRepublic of Cyprus Cyprus - As of January 2018, there are 4 BM-21s in service.

Former users

  • Guinea-aGuinea Guinea - Decommissioned by January 2018.
  • IsraelIsrael Israel - As of January 2018, 58 BM-21s were decommissioned.
  • LibyaLibya Libya - Decommissioned by January 2018.
  • SomaliaSomalia Somalia - Decommissioned by January 2018.

Web links

Commons : BM-21 Grad  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 122 mm multiple rocket launcher ship A-215 Grad-M. Retrieved August 19, 2014 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Реактивные снаряды к 122-мм боевым машинам БМ-21, 9П138, 9П139, 9П125, 9А51. soviet-ammo.ucoz.ru, accessed May 12, 2016 (in Russian).
  3. ↑ a b c d Реактивная система залпового огня «Град». splav.org, accessed June 10, 2016 (Russian).
  4. ↑ a b c Jayesh Dhingra: Splav details Tornado-G rockets. In: janes.com. IHS Jane's, August 24, 2018, accessed August 27, 2018 .
  5. ↑ ТАСС: Ростех создал новую систему наведения для РСЗО (Russian)
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 (English, January 2018).
  7. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 , pp. 194 (English, as of January 2018, 550 degrees (BM-21) / Tornado-G (9A53)).
  8. ↑ Южный военный округ получил 20 систем "Торнадо-Г". In: ООО «Лента.Ру». lenta.ru, April 3, 2012, accessed October 26, 2018 (Russian).
  9. ↑ В мотострелковое соединение ЮВО прибыла очередная партия современных РСЗО «Торнадо-Г». In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. - structure.mil.ru, November 16, 2012, accessed on September 1, 2019 (Russian, including 6 "Tornado-G" in service in the southern military district).
  10. ↑ До конца текущего года в войска Восточного военного округа поступит около 20 новейших РСЗа. «Торного. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. - structure.mil.ru, October 8, 2014, accessed on September 1, 2019 (Russian, among others).
  11. ↑ В войска Восточного военного округа поступили новейшие реактивные системы Галпового Гогня. «Торня. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. - structure.mil.ru, February 3, 2015, accessed on October 26, 2018 (Russian, including 20 "Tornado-G" were put into service for the eastern military district).
  12. ↑ Сухопутные войска получили два комплекта «Искандеров». In: ООО «Лента.Ру». lenta.ru, December 22, 2016, accessed October 26, 2018 (Russian, including at least 60 "Tornado-G" were put into service in 2016).
  13. ↑ В мотострелковое соединение ЦВО под Самарой поступило 15 единиц РСЗО «Торнадо-Г». In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. - structure.mil.ru, October 25, 2018, accessed on September 1, 2019 (Russian, among others).