Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye

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Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye (born May 22, 1939 in Dosso , † June 14, 2009 in Niamey ) was a Nigerien officer , politician and diplomat .

Moumouni Djermakoye came from the Zarma ruling family of Dosso. He embarked on a military career and was involved in the 1974 military coup against the Nigerien President Hamani Diori . As a member of the Nigerian military junta, which ruled from 1974 to 1989 , he was first foreign minister and later ambassador to the United States . In 1992 he founded the Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP-Zaman Lahiya), became President of the National Assembly and was President of the Supreme Court until his death .

Life

Origin and family

Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye came from the Zarmakoy dynasty (French spelling: Djermakoye) of Dosso, the most important rulers of the Zarma . The rulers of Dosso owe their outstanding position to the resistance from 1820 to 1866 against the expansion policy of the Islamic Fulani , which led to a political unity of the Zarma. Ultimately, they had to submit to the Fulani Emirate of Gandu . Since the French colonial era , the Zarmakoy von Dosso took on administrative tasks as chefs traditionnels ("traditional rulers"), which meant that the dynasty continued to exist, with its powers being significantly restricted. Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye's parents were Aoûta Moumouni Djermakoye, who had been Zarmakoy of Dosso since 1938, and Mariama Moumouni Djermakoye, called Koullea. He had several siblings, including a twin sister named Hawa. When his father died in 1953, he was 14 years old and his older cousin Issoufou Saïdou Djermakoye , who later became Zarmakoy von Dosso himself, took over his custody.

Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye was married to Fati Moumouni Djermakoye from 1965 until her death in 1998. The couple had four children: Azziz, Zara, Kadija and Karim. He married one more time. His second wife was named Ramata.

Military career until 1974

After primary school in Dosso, Moumouni Djermakoye initially attended the Collège classique et moderne in Niamey for a short time , as his father had intended him for a civilian career. There was one Boulama Manga his year colleagues. In 1953, the year his father died, he embarked on a military training path and switched to the French military school in Saint-Louis in Senegal . He volunteered for the French armed forces in 1958 , where he served as a tirailleur sénégalais . Moumouni Djermakoye was one of the few French military personnel from Niger who rose to the rank of NCO .

Niger gained independence in 1960 under President Hamani Diori and the Nigerian Progressive Party (PPN-RDA). Moumouni Djermakoye became a member of Nigeria's own armed forces in 1961. From 1962 to 1964 he went to the officers' school in Fréjus, France . When Moumouni Djermakoye returned to Niger, he was promoted to sub- lieutenant and took command of a unit in Tahoua . In 1966 Moumouni Djermakoye rose to lieutenant . In the same year he became the commander of the 5th motorized Sahara company in Tahoua, 1968 commander of the 2nd motorized Sahara company and 1970 commander of the tank squadron in Niamey. From 1971 in the rank of captain , he graduated from the General Staff School in Paris in 1972 and became the commander of the 3rd paratrooper company in Zinder . The officer Mamadou Tandja was one of his closest friends .

In large parts of the armed forces, dissatisfaction with the political leadership grew. The government signed a defense agreement with Libya , which many military officials opposed. The incipient famine in the Sahel , which could not be dealt with, and a distribution of political power that was perceived as unfair reinforced the desire for radical political change. In December 1973, a meeting of several officers took place in the apartment of officer Boulama Manga who decided to overthrow the Hamani Diori regime by means of a military coup. The conspirators included Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye, Mamadou Tandja and - at the top - the chief of staff, Seyni Kountché . The coup was carried out on April 15, 1974. Moumouni Djermakoye and Tandja took on the task of bringing Niamey Airport under their control.

As a member of the Supreme Military Council

The coup officers formed the 15-strong Supreme Military Council , which suspended the constitution and formed the new head of state. Seyni Kountché, the chairman of the Supreme Military Council, became head of state. The other members took on ministerial posts or represented the Supreme Military Council as prefects in the country's departments. In the first years of the regime, internal power struggles resulted in the execution or at least arrest of several members of the Supreme Military Council - in the case of Moussa Bayéré and Sani Souna Sido . Political power was increasingly concentrated with Kountché and his closest confidants, who, in addition to Ali Saibou and Mamadou Tandja, also included Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye. He was Minister for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation from April 17, 1974 to September 10, 1979 . In his memoirs, he describes how in 1976 he got the African heads of state to pass a resolution in favor of Kurt Waldheim's second term as UN Secretary General . He wanted to do his cousin Issoufou Saïdou Djermakoye a favor. Saïdou Djermakoye feared that his position as an employee of the UN Secretary-General would not be renewed. Moumouni Djermakoye, who held the rank of major from 1977 , worked from September 10, 1979 to August 31, 1981 as Minister for Youth, Sports and Culture and then until January 24, 1983 as Minister for Health and Social Affairs. Afterwards he was, in the rank of minister, president of the commission for the creation of the development company and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Under the catchphrase of the development society, the regime endeavored to come up with a development policy concept that was neither capitalist nor socialist . From August 8, 1983 to March 10, 1988 Moumouni Djermakoye was prefect of the department of Zinder .

In November 1987, Seyni Kountché died of cancer. The Supreme Military Council named Ali Saibou as Kountché's successor as chairman and head of state. Saibou gained more freedom of action by sending several Kountché confidants abroad as high-ranking diplomats. Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye was appointed Niger's Ambassador to the United States and Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York on May 12, 1988 . At the same time he received the honorary title of Minister of State and was promoted to colonel shortly afterwards . Under Ali Saibou, Niger returned to a constitutional order, including the creation of a new unity party, the National Development Society Movement (MNSD-Nassara), at whose founding congress in May 1989 Moumouni Djermakoye took part. The Supreme Military Council was dissolved in December 1989.

Political career during the democratic upheaval

Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye remained Ambassador to the United States until December 1992. Together with the US pastor and civil rights activist Leon Sullivan, he initiated an African-American summit that took place in Abidjan in 1991 . In March 1991 he became MNSD Nassara Party Secretary for Foreign Affairs. On June 1, 1991 he left the Nigerien Armed Forces. Domestically, there was a major upheaval in the summer of 1991, when the military handed power over to a civilian-dominated national conference that decided to move to a multiparty system . Ali Saibou meanwhile withdrew. In the MNSD-Nassara, now one of several parties, a power struggle for leadership developed between Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye and Mamadou Tandja. Last but not least, it was a question of who should run for the party as a candidate in the upcoming first free presidential elections. Tandja had the party strategist Hama Amadou at his side. Moumouni Djermakoye founded a "Club of Friends of Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye". The party opted for Tandja, who, unlike Hama Amadou and Moumouni Djermakoye, came from the east of the country, giving the MNSD-Nassara a broader base. Thereupon Moumouni Djermakoye split in February 1992 with its own party, the Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP-Zaman Lahiya), from the MNSD-Nassara. The ANDP-Zaman Lahiya owned the power of the Zarma of Dosso.

Moumouni Djermakoye entered the parliamentary elections in 1993 for the ANDP-Zaman Lahiya as a member of the National Assembly and stood for election in the subsequent presidential election in 1993 . In the first round of voting, he was fourth of eight candidates with 15.24% of the vote, while Mamadou Tandja received a relative majority. Tandja had to face Mahamane Ousmane from the CDS-Rahama party in a runoff election . Moumouni Djermakoyes ANDP-Zaman Lahiya, Ousmanes CDS-Rahama and the parliamentary parties PNDS-Tarayya , PPN-RDA, PSDN-Alhéri and UDPS-Amana joined forces in the party alliance of the Alliance of Forces of Change, whose unifying goal is the end of the supremacy of the MNSD -Nassara was. The Alliance of Forces for Change supported Mahamane Ousmane, who emerged as the winner of the runoff election. Moumouni Djermakoye was elected President of Parliament by the National Assembly in May 1993 in return for his support. President Ousmane dissolved the National Assembly in October 1994 when the Alliance of Forces for Change crumbled and he lost a parliamentary majority. Moumouni Djermakoye meanwhile received the office of advisor to the President in the honorary rank of Minister of State, which he held from October 1994 to January 1995. In the parliamentary elections in 1995 he moved again for the ANDP-Zaman Lahiya in the National Assembly. His re-election as President of Parliament failed. Instead, he worked as a member of Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee. The parliamentary elections had not brought about any decisive change in the majority structure, which prolonged the stalemate between the President and Parliament. This came to an end when there was a military coup on January 27, 1996 under the leadership of Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara .

Proximity and distance to new authoritarian and democratic regimes

Baré Maïnassara had the constitution changed by referendum, giving the president more power and avoiding future problems such as those under Mahamane Ousmane, and then called new elections for the president and the national assembly. In the 1996 presidential election , Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye was only the last of five candidates with 4.77% of the vote. Baré Maïnassara stood for election with a newly founded party and won the presidency thanks to election manipulation. As a result, the parties MNSD-Nassara, CDS-Rahama and PNDS-Tarayya boycotted the parliamentary elections in 1996 . The ANDP-Zaman Lahiya, however, decided to work with the President and moved back into the National Assembly. Moumouni Djermakoye was elected President of the Supreme Court on June 6, 1997 by the National Assembly. If parliament approved, indictments could be brought against the president and members of the government before the Supreme Court. Increasingly angry with Baré Maïnassara's followers, Moumouni Djermakoye initiated an opposition alliance in February 1998, which consisted of the ANDP-Zaman Lahiya, the PUND-Salama of Akoli Daouel and the PNA-Al'ouma of Sanoussi Jackou . Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara was killed in a military coup led by Daouda Malam Wanké in April 1999 . Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye lost his post as President of the Supreme Court but became President of the Consulative Council. This was a transitional advisory body until elections were held.

In the 1999 presidential election , Moumouni Djermakoye was fifth of seven candidates with 7.73% of the vote. He supported Mahamadou Issoufou from PNDS-Tarayya in the runoff election, but this time Mamadou Tandja won. Moumouni Djermakoye was again a member of the National Assembly in the 1999 parliamentary elections , where he joined the opposition alliance against Tandja led by Issoufou. He was again a member of the Parliament's Foreign Affairs Committee. The National Assembly also elected him as a deputy to the Parliamentary Assembly of the West African Economic Community and, in April 2001, as chairman of the parliamentary committee on defense and security. In May 2002 the ANDP-Zaman Lahiya left the opposition alliance. Moumouni Djermakoye decided to work with President Tandja and was appointed Minister of State for African Integration and the NEPAD program by Tandja on November 8, 2002 . He resigned in the run-up to the 2004 presidential election . In the elections he was fifth out of six candidates with 6.07%. Mamadou Tandja, who this time was supported by Adamou Moumoni Djermakoye in the runoff election against Mahamadou Issoufou, won a second term. Moumouni Djermakoye was re-elected President of the Supreme Court in May 2005. In the following year he also tried to be the spokesman for the Parliamentary Assembly of the West African Economic Community, but had to admit defeat to the former Nigerien President Mahamane Ousmane.

In 2009, Mamadou Tandja sought a third term as president, which he was not entitled to under the current constitution. The Constitutional Court prohibited his plan, whereupon the National Assembly prepared a case of high treason against the President. Had this case been accepted, Tandja would have had to answer to the Supreme Court, presided over by Moumouni Djermakoye. In order to forestall this, the President dissolved the National Assembly. Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye was at the forefront of his opponents, who were broadly drawn from the political class and civil society. Moumouni Djermakoye continued to exert great influence in the armed forces, which made it difficult to intimidate him. He saw himself as an advocate of national unity, who interpreted Tandja's actions as a claim to power by the Hausa and Kanuri to the detriment of the Zarma. During a demonstration against Tandja in Niamey on June 14, 2009, he suffered a fatal heart attack .

Honors and Legacies

Moumouni Djermakoye received the Grand Cross of the Nigerien Order of Merit in 2004 . He was commander of the Nigerien National Order and the Legion of Honor , holder of the Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and commander of the national orders of Togo , Guinea , Mali , South Korea and Saudi Arabia . In 1990 he received the African Leadership Award for "Best African Ambassador to the United States". The place in Niameyer's Kalley district , where the demonstration started, in which Moumouni Djermakoye suffered his fatal heart attack, was named Place Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye in 2011 .

The party chairmanship of ANDP-Zaman Lahiya took over in June 2010 Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye's younger brother Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye . The party won eight out of 113 seats in the 2011 general election . The Fondation Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye , founded in June 2009, is a foundation chaired by Kadija Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye, a daughter of Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye. The purpose of the foundation is to promote and spread a culture of consensus, peace and national unity.

literature

  • Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , entry DJERMAKOYE, ADAMOU MOUMOUNI (1939-2009) , pp. 184-186 .
  • Chaïbou Maman: Repertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique et des leaders d'opinion du Niger de 1945 à nos jours . Volume II.Démocratie 2000, Niamey 2003, entry DJERMAKOYE MOUMOUNI ADAMOU , p. 335-340 .

Autobiography:

  • Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 184-185 .
  2. ↑ Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, p. 87-88 .
  3. ↑ Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 190-191 .
  4. ^ A b Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005, p. 7 .
  5. ^ Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005, p. 20-21 .
  6. ^ Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005, p. 23-24 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Chaïbou Maman: Répertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique et des leaders d'opinion du Niger de 1945 à nos jours . Volume II. Démocratie 2000, Niamey 2003, p. 335-336 .
  8. ↑ a b Boube Guede: Homage posthume to M. Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: mort au front. (No longer available online.) In: Nigerdiaspora. June 16, 2009, archived from the original on May 22, 2014 ; accessed on July 5, 2019 (French).
  9. ^ Tidjani Alou: Les militaires politiciens . In: Idrissa Kimba (ed.): Armée et politique au Niger . Codesria, Dakar 2008, ISBN 2-86978-216-0 , p. 62 .
  10. ^ Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005, p. 49 .
  11. ↑ Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 148 .
  12. ^ Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005, p. 58 .
  13. ^ Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005, p. 71 .
  14. ↑ Chaïbou Maman: Répertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique et des leaders d'opinion du Niger de 1945 à nos jours . Volume II. Démocratie 2000, Niamey 2003, p. 319 .
  15. ↑ Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 138 .
  16. ^ Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye: 15 avril 1974. Mémoires d'un compagnon de Seyni Kountché . Editions Nathan Adamou, Niamey 2005, p. 22 .
  17. ↑ Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 139 .
  18. ↑ Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 22-23 .
  19. ↑ a b c d e Chaïbou Maman: Répertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique et des leaders d'opinion du Niger de 1945 à nos jours . Volume II. Démocratie 2000, Niamey 2003, p. 337-339 .
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 184-186 .
  21. ↑ Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 230-231 .
  22. ^ Elections in Niger. In: African Elections Database. October 30, 2011, accessed November 6, 2013 .
  23. ↑ Chaïbou Maman: Répertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique et des leaders d'opinion du Niger de 1945 à nos jours . Volume II. Démocratie 2000, Niamey 2003, p. 340 .
  24. ↑ Mamane Abdou: Cérémonie de baptême du rond point Eglise de Niamey: Hommage mérité à feu Adamou Moumouni Djermakoye! In: Roue de l'Histoire . No. 565 , June 22, 2011, p. 2 ( nigerdiaspora.net [PDF]).
  25. ^ M. Bako: Congrès extraordinaire de l'ANDP Zaman Lahiya: l'ancien Colonel Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye élu président du Parti. (No longer available online.) In: Nigerdiaspora. June 21, 2010, archived from the original on November 6, 2013 ; accessed on July 5, 2019 (French).
  26. ↑ Niger. Assemblée nationale (National Assembly). Last elections. In: IPU PARLINE database. Inter-Parliamentary Union, accessed November 6, 2013 .
  27. ^ Dosso / Lancement des activités de la fondation Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye: vulgarisation des valeurs du consensus, de la paix et de l'unité nationale. In: Le Sahel. 2012, accessed on November 6, 2013 (French).
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 19, 2013 .
personal data
SURNAME Moumouni Djermakoye, Adamou
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Nigerien officer, politician and diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH May 22, 1939
PLACE OF BIRTH Dosso
DATE OF DEATH June 14, 2009
Place of death Niamey