Angol

This article covers the city in Chile. For the Antiguan football player, see Zaine Francis-Angol .

Angol
Coordinates: 37 ° 48 ′  S , 72 ° 43 ′  W Angol​ Angol on the map of Chile
Basic data
Country	Chile
region	IX (Araucanía)
province	Malleco
City foundation	December 7, 1862
Residents	53,262  (2017)
City insignia
Detailed data
surface	1194 km 2
Population density	45 people / km 2
height	65  m
City Presidency	Enrique Neira (since 10/2016)
Sources: 2017 census; Library of the National Congress (2015)
The surroundings of Angol on a signpost
Plaza de Armas

Angol is a city in the so-called " little south " of Chile . It lies on its northern border in the north of the IX. Region ( Araucanía ).

Geography and climate

The city is located at the confluence of the rivers Río Picoiquén , Río Rehue and Río Malleco , which merge here to form the Río Vergara , which in turn flows into the Río Bío Bío about 30 kilometers further north . It is just over 100 kilometers as the crow flies from Temuco in the south. Angol is the capital of the Malleco province , which comprises the northern third of the Araucanian region.

In the west of the city begins the Marble Mountains , part of the low mountain range of Chile, which close the Chilean longitudinal valley between the Andean slope and the low mountain range on the coast.

The climate in Angol is Mediterranean to temperate continental.

The map on the left shows the location of the district of Angol (red) and the province of Malleco (light gray) in the Araucanía region.

population

The population has grown in the past 15 years from just under 49,000 in 2002 to over 53,000 in 2017, 4,351 of whom live in the rural outskirts of the municipality.

In 2002 approx. 2,400 residents as members of the Mapuche indigenous people ; there are no other special ethnic groups.

For historical reasons (immigration of Protestants in the 19th century), the proportion of Protestant Christians (including evangelicals ) in Angol, as in the whole of Araucania, is between 23% and 25% and is above average in comparison to the total population (2002: 15%).

economy

The economy is shaped by agriculture and forestry . More than half of the approx. 19,000 (2013: 18,709) employees are employed in the fields of agriculture, livestock, hunting and forestry. Local farmers keep approx. 18,000 (2007: 17,603) head of cattle , including more than 11,000 cattle , approx. 3,500 sheep and goats , almost 2,500 pigs and almost 800 horses. Almost 62% of the municipality's outer area is agricultural land (68,690  ha ), the rest of the area is forested.

Around 30% of Chilean apple exports come from Angol. Many other crops and vegetables are also grown, e.g. B. Tomatoes and walnuts . Flowers, especially orchids , are also grown. There are several larger eucalyptus plantations in the vicinity of the city .

More than three quarters of all existing companies are micro-enterprises (around 2,000 in absolute terms) with no or very few employees (2013: 726); this corresponds to the average in the Araucanian region, but is well above the national average. Most of them are small farmers or day laborers . In 2007, 450 men and 62 women had permanent jobs in the agricultural and forestry industries. According to official statistics, income poverty ( precariat ) fell from 28% to 14% in the period from 2011 to 2013 and is now at the level of all of Chile, but almost half lower than the average for the Araucanía region, where the index was from 40% decreased to 28%. The building stock and housing situation are very good in a country and regional comparison (fewer ailing buildings, less overcrowded living space).

history

Fight between Spaniards and Araucans (1546)

Pre-Colonial History

Archaeological evidence of the El Vergel culture, named after a site near Angol, can be seen in Angol from pre-Hispanic times . This culture developed in the 11th to 13th centuries of the Christian era north of the Toltén River and is one of the established settled cultures in this region, which produced ceramics on a large scale. Along with Temuco and Pucón, Angol was one of their main settlement areas in the 13th century. Funeral rites and textile finds suggest cultural influences from the Andean north. Descendants of this culture lived on the island of Mocha until the 17th century. A section of the Agricultural Museum in Angol on Fundo El Vergel is dedicated to pre-Hispanic prehistory and exhibits finds from the area.

Spanish foundations in the borderland

The history of the Spanish settlement began on October 24, 1553 with the establishment of the border fort Los Confines by the conquistador Francisco Gutiérrez de Altamirano while Pedro de Valdivia was still alive , the first leader of the Chilean colony, whose death in December 1553 put the Spaniards in a serious crisis crashed. The fort therefore only existed for two months. In March 1555, Valdivia's successor Francisco de Villagra built a new fort called Angol de Los Confines a little further west of the old square . This fortification also had to be abandoned in the same year. In January 1559, the governor García Hurtado de Mendoza , who had rushed over from Peru with a strong contingent and secured the colony's existence, founded the place for the third time under the name of San Andrés de Angol and granted it city rights in April. This settlement lasted until 1600. At that time, Angol was in a war zone and was exposed to constant attacks by the indigenous people of Araucania, the ancestors of today's Mapuche .

Contact zone between cultures

Historical site plan (1637)

On April 18, 1600, Angol was completely destroyed by the Araucans. In 1610 the city was re-established in the same place under the name San Luis de Angol and lasted two years. In 1637 the city was re-established by the governor Francisco Laso de la Vega and was given the official name of San Francisco de la Vega de Angol . In 1638 Franciscans (OFM) came to Angol. As early as 1641, however, the city was given up again due to the conditions of the peace treaty of Quillín, with which the Arauco War could be settled for a certain time. In this treaty, the Spaniards recognized the independence of the indigenous Mapuchenation for the first time in the history of the Spanish overseas region and accepted the Bío Bío river as the southern border of their colony. To the south of it, only the city of Valdivia and the coastal strip of today's province of Arauco remained under Spanish control. In the border country to which the area of ​​Angol belonged, there was a trade and cultural exchange between the Spaniards and the developing Indian nation of the Mapuche, interrupted by occasional armed conflicts, which was affected by profound social change. In addition to the rearing and use of the horse , the Araukans took over numerous other achievements of the colonizers that they considered useful, without being subject to the Spanish system of oppression and forced labor north of the border, as the Indians did.

"War to the death"

The demarcation before and after the 1868–1870 campaign

By Tomás Marín González de Poveda Angol was settled again in 1695 by colonists who rebuilt the place under the name of Santo Tomás de Colhue . During two major Mapuche uprisings in 1723 and 1766, however, the settlement was burned down again and could not recover after the last destruction. The wars of independence and the political uncertainty that prevailed in Chile between 1810 and 1830 led to a gang war-like, confusing guerrilla war between small groups and tribal associations of different loyalties in the border and Indian regions. A large part of the Chilean Mapuche sided with the royalists against the Chilean patriots, but internal conflicts often overlaid the choice of the warring party. A repopulation of Angol or other abandoned Spanish places in the Indian area was out of the question under these circumstances. The struggles of the so-called Guerra a la Muerte ("War of Extermination") against the remnants of the royalists triggered various migrations, the goals of which were mainly on the eastern Andean side. Climate catastrophes such as the great drought from 1828 to 1832 also contributed to the unrest.

Starting point of the Indian War

Only in the context of the 1861 campaign proclaimed "pacification" ( pacification ) of Araucania, in truth, an expansionary war of extermination, the efforts of the newly independent Chilean state to eliminate the Indians won in the south of the country nominally claimed in intensity. As a result of the chaotic independence conflicts, the Mapuche were perceived by the ruling elites in Chile as an obstacle to development and not as an element of the new state that had to be integrated. On December 7, 1862, the Chilean President José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano established a military base in Angol and made it the starting point for fighting and expelling resisting Mapuche groups from the border area. This day is now considered the date the city was founded. Between 1868 and 1870 the Indians were severely decimated and pushed back as far as the Río Toltén. Angol was now in the militarily secured hinterland and was no longer a mere border fortification. The city was given the character of a civil settlement and received city rights in 1871. In 1875, the area of ​​Angol was placed under a military governor and released for settlement; In 1876 the railway connection to Santiago was opened. This made Angol a strategic reloading point for troop movements during the last phase of the war from 1881, which was carried out particularly brutally under the command of the Chilean army chief Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (1823-1891) and with the final submission and occupation of southern Chile and the re-establishment of the city Villarrica in the south of what is now the Araucania region ended in 1883. Rail transport via Angol also played an important role in the subsequent settlement of the areas that became vacant with new immigrants from Europe, many of whom came from German-speaking countries. In the first few years, mainly immigrants from Switzerland settled in the area between the Río Bío Bío in the north and the Río Imperial in the south, which includes Angol .

earthquake

In March 2010, Chilean soldiers and members of the US Air Force set up a field hospital in Angol after the great earthquake .

Angol has been hit three times by the most severe earthquakes in the past 70 years . On April 19, 1949 at 00:48 o'clock local time, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 degrees on the Richter scale was registered, which had an impact in Angol with a degree of destruction of X ("devastating") on the Mercalli scale . The tremor could be felt between Talca and Osorno ; the worst hit cities were Angol, Temuco and Los Ángeles . The quake was also called the Angol earthquake in Chile . 35 of the total of 57 fatalities in the quake died here, 155 were injured in the city and 2,065 people lost their homes. The epicenter was approximately at the level of Angol on the coast of Arauko and was only 70 kilometers from the city. When the great earthquake in Valdivia on May 22, 1960, the strongest ever recorded earthquake in the world, the geographical epicenter of which could have been even closer to Angol than in 1949, the intensity in Angol was significantly less destructive than in the vicinity of Valdivia and the Llanquihue. Lake . Nevertheless, over 80% of the building fabric was destroyed. During the earthquake of February 27, 2010 with a local strength of 8.5 M _w , Angol was again in the area with the strongest ground accelerations (Mercalli level VIII "destructive") and was the worst affected municipality in the Araucanian region. Angol's hospital and main bridge were completely destroyed; the city was cut off from electricity and water for several days. More than 600 apartments were badly damaged, 400 had to be demolished. The parish church Inmaculada Concepción , located in the center of the Plaza de Armas , suffered such severe structural damage as did numerous other monuments and public buildings in the city that a complete restoration was necessary. The reconstruction of Angol Hospital was completed in 2013.

Attractions

The Inmaculada Concepción Church in Angol.

The city has attractive squares and parks as well as several museums.

Museums

The History Museum ( Museo Histórico de Angol ) shows the history of the settlement of the border region by the conquistadors and the development of the city since it was re-established in the 19th century.

The agricultural Museo Dillmann Bullock in the El Vergel district has two permanent natural history exhibitions and one archaeological exhibition. Objects and finds from the history of the El Vergel culture can be viewed there.

Surrounding area

About 9 km outside on the road to Collipulli , the remains of Fuerte Cancura can be seen, a fort built in 1868 to fight the Indians from the time of the so-called "Pacification of Araucania" ( Pacificación de la Araucanía ). With the help of such forts, the border between the Chilean territory and the Indian territory, which until then began immediately behind Angol, was moved far to the south in several military campaigns and the present Araucania region was occupied as early as 1870.

About 35 km west of Angol is the 68 km² Nahuelbuta National Park . The most popular vantage point is the Piedra El Águila summit (1,460 m), from which hikers have a wide view of the Pacific in the west and the mighty backdrop of the six-thousanders in the east.

Skull Hussars

Skull hussars of the Húsares de Angol regiment (photo taken before 1940)

Hussars from Angol in marching formation at the Gran Parada 2015 in Santiago (TVN)

A special attraction for equestrian enthusiasts and lovers of Prussian military tradition are since 1885 based in Angol Chile Death's Head Hussars ( Húsares de la Muerte de Angol ) that the third since 1982 Regiment Armored Cavalry ( Regimiento de Caballería Blindada Nº 3 ) of the Chilean army formed. The erected around 1810 Hussars Regiment is one of the oldest units of the Chilean Army and maintains in Angol public horse riding equipment ( riding ground , riding arena , polo field and a riding school ) and a traditional museum. In the course of the so-called “Prussification” ( prusianización ) of the Chilean army in the 1890s, the unit was reorganized by German instructors based on the Prussian model. The previous traditional formation of the regiment, the "Black Squadron" ( Cuadro Negro ), still wears the typical black uniforms and pieces of equipment of Prussian skull hussars from the time of the German Empire . This squadron conducts its tradition in 1818 after the Battle of Cancha Rayada of the Chilean patriot Manuel Rodríguez based volunteer corps back and is in the region and far beyond known also for their willingness sporting and reitakrobatischen performances. A special attraction of the rodeo demonstrations of the traditional corps lies in the unusual combination of the meticulously cultivated Prussian cavalry drill and the local riding art of the Mapuche peoples , who belong to the classic Indian equestrian nations . In addition to the lance as the traditional main weapon of the light cavalry , with which they ride crouched attacks in Indian technique, the Chilean hussars also use the South American bola . Lance and bola have been the most common weapons of the indigenous cavalry warriors of the American southern cone since the horse was adopted .

In January 2015, the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army, General Humberto Oviedo Arriagada, announced the detachment of the Black Squadron from the 3rd Cavalry Regiment in order to underline their importance as a traditional formation for the entire Chilean nation. The squadron is relocated to the 1st Cavalry Regiment ( Granaderos ) in Quillota in the vicinity of Santiago de Chile, where a new infrastructure is being created and the appearances of the riders can be organized more centrally. The Angol people and local politicians unanimously regretted the military’s decision. With the traditional unit, the hussars of Angol are "robbed of the soul", said Mayor Obdulio Valdebenito on local television. "This is also painful for the city of Angol, because there are few garrison towns in the country, I would say we are the only one where the regiment lives in such a perfect symbiosis between citizens and military institutions," said the mayor. In spring 2016, the Cuadro Negro moved into its new accommodations in Quillota. The regiment of the Húsares de Angol , which at the same time was detached from the armored force and since then has been managed as one of two remaining cavalry regiments of the Chilean army and used as a motorized and mounted mountain reconnaissance unit, is still stationed in Angol and maintains good connections with the local population . It regularly undertakes horseback excursions into the terrain, sometimes over long distances to southern Chile with daily riding performances of up to 50 kilometers. Similar to other Chilean elite riders, the Angol hussars offer the image of a modern cavalry , which has hardly been found in Europe since the Second World War , and which is actually used and trained as a fully mounted unit.

Numerous suggestions came from the ranks of the hussars for the Mapudungun basic vocabulary and dictionary of speeches developed by the Army Command, which is intended, among other things, for military use in the troops in contacts with indigenous population groups and is also publicly accessible.

According to the findings of the Rettig Commission , among other things , the regiment's barracks in Angol were used as a prison and torture camp for alleged opposition members after the military coup in Chile in 1973 and 1974. Around 60 people arrested were held in inhumane conditions in military tents for months without outside contact, while their cases were processed by a military prosecutor's office housed in the barracks. In 1974 employees of the DINA secret police carried out torture in barracks. Members of the regiment are directly held responsible for the arrest and disappearance of two young farm workers who are said to have been shot in a regimental barn, and for the arrest and handover of the subsequently disappeared local socialist party activist Óscar Armando Gutiérrez Gutiérrez to secret service employees.

See also

• List of cities in Chile

Web links

Commons : Angol  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Angol  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Riding acrobatics of the Chilean Skull Hussars (video): Demonstration of the Cuadro Negro at the new location near Santiago in front of the Chilean Defense Minister José Antonio Gómez and the Commander-in-Chief of the Army General Humberto Oviedo Arriagada on the occasion of the 198th anniversary of the squadron on April 5, 2016 (published on April 26, 2016). April 2016 on the YouTube channel of the Chilean Ministry of Defense, accessed March 23, 2017).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Query on the portal of the 2017 census of the Chilean statistical institute INE, accessed in August 2018.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Municipal statistics Angol 2015 (accessed March 24, 2017).
3. ^ Daniel Frei: The Pedagogy of Conversion: Socialization in Chilean Pentecostal Churches. Lit Verlag, Zurich and Berlin 2011, p. 36.
4. ^ Daniel Quiroz, Marco Sánchez: La secuencia Pitrén-El Vergel en la Isla Mocha: soluciones de continuidad y distinciones culturales. In: Sociedad Chilena de Arqueología: Actas del XVI Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena. Concepción (Chile) 2005, pp. 369–378 (here especially: 369, 377).
5. ^ Daniel Frei: The Pedagogy of Conversion: Socialization in Chilean Pentecostal Churches. Lit Verlag, Zurich 2011, p. 41 f.
6. ^ ^{A b c} Daniel Frei: The Pedagogy of Conversion: Socialization in Chilean Pentecostal Churches. Lit Verlag, Zurich 2011, pp. 50–52.
7. ↑ Martha Bechis: The last step in the Process of “Araucanization of the Pampa”, 1810–1880: Attempts of Ethnic Ideologization and “Nationalism” among the Mapuche and Araucanized Pampean Aborigines. In: Claudia Briones, José Luis Lanata: Archaeological and Anthropological Perspectives on the Native Peoples of Pampa, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego to the Nineteenth Century. Bergin & Garvey, London 2002, pp. 121-131 (here: 122, 124).
8. ^ Report (PDF; 14.3 MB) by the Minister of War Francisco Echaurren Huidobro of July 26, 1869 to the Chilean Congress on the campaign against Indians in the south of the country; esp. pp. 21-27.
9. ↑ René Peri Fagerstrom: Reseña de la colonización en Chile. Ed. Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile 1989, p. 81.
10. ↑ René Peri Fagerstrom: Reseña de la colonización en Chile. Ed. Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile 1989, p. 94.
11. ↑ René Peri Fagerstrom: Reseña de la colonización en Chile. Ed. Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile 1989, p. 82.
12. ^ Johannes Brüggen : Sobre el terremoto de Angol. Traiguén del 19 de abril de 1949. Reprint of the Revista Universitaria , Vol. 34 (1949), No. 1, Santiago de Chile 1949 ( biblical follow-up ).
13. ↑ Progress report of the Chilean government on the status of the reconstruction work after the earthquake of 2010 (Gobierno de Chile: Diagnóstico Estado de la Reconstrucción - Terremoto y Tsunami, 27 de febrero de 2010 ), Santiago de Chile, June 4, 2014, p. 137.
14. ↑ ^{a b} Angolinos disfrutaron de enriquecedor tour histórico. In: El Espejo de Malleco , May 27, 2013, accessed March 23, 2017.
15. ^ Report of the Minister of War of July 26, 1869; on Fort Cancura cf. u. a. Pp. 20, 68 and 146.
16. ^ Peter Mitchell: Horse Nations. The Worldwide Impact of the Horse on Indigenous Societies Post-1492. Oxford 2015, pp. 290-292; Daniel Frei: The Pedagogy of Conversion: Socialization in Chilean Pentecostal Churches. Zurich 2011, p. 51.
17. ↑ ^{a b} Parade of the elite regiment in modern combat equipment at the annual military parade in Santiago de Chile 2015 ( Televisión Nacional de Chile , live broadcast commentary). Video uploaded September 19, 2015, accessed March 24, 2017.
18. ^ Regimiento de Caballería Blindada Nº 3 - Húsares de Angol. From: www.angolturismo.es (Angol Tourism), accessed on 23 March 2017.
19. ↑ Cerca de mil personas disfrutaron de las destrezas del Cuadro Negro de Caballería de los Húsares de Angol. ( Memento of March 24, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) In: somos9 , March 18, 2013, accessed on March 23, 2017.
20. ^ Peter Mitchell: Horse Nations. The Worldwide Impact of the Horse on Indigenous Societies Post-1492. Oxford 2015, pp. 257-261 and ö.
21. ↑ See sec. 33 to 35 of the video linked above (web links).
22. ↑ See sec. 38 to 41 of the video linked above (web links).
23. ^ Peter Mitchell: Horse Nations. The Worldwide Impact of the Horse on Indigenous Societies Post-1492. Oxford University Press 2015, p. 284.
24. ↑ Confirmado: Cuadro Negro es trasladado de la ciudad de Angol ( Tele Angol , news report). Video uploaded on January 30, 2015, accessed on March 24, 2017 (quote from min. 3:40).
25. ↑ Ministro Gómez preside Inauguración del Campo Militar "San Isidro" General Ricardo Izurieta Caffarena, ex Regimiento "Granaderos". Press release of the Chilean Ministry of Defense of April 19, 2016, accessed on March 24, 2017.
26. ↑ Regimiento Nº3 Husares Viaja a Valdivia ( Canal 5 Angol , news report). Video uploaded September 6, 2014, accessed March 24, 2017.
27. ↑ Diccionario de Mapuzugun. Download option on the website of the Chilean Army, accessed on March 25, 2017.
28. ^ Regimiento de Caballeria No. 3 Husares, Angol. Human rights project memoriaviva ; Gutiérrez Gutiérrez, Óscar Armando. In: Museo de la Memoria y Derechos Humanos ; both accessed in September 2018.