Auguste Boissonneau

Auguste Boissonneau (born June 26, 1802 in Saumur , † July 7, 1883 in Paris ) was a French ornithologist , natural product dealer and ocularist . He was the first to make artificial eyes out of glass with enamel applied and used the term ocularist for the profession of eye prosthetist.

Boissonneau as an ocularist

At the beginning of his career he lived in Tours at Rue et hôtel de L'Ancienne intendance No 8 . Here he registered his first patent in 1828:

"16. Le sieur Boissonneau (Auguste), émailleure, demeurant rue de l'ancienne Intendance, à Tours, départemen d'Indre-et Loire, auquel il a été délivré, le 24 janvier dernier, le certificat de sa demande d'un brevet d ' invention de cinq ans pous ans pour un instrument propre à être employé à la vinification. (German: 16. Mr. Boissonneau (Auguste), enamel processor, resident rue de l'ancienne Intendance, in Tours, Département d'Indre-et Loire has the patent on an invention for five years from January 24, 1828 for an instrument, that can be used for wine processing. "

Advertisement from Boissonneau

In an advertising brochure from that time, in which he still called himself an ophthalmologist, the name of his predecessor, he indicated that he made all kinds of artificial eyes "for people as well as for animals in general". Furthermore, he makes everything, no matter whether "two-pillar safety tubes that could be used for new wine, and everything that belongs to the art of fused glass modeling: rosaries, necklaces, bracelets, etc. ..., in addition, he produces crosses to order ". Finally, in 1827, he appeared before the Medical Board of the Indre-et-Loire Department to present a vaccine pump that facilitated the rise of the fluid in the tube containing the vaccine.

The French François Hazard (1758–1822) served Boissonneau as a great role model and he described him as a creator of the prosthetic eye. As early as 1825 Boissoneau began his first attempts at making artificial eyes in the glass factories of Rougemont and Montmirail. While the first attempts were rather unsuccessful, in the course of time he succeeded in using a combination of bismuth and silicic acid to produce a suitable mass that was better able to withstand the change in temperature and was not attacked by eye fluid even after years. At first he only produced his eyes for smaller and larger animals, and only much later for people.

Dr. Eduard Wengler from Dresden described the production of the Boissonneau eyes as follows:

"As the author of these lines has vividly seen, Boissonneau now adds a black, circular point, which represents the pupil, to a mass which forms the center or core of the eye and is inflated in the fire of a soldering tube lamp, which it draws by means of colored glass rods The mass liquefied in the fire spreads out on all sides, whereby the iris is formed in the finest nuance and covers the whole with a transparent layer of enamel. This creates the optical illusion of an anterior chamber of the eye. Then the dermis is soldered on, on which some fine vessels are visible to the outside, inside, above and below. The artificial eye has the shape of a flat bowl, the convexity of which is directed forward. It is widest outwards and downwards, narrower inwards and upwards. The edges are properly rounded. "

The prosthetic eye was given free of charge to the poorest in society. Wagler continued to write:

“Mr. Boissonneau set the price for an eye on a Friedrichsdor . Anyone who brings an officially certified certificate of poverty gets the eye and the medical effort management free of charge. "

In 1839 he moved to rue Neuve des Mathurins in Paris and began publishing a number of brochures on his specialty, eye prostheses . In an announcement by the Société de Travail a Mulhouse from 1839, the exhibitor Boissonneau is described as a manufacturer of enamel eyes for humans and animals. So it says in the announcement:

“Ces yeux arrivés à un degré de perfection difficile à surpasser, se recommandent d'une manière spéciale pour l'usage des museums d'histoire naturelle, ainsi qu'aux personnes qui se forment des collections particulières d'oiseaux, de reptiles et de poissons. (German: These eyes reach a level of perfection that is difficult to surpass, which is why they are suitable for the use of natural history museums and also for people who buy a collection, especially with birds, reptiles and fish). "

From 1842 to 1844 he served Wilhelm II of the Netherlands , to whom he also reported. From him he was awarded the Order of the Oak Crown . He was also awarded the Great Gold Medal for Science and Art . The cover of his publication Yeux artificiels mobiles states:

"Chevalier de L'ordre royal de la couronne de chêne, Grande Médaille d'Or des Science et de Arts, Chargé du Service de la Prothèse oculaire dans les Hopiteaux de Paris. (German: Knight of the Order of the Oak Crown, large gold medal for science and art, commissioner for ocular prostheses in the hospitals of Paris "

In 1850, Friedrich Philipp Ritterich first introduced the enamel eyes in Germany. Ritterich kept a large warehouse with artificial eyes that were supplied to him by Boissonneau, JBH Desjardins de Morainville and a certain Noël from Paris. Boissonneau visited Munich on October 29, 1850. The doctor Ludwig Walther recommends Boissonneau's art in an article in the newspaper Volksbötin with the words:

“The artificial eyes not only completely remove the disfigurement of the face, but also keep a lot of harmful influences from the crooked eyeball, which are regarded as the source of frequent pain and even inflammation in the same.). "

On August 2, 1851, in King's College Hospital in London, he demonstrated the use of his artificial eyes under Richard Partridge's eyes and gave a lecture on their benefits. He mentioned his ten years of experience from studies in France, Holland and Germany.

Until 1851 he worked a. a. with Peter Gouglemann , who opened his own shop in New York City in 1851 .

On August 5, 1854, he registered the following patent in London under the number 1715:

"Improvements in Artificial Eyes. These are, first "proportioning the length of artificial eyes in such manner that their caruncular and temporal portions shall not exert pressure upon the corresponding organic parts of their orbit." Second, "making the necessary shortening of the eye for this purpose only in the temporal section." Third, "the formation of a notch, perforation, or aperture in the inferior palpebral section of artificial eyes for the purpose of establishing a communication between the interior and exterior therof, and thus allowing the lachrymal fluid to maintain its proper level in the hollow of the eye, and restoring the functions of the lachrymal canal. " (German: improvement of artificial eyes by (1) dividing the circumference of artificial eyes in such a way that nodular and temporary areas of the eye socket are built up, i.e. there should be no pressure on organic areas (2) this does the necessary reduction in size of the eye to a temporary incision (3) By forming a notch, hole or opening in the area of ​​the fissures of the eyelid of the artificial eye, a transmission path between internal and external areas is made possible, which keeps the tear fluid in the eye at the correct level and thus restore the function of the tear duct . "

At the Paris World's Fair in 1855 , he gave his profession as an ocularist for the first time . According to Boissonneau, the Romans called the manufacturers of artificial eyes Faber Oculariarius or Oculorum Repositor , from which his professional name Ocularist was derived. In his publication On the mechanical restoration of the apparatus of vision on the occasion of the world exhibition, Dr. Émile Debout (1811–1865) the prostheses and the knowledge of Boissonneau and his son. From at least 1858 he lived at 11, rue de Monceau in Paris. The catalog guide La médecine a l'exposition universelle de 1857 , published by La société médicale allemande de Paris , states:

"38. BOISSONNEAU (père, à Paris, rue de Monceau, 11. - Yeux artificiels; échantillons d'émaux à base métallique pour leur fabrication; œil artificiel, nouveau modèle applicable indifféremment à l'orbite droit ou à l'orbite gauche. "

In 1863, an article entitled Boissonneau Itinerarium appeared in Clinical Monthly Ophthalmology . The article noted that he was on a business trip all over Europe from April 16 to December 31, 1863. This journey started in London and ended up in Cádiz . Further stations were u. a. Brussels , Berlin , Königsberg , Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Warsaw , Leipzig , Marseille , Hamburg , Copenhagen , Stockholm , Amsterdam , Edinburgh and Madrid .

Another patent followed in Prussia in 1866 . In the official gazette of the Royal Prussian Government in Bromberg he registered the following:

“864 On October 17th, 1866, Mr. August Boissonneau zu Paris was granted a patent valid for five consecutive years and for the entire scope of the Prussian state: for a device on artificial eyes, proven by drawing and description, recognized as new and peculiar been. "

In the USA, according to the Annual Report of the commissioner of patents for the year 1866 , he had applied for the following patent under No. 55.793:

"Auguste, Boissonneau, Paris, France.-Artificial Eye- June 19, 1866- The caruncular portion of the ocular orbit hasunguinal depressions on each side of trhe nasal extremity, so as to establish harmony between the circumference of the prosthetic shell and the organic sinuosities when used on either side. Claim- The shaping or forming artificial eyes in enamal, with a hollow c2 in the lower internal section, so that the lower section is symmetrical to the upper one, for the purpose as in before set forth of using the said eyes on either side as substantially decribed. (German: Auguste Boissonneau, Paris, France - Artificial eyes - June 19, 1866 - The teardrop caruncles of the eye socket have inappropriate depressions on each side of the nasal endpoints, so that the circumference of the prosthetic sheath and the organic sense organs is necessary on both sides Use: The modeling and shaping of the artificial enamel eye with cavities in the lower inner sections, so that the lower area is symmetrical with the upper, for the same reason as before and the use of the eyes is sufficiently described. "

An obituary appeared in the journal Annales d'oculistique on his death that same year with the following words:

“On announcement la mort d'Auguste Boissonneau, décéde à Paris dans sa 82e année. Boissoneneau, père, etait unviersellement connu du monde ophtalmologique pour les perfectionnements qu'il a apportés à la confection de yeux artificiels. Il avait créé, pour se l'attribuer, le titre d'Oculariste, qui restera, et qu'il a porté dignement pendant plus d'un demi-siècle. Il a fait de nombreux élèves qui se distribueront sa succession. (German: We announce the death of Auguste Boissonneau, who died in Paris at the age of 82. Boissonneau (father) was well-known in the world of ophthalmology for his perfection in the manufacture of artificial eyes. It is believed that the title ocularist goes back to him and he wore it worthily for half a century. He had many students who continued his legacy worthily. "

Among his students were his son Pierre-Auguste Boissonneau, who lived on Rue de la Ferme-des-Mathurins in Paris and who had also filed a patent for improving eye prostheses. Mr. Coulomb-Boissoneau, who was married in, was also one of the experts in this field at this time.

Boissonneau as an ornithologist

In the Catalog of Stuffed Birds (Catalog d'oiseaux empaillés) from 1837, Boissonneau offered the Sociéte Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou bird hides for sale. His customers included Côme-Damien Degland , who ran the Musée Ornithologique de Come Damien Degland , Baron Frédéric de Lafresnaye , Jean Louis Cabanis for the Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin, the Hof-Naturalienkabinett in Vienna, Coenraad Jacob Temminck for the Reichsmuseum for Natural history in Leiden and many more. In addition to the museums, private collectors also obtained bird hides, such as George Loddiges through the English natural produce dealer Benjamin Leadbeater . This in turn received the bellows from Boissonneau's wife. Later the Natural History Museum in London acquired Loddiges material.

In 1839 Boissonneau was introduced by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville as member number 180 of the Société cuviérienne .

In the same year he published the article Nouvelles espèces d'Oiseaux-Mouches de Santa-Fé de Bogota in the Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne . In it he described five species of hummingbird, three of which were new to science. He named the species "Ornismya Temminckii" (the blue-winged hummingbird Pterophanes cyanopterus ( Fraser , 1840)), "Ornismya ensifera" (the sword -billed hummingbird Ensifera ensifera ), "Ornismya microrhyncha" (the purple short-billed hummingbird , "Ornismya microrhæmicron" (Ornisnisicron das) Shiny emerald-throated tail Metallura tyrianthina ( Loddiges , 1832) and "Ornismya heteropogon" (the shining bronze tail Chalcostigma heteropogon ). Since the December edition of the Revue zoologique was not published until the next year, the year 1840 and not the year 1839 is the first year of description. A conflict with the name Ornismya Temminckii (corresponds to the violet-throated hummingbird ( Heliomaster squamosus ) ( Temminck , 1823)), which was used by René Primevère Lesson as early as 1832 , prevented another potentially valid taxon according to the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature .

In 1840, the Magasin de zoologie, d'anatomie comparée et de paleontologie followed the pictorial illustration and a detailed description by Boissonneau. The drawings were contributed by Jean-Gabriel Prêtre (1768–1849), the engraving by Davesne ( f. 1835–1860) and the printing by N. Rémond. He obtained his bellows from Santa-Fé de Bogota from a Mr. Rieffer, who was collecting for him and others in the viceroyalty of New Granada .

In his second article Oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus de Santa-Fé de Bogota in the January issue of the Revue zoologique , he described 15 more species, pointing out that three had already been described by Lesson. He named the new species "Ampelis Nattererii" (the Northern Prachtkotinga Cotinga nattererii ) »Ampelis rufocristala" (the Red-Crested Cotinga Ampelion rubrocristatus ) »Ampelis Riefferii" (the Goldbandkotinga Pipreola riefferii ), "Tanagra (Euphone?) Constantii" (a subspecies the Mennigohr mountain tangerine Anisognathus igniventris lunulatus ( Du Bus , 1839)), "Tanagra (Euphone?) Vassorii" (the Vassori-tangerine Tangara vassorii ), "Tanagra (gros-bec?) Riefferii" (the parrot tangerine Chlorornis riefferii ), " Uncirostrum La Fresnayii "(the steel hooked beak Diglossa lafresnayii )» Uncirostrum d'orbignyi "(the ferruginous hooked beak Diglossa sittoides dorbignyi )» Ornismia Bonapartei "(the golden-bellied starfrontlet Coeligena bonapartei )» Ornismia torquata "(the Collared Inca Coeligena torquata ) , "Ornismia paradisæa" (the pale-tailed hummingbird Boissonneaua flavescens (Loddiges, 1832)), "Ornismia Guerinii" (the helmet hummingbird Oxypogon guerinii ), "Ornismia Kingii" (Less.) (The celestial sylph A glaiocercus kingii (Lesson, 1832)), "Ornismia Nuna" (Less.) (the green- tailed sylph Lesbia nuna (Lesson, 1832)), "Ornismia Vestita" (Less.) (the violet-throated hummingbird Eriocnemis vestita (Lesson, 1839)) and "Trochilus La Fresnayi" (the velvet- bellied hummingbird Lafresnaya lafresnayi ).

This was followed in the February issue of an article Nouvelle espèce du genre Pic , in which he described "Picus Rivolii", the red-cloaked woodpecker ( Colaptes rivolii ). The article Oiseaux nouveaux de Santa-Fé de Bogota appeared in the March issue . In it he described "Tanagra (gros-bec) eximia" (the black- breasted mountain tangerine Buthraupis eximia ), "Tanagra (Tachyphonus) tæniata" (the silver- browed mountain tangerine Dubusia tæniata ), "Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides" (the black-necked labradorides ) , »Tanagra (Arrémon, Vieillot; Embernagra, Lesson) assimilis« (a subspecies of the striped head bush hammer , Buarremon torquatus assimilis ), »Tanagra (arremon) albo-frenatus« (the whitebeard bush hammer Atlapetes albofrenatus ), »Tanagra (arremon) pallidinucha "(the cinnamon-browed bushhammer Atlapetes pallidinucha )," Tanagra (Arremon) schistaceus "(the gray-breasted bushhammer Atlapetes schistaceus )," Tanagra (Arremon) semirufus "(the ocher-breasted bushhammer Atlapetes semirufus )," Partteroglossus des Laucharassari , Aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta , but according to the IOC World Bird List own species Aulacorhynchus albivitta ), "Quiscalus sub-alaris" (the brown axillary blackbird Macroagelaius subalaris ), "Setophaga ornata" (the Sw arzohr wood warbler Myioborus ornatus ), "Tyrannula fumigata" (the soot bush tyrant Myiotheretes fumigatus ).

In the same year he presented the natural produce dealer Johanes Georg Wilhelm Brandt from Hamburg as a member with the number 211. In the December issue, he published another article: Classification méthodique d'ornithologie européene sur étiquettes . In it he tried to sell labels in 1670 that met the Temminck specifications.

In 1841 he published a more precise description of the Vassori tangare with an illustration. The image for the text was again provided by Prêtre, the engraving was by Christophe Annedouche (1803–1866) and the printing was done by N. Rémond. From this point on his interest in ornithology seems to have died down. In 1842 he resigned from the Société Cuviérienne along with several other members. The statement on the resignation indicates that there had been a rift between a select circle, which also included Boissonneau and the member Brandt he had recruited, and the Société.

Dedication names

Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach used in a special issue of the Journal of Ornithology from 1854 in the article enumeration of the hummingbirds or trochilid ideas in their true natural relationship: together with the key to their synonymy, for the first time the generic name Boissonneaua and added the Trochilus flavescens (Loddiges, 1832) to this genus . The naming was a homage to Boissonneau. Frédéric de Lafresnaye used his name in the scientific name of the Andean crested ear ( Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii ) (Lafresnaye, 1840). The French common name Anabate de Boissonneau found its way into literature. Lafresnaye wrote:

"Nous la dédions à M. Boissonneau, comme faisant partie de la riche collection qu'il a reçu de Bogota et comme un hommage des amis de la science, de ce qu'avant d'en livrer les nombreuses espèces à des mains étrangères, il a voulu, dans l'intéret de cette science, faire connaître les espèces nouvelles par ses propres descriptions ou celles des auteurs auxquels ils les a communiquées obligeamment. (German: We dedicate the kind to Mr. Boissonneau, who received part of his rich collection, which he had received from numerous foreign hands in Bogota (Santa Fé de Bogotá) as part of the homage to the friends of science. In the interest of science and in awareness for the necessity of the description of new species by suitable authors he had kindly made the bellows available to us). "

Sometimes the common name Moucherolle de Boissonneau is found in French literature for the soot bush tyrant.

In 1840 Temminck named the barn swallow ( Hirundo boissonneauti ) (corresponds to the subspecies ( Hirundo rustica savignii )) ( Stephens , 1817), so that the rather rare German trivial name Boissonneau swallow occurs in older literature. Temminck wrote to her:

"Remarque. Je dois deux individus de cette espèce nouvelle aux soins de M. Boissonneau de Paris. C'est en son nom, et d'après qu'il m'a donnée de les avoir obtenus du midi de l'Espagne que je place ici cette espèce, dont j'ai vainement cherché la citation dans les catalogs méthodiques. L'adulte me vient de Tripoli, et un autre suject de la Grèce. Habite L'Andalousie et la Grèce, et doitproblem se trouve aussi dans different parties du nord de l'Afrique. Nourishment and propagation. Inconnues. (German: Hint. I have two individuals of these new species from the collection of Mr. Boissonneau from Paris. They are dedicated to his name, and according to him, he got them from the south of Spain, where I classify this species, and from which I have looked in vain for a quote in the methodological catalog. The adults I know come from Tripoli and other bellows from Greece. They live in Andalusia and Greece and may also be found in parts of the north of Africa. Nutrition and Reproduction. Unknown.) "

According to Hermann Schlegel, Boissonneau later corrected this statement and stated that the swallow actually came from Macedonia and not from Spain.

gallery

Gallery with lithographs by Jean Gabriel Prêtre.

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  Bronze tail painted by Prêtre

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  Shiny emerald throat tail painted by Prêtre

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  Blue-winged hummingbird painted by Prêtre

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  Sword-billed hummingbird painted by Prêtre

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  Purple short-billed hummingbird painted by Prêtre

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  Vassori-Tangare painted by Prêtre

Works

• Nouvelles espèces d'Oiseaux-Mouches de Santa-Fé de Bogota, by M. Boissonneau. In: Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne. 1839, pp. 354-356.
• G. Oiseau-Mouche. Ornismya. Lesson. OM A barbe singulière. O. heteropogonous. Boissonneau. In: Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie. 1840, plus plate 12.
• G. Oiseau-Mouche. Ornismya. Lesson. OM de Pauline. O. Paulinæ. Boissonneau. In: Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie. 1840, plus plate 13.
• G. Oiseau-Mouche. Ornismya. Lesson. O.-M. de Temminck. O. Temminckii. Boissonn. In: Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie. 1840, plus plate 14.
• G. Oiseau-Mouche. Ornismya. Lesson. O.-M. Porte-épée. O. ensifera. Boissonneau. In: Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie. 1840, plus plate 15.
• G. Oiseau-Mouche. Ornismya. Lesson. O.-M. a très petit bec. O. microrhyucha. Boissonneau. In: Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie. 1840, plus plate 16.
• Oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus de Santa-Fé de Bogota, by M. Boissonneau. In: Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne. 1840, pp. 2-8.
• Nouvelle espèce du genre Pic, by M. Boissonneau. In: Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne. 1840, pp. 36-37.
• Oiseaux nouveaux de Santa-Fé de Bogota, by M. Boissonneau. In: Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne. 1840, pp. 66-71.
• Classification méthodique d'ornithologie européene sur étiquettes, by MA Boissonneau. (Paris, chez l'auteur, rue Neuve-des-Mathurins, 19 Prix: 20 francs.) In: Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne. 1840, pp. 36-37.
• Mémoire sur la prothèse oculaire et sur les améliorations apportées aux yeux artificiels. Paris 1840, p. 350.
• Traité théorique et pratique de l'œil artificiel, ou perfectionnements apportés à la prothèse oculaire. Paris 1840.
• G. Tangara. Linnaeus. (Group des Tangaras Euphones) T. de Vassor. T. Vassorii. Boissonneau. In: Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie. 1841, plus plate 23.
• Indications pathologiques à transmettre pour diriger par correspondance la fabrication des yeux artificiels humains. Paris 1842.
• Research on l'histoire des yeux artifisiels. In: Annales de la Société de médecine de Gand. 1843.
• Report adressé à SM Guillaume II, roi des Pays-Bas, prince d'Orange-Nassau, grand duc du Luxembourg, etc., sur les suites séplorables de l'ophthalmie miltaire observées depuis son invasion et traitées gratuitement par l'application des yeux artificiels. Paris 1842, 1843 and 1844.
• Yeux artificiels mobiles. Paris 1848.
• with Pierre-Auguste Boissonneau, fils: Formulaire, indications pathologiques à transmettre pour diriger par correspondance l'exécution des yeux artificiels humains, d'après nature, suivies d'instructions générales de nouveaux modes opératoires des staphylômes opaques de la cornée, cirsophthalmies, etc . 17, rue Neuve of Mathurins 1848.
• Prosthesis oculaire. Instructions et moyens de formuler les demandes d'yeux artificiels par correspondance, avec un aperçu touchant divers coups-d'œil. 17, rue Neuve-des-Mathurins, 1848.
• Prosthesis oculaire. Yeux artificiels mobiles. Paris 1849.
• Yeux artificiels mobiles, indications générales ou guide pratique de l'oeil artificiel perfectionné. Germer-Baillière Éd., Paris 1849.
• Des yeux artificiels chez tes aveugles. In: Annales d'oculistique. Volume 30, 1854, p. 146.
• De la restauration de la physionomie chez les personnes privées d'un œil: ou, Exposé d'un nouvel œil artificiel à double échancrure internal. Paris 1858.
• Tariff raisonné de M. Boissonneau, Oculariste de l'Armée et des Hôpitaux civils et instructions sur l'appropiation, l'introduction et l'extraction de l'oeil artificiel. Bonaventure et Ducessois, 1861.
• Itinéraire des voyages annuels. A. Appert, 1862.

literature

• Robert Coulomb: Fabricants d'yeux artificiels (depuis les temps anciens jusqu'au milieu du XIXe siècle). 1916.
• David Serlin, Stephen Mihm: Artificial parts, practical lives: modern histories of prosthetics. NYU Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8147-6198-4 , p. 161.
• Richard Partridge: Demonstration of the Mechanism of M. Boissnneau's new kind of Artificial Eyes, upon a patient of Ms. Partridge. Lancet, London 1851, pp. 298-299.
• Société de Travail a Mulhouse: Objects Divers. In: Bulletin de la Société Industrielle de Mulhouse. Volume 12, 1837, p. 136 f.
• Unknown author: Faits Divers. In: Annales d'oculistique. Tome XC, Année 46, Série 12, Volume 10, 1883, p. 88.
• Theobald Johannes Krüper: The swallows of Greece. In: Journal of Ornithology. 1860, pp. 271-284.
• Eduard Wengler: About artificial eyes. In: Conversation at the home hearth. 1855, pp. 135-137.
• René Primevère Lesson: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ouvrage orné de planches desinées et gravée par les meilleurs artistes et dédié A SAR Mademoiselle 81 plates (Prêtre, Antoine Germaine Bévalet, Marie Clémence Lesson based on Louis Vieillot's Charles Vieillot, Antoine William Pierre William Vieillot , Pancrace Bessa , Elisa Zoé Dumont de Sainte Croix) . Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1829 ( online [accessed January 29, 2015]).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Bulletin des lois No 8530 Ordonnance du roi portant Proclamation des Brevet d'invention, de perfectionement et de d'importation, pris pendant le premier trimestre de 1828, et de Cessions qui on éte faites durant le cours de ce trimestre, et tout ou partie des droits résultant de titres de la même mature (French)
2. ^ Fabricants d'yeux artificiels (depuis les temps anciens jusqu'au milieu du XIXe siècle) Boissonneau bibliography (French)
3. ↑ Conversation at the domestic hearth, 1855 About artificial eyes
4. ^ Société de Travail a Mulhouse M. Boissonneau, rue neuve des Mathurins N ° 13 (French)
5. ↑ Yeux artificiels mobiles 1849 Yeux artificiels mobiles (French)
6. ↑ Die Volksbötin No 259, October 30, 1850 M. Article in Die Volksbötin
7. ↑ London Lancet, 1851 Demonstration of the Mechanism of M. Boissnneau's new kind of Artificial Eyes, upon a patient of Ms. Partridge (Engl.)
8. ↑ Artificial parts, practical lives: modern histories of prosthetics book excerpt (Eng.)
9. ^ Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications relating to Medicine, Surgery, Densistry 1632-1861 AD 1854, August 5.-No 1715. (Engl.)
10. ↑ La société médicale allemande de Paris, 1867 La médecine a l'exposition universelle de 1867 (French)
11. ^ Monthly Clinical Journal for Ophthalmology Boissonneau Itinerarium
12. ^ In the official gazette of the Royal Prussian Government zu Bromberg Patent 864 (German)
13. ↑ Annual report of the Commissioner of Patents from United States Patent Office Patent No 55,793 (engl.)
14. ↑ Bulletin des lois de l'Empire français, 1857 560 Le brevet d'invention (French)
15. ↑ Annuaire pharmaceutique, 1865 Yeux artificiels mobiles de M. Coulomb-Boissoneau (French)
16. ↑ Bulletin de la Sociéte Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 1837, p. 65 Ouvrages offerts (French)
17. ↑ Mémoires de la Société royale des sciences, de l'agriculture et des arts, 1839, pp. 421–463, Oiseaux (French)
18. ↑ Journal for Ornithology, Volume 50, Number 9, 1861 Overview of the birds of Costa Rica in the Berlin Museum
19. ^ Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna (1886) Types of the ornithological collection of the Imperial and Royal Natural History Court Museum
20. ↑ Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume 1, 1966 Type-specimens of birds in the British Museum (Natural History) (Engl.)
21. ^ Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne, 1839 Nouveaux membres admins dans la Société cuviérienne (French)
22. ^ Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne, 1839 Nouvelles espèces d'Oiseaux-Mouches de Santa-Fé de Bogota, par M. Boissonneau (French) original article
23. ↑ René Primevère Lesson, p. 88, plate 20.
24. ↑ Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie, 1840 panels 12-16 (French)
25. ^ Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne, 1839 Oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connus de Santa-Fé de Bogota, par M. Boissonneau (French) original article
26. ^ Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne, 1840 Oiseaux nouveaux de Santa-Fé de Bogota, par M. Boissonneau (French)
27. ^ Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne, 1840 Nouveaux membres admis das la Société Cuvienne (French)
28. ↑ Magasin de Zoologie, D'Anatomie Comparee Et de Paleontolgie, 1841 T. de Vassor. T. Vassorii Boissonneau, plates 23 (French)
29. ^ Revue zoologique la Société cuviérienne, 1842 Membres démissionnaires (French)
30. ↑ Original article Revue zoologique par la Société cuviérienne 1840 Anabates Boissonneautii (French)
31. ↑ Journal for Ornithology, 1860 The Swallows of Greece
32. ↑ Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe; précédé d'une Analyze du système général d'ornithologie et suivi d'une table alphabétique des espèces, 1840 p. 653 f. Hirondelle Boissonneau (Hirundo Boissonneauti) (French)
33. ^ Revue critique des oiseaux d'Europe: Critical overview of the European birds, 1844 Hirundo rustica orientalis