Boeselager Hof

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Clemenshof, copper engraving by Nikolaus Mettely after Johann Martin Metz (around 1760)

The Boeselager Hof (also Boeselagerer Hof , previously Clemenshof , Plettenberger Hof and Belderbuscher Hof ) was a baroque city ​​palace in Bonn , which was built from 1715 to 1719 as an extension of a courtyard that dates back to the 13th century and was destroyed in World War II in 1943/44 . It was located on the banks of the Rhine in the so-called Rheinviertel south of the later built Rhine bridge . The Bonn Opera is located on the site of the former courtyard .

history

Yard to the sack

The palace dates back to a courtyard that can be traced back to the 13th century as a house called “Zum Sack” and for that time is described as a building with two high gables towering over the surrounding houses. From 1254 to 1367, a knight and lay judge from Bonn named van me Sacke ( de Sacco ) lived there. In 1494 the farm was owned by the Birgitten monastery Seyen (also Syon ) in Cologne . By 1581 it was transferred to that of the Antoniuskloster in Cologne, which sold the farm to private individuals that year, but who were refused the "judicial inheritance" of the property. After 1583 transitionally taken over by the Cologne Archbishop Ernst von Bayern , the court was ceded by him in 1585 to his Chancellor Andreas von Gail and his wife, who now - on November 8, 1585 - legally acquired it from the previous private owners. Another change of ownership took place on October 3, 1587 by selling it to the then mayor of Bonn, Franz Schlaun. A widow of Doctoris Bischoff and then a man named Herestorf can be verified as the subsequent owners around 1620 . In 1667, the house directory lists the farm as the property of Dr. Johann Christian Aldenhoven and describes it as a house including a "back house" and a garden with an area of ​​111 rods. From 1693 the Birgittenkloster Marienforst near Godesberg owned the farm. The latter sold him in 1709 - the court recruitment dated September 30th - for 5000  Reichstaler plus a waiver of 250 Reichstaler to Baron Maximilian Henrich von Westrem, Commander of the Order of Malta and Herr zu Herwegh. On July 7, 1714, Philibert de Chabod, an Elector of Cologne general field master and Count of Saint Maurice and Saint Joyre from Savoy , acquired the property from Heinrich von Westrem for 9,000 Reichstaler and 100  ducats waiver. By that time it had already been enlarged to include an adjacent garden.

Expansion to the palace

Chabot was a confidante of Elector Joseph Clemens of Bavaria , whom he had followed on his flight to France (1702). He acquired the court in Bonn when the elector's return from exile - which finally took place in February 1715 - was already foreseeable, but even afterwards initially stayed in Paris to conduct business . From 1715 to 1719, Chabot had the previous courtyard area extended by a new wing to a ( city ) palace, which corresponded to his position at the electoral court, after purchasing a few more neighboring garden plots and building a wall surrounding it . The design for the renovation came from the workshop of the French master builder Robert de Cotte , who first sent Benoît de Fortier to work on the construction projects of the Cologne Elector in 1715 and, in March 1716, Guillaume d'Hauberat as site manager to Bonn. The palace is therefore usually referred to as the work of (one) these two architects, whereby d'Hauberat's authorship is considered to be secured.

Plettenberger Hof / Clemenshof

After Chabot's death on August 4, 1719, the farm came into the possession of his widow, the daughter of the general in Spanish service Tserclaes de Tilly. She sold him on May 20, 1722 for 24,000 Reichstaler to Clemens August von Bayern , who later elected as coadjutor and archbishop of Cologne with the right to succeed him. The farm was bought with the aim of giving it to Ferdinand von Plettenberg out of gratitude - in particular for the help in securing the bishop's seats in Münster and Paderborn - who consequently also signed the purchase contract (together with d'Hauberat). After Clemens August took office as archbishop and elector in 1723, he was promoted to treasurer and, as a leading minister, he largely exercised the regency in Kurköln. Plettenberg had the former aristocratic residence called Hof zum Sack, now called the Plettenberger Hof , expanded and splendidly furnished. The client hired the following architects successively as site managers: from 1723 to 1725 Guillaume d'Hauberat, from 1725 to 1729 Johann Conrad Schlaun and from 1729 to 1733 Michael Leveilly ; Domenico Castelli worked as plasterer and Stephan Laurenz de La Roque as decorative painter . The redesign of the garden, which was carried out at the same time, is based on a plan which, due to his acquaintance with Plettenberg and for stylistic reasons , is attributed to Dominique Girard or the designer Moreau . A court intrigue led to Plettenberg's dismissal in 1733 and his banishment from the Bonn court by the elector, as a result of which he left for Vienna .

The palace that was left behind was initially lived in by a councilor Braumann. In the autumn of 1734, Clemens August finally took the gift back to Plettenberg and had the farm confiscated , so that Braumann had to leave it immediately. The Münster chamber president Twickel and two secretaries moved into the courtyard as new residents according to the instructions of the elector. Starting in October 1734, Plettenberg filed several lawsuits in Vienna against this expropriation, which had no legal basis. It was not until his widow Bernhardine von Westerholt-Lembeck finally received a payment from the electoral court chamber in the amount of 13,333 Reichstalers on March 19, 1746 by way of an official purchase contract. An electoral administrator had already been appointed to manage the court. The name Clemenshof was also used to denote the court, which was at times known as the Hôtel de Bavière in reference to the elector's origins . The palace was made available to diplomats at the Electoral Cologne court as a guest house and used for sumptuous celebrations. During this time the property was enlarged towards the Rhine through the purchase of several houses on Mühlengasse (which went under in 1945), including one in 1754.

In 1761, with the death of Archbishop and Elector Clemens August, the previous largely courtly use of the court ended. It initially served as accommodation for the deputies of the Cologne Cathedral Chapter , who were entrusted with the administration of the electorate until the new archbishop was elected. Since Bonn was occupied by French troops from March 5 to July 15, 1761 in the course of the Seven Years' War , the Clemenshof was guarded by soldiers from the Electorate of Cologne to demonstrate the independence of the cathedral chapter.

Belderbuscher Hof

Under Clemens August's successor as Archbishop and Elector Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels , who was in office from 1761, efforts were immediately made to consolidate the state finances. Among other things, they led to the sale of the Clemenshof on January 17, 1762 to Baron Ignaz Felix von Roll zu Bernau , a Teutonic Knight , for 22,800  Florins . On July 29, 1772, Roll sold the farm to Carl Leopold von Belderbusch , who had to have this transaction approved by the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Karl Alexander von Lothringen and ratified the sale . He was the nephew and planned main heir of the childless Prime Minister and Knight of the Teutonic Order Caspar Anton von Belderbusch , at whose instigation Carl Leopold received a number of ranks and titles in his youth and was also appointed Vice President of the Court Council in 1772 . Due to his official obligations as well as his marriage to Franzisca von Ullner, which also took place in 1772, Carl Leopold was to have a residence-related, befitting domicile available. Caspar Anton von Belderbusch could not acquire the designated Clemenshof as a Teutonic Knight for his nephew without the property being added to the inheritance belonging to the order in the event of his death. According to the legally binding contract of July 29, 1772, the Clemenshof was sold to Caspar Anton von Belderbusch, but the ratification of the sale by the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order of August 18, 1772 refers to a contract between Roll and Carl Leopold von Belderbusch. In addition, Carl Leopold made a down payment of 8,000 Reichstalers by means of a promissory note redeemed on November 1, 1772 and gave Roll a legally binding acknowledgment of debt, which he later partially made a further down payment on April 9, 1776 in the planned amount of 2000 Reichstalers Obeyed. These payments were financed by pledging bonds that Caspar Anton von Belderbusch took over or triggered.

Carl Leopold von Belderbusch, who is also entered as such in the register entry for the city map of Bonn from 1773, was now considered to be the owner of the farm. In the period that followed, both Plettenberger Hof and Belderbuscher Hof continued to be known as the name of the property . After a major fire at the Electoral Palace in Bonn on January 15, 1777, the court became the temporary accommodation of Elector Maximilian Friedrich and part of his retinue. On January 16, 1779, Caspar Anton von Belderbusch appointed his nephew Carl Leopold as electoral ambassador to the French court in order to remove him from his environment without the risk of a public affair as a result of family disputes. But which may in the Palais Caspar Anton von Belderbusch off - hence Carl Leopold came on 26 February 1779 - before his departure from Bonn on March 2, 1779 Cessionsdokument contract called for the transfer not otherwise specified as Freiherr von Belderbusch called . Caspar Anton undertook to reimburse Carl Leopold for the advance payments already made and to take over the remaining amount of 12,000 Reichstaler, including outstanding interest. On the 3rd / 4th On August 1st, 1779, Baron von Roll, as the previous owner of the farm, received the accrued interest as well as a down payment of 4000 Reichstalers - brought by Caspar Anton's youngest nephew Anton Maria Carl (1758-1820) - and on December 1, 1779 the remaining balance of 8,000 Reichstalers. Thus the sale of the farm to Caspar Anton von Belderbusch was completed; judicial acquisition took place in 1782.

Belderbusch immediately took possession of the palace after his nephew Carl Leopold moved out in the spring of 1779 and had it set up as his private residence and retreat in addition to Schloss Miel . The newly acquired furnishings were added to the assets of the family affidavit established by Caspar Anton . After the death of Caspar Anton von Belderbusch, his youngest nephew, Count Anton Maria Carl von Belderbusch, inherited the entails and took over the Belderbuscher Hof.

After the occupation of the left bank of the Rhine by French revolutionary troops in 1794 Anton Maria Carl fled from Belderbusch from Bonn, but returned in the following year to ensure its from the confiscation endangered goods - including the 1795 estimated at a value of 27,000 Reichstalern Belderbuscher court - back to the city back. There he campaigned publicly in the interests of town and country to reduce the financial demands of the occupying power. After the introduction of new administrative structures based on the French model (1798), he was elected to the arrondissement and the municipal council of Bonn in 1801 . Now performing representative functions for the city, he presented on 5./6. In September 1804 the Belderbuscher Hof was available for a festive reception for Napoleon Bonaparte and his wife Josephine. In 1805 Belderbusch was appointed Maire (mayor) of Bonn. In 1813, in the course of the Wars of Liberation, Russian troops marched into Bonn, whose commander General Tettenborn billeted himself with his staff in the Belderbuscher Hof. Belderbusch, Lord Mayor of Bonn from 1814 and District Administrator of the Bonn District from 1816 , remained the owner of the farm until his death in 1820.

Boeselager Hof

After Belderbusch's death in 1820, his only child, Josephine (1804–1834), inherited the Belderbuscher Hof. In 1822 she married her cousin Carl Freiherrn von Boeselager (1782-1859), a member of a Westphalian noble family, who owned the farm in this way and was now known as Boeselager Hof . Albert von Boeselager sold the property in 1922 to the city of Bonn, which set up a youth hostel there on July 28, 1928. On 2/3 November 1935, the oldest part of the courtyard and the roof structure fell victim to a fire and were demolished. In 1936/37 the palace was restored and a museum was set up in it.

During the Second World War , the Boeselager Hof suffered severe damage in the Allied air war on August 12, 1943 and burned down completely in the most devastating of the bombing raids on Bonn on October 18, 1944; the remains were removed. In memory of the destroyed palace that runs past there was former 1955 Doetschstraße in On Boeselagerhof renamed. The Bonn Opera House was built from 1962 to 1965 on the site of the former Boeselager Hof. During the construction work, a silver treasure consisting of coins was found, the existence of which was legendarily known in the Boeselager families. For this reason, Albert von Boeselager had explicitly excluded the treasure that might still be found when selling the city palace to the city of Bonn. The coins may have been buried during the Thirty Years War . Two tapestries by Jean-Baptiste Oudry from around 1750, belonging to the interior of the Boeselager Hof, hang today in the tapestry hall of the old town hall .

  • Tapestry by Jean-Baptiste Oudry (around 1750), today in the old town hall

architecture

The Boeselager Hof was a two-storey, nine-axis brick building with a mansard roof . The garden or Rhine side was designed as a representative display side. It had a three-axis central projection with a triangular gable , which was emphasized by a flight of stairs and a balcony , as well as round-arched French windows. The outside corners, the corners of the central projection and its ground floor were carried in plaster replicated rustication divided. The balcony was placed on three-dimensional consoles and equipped with wrought iron bars. The interior consisted of valuable furniture, stucco ceilings and ceiling paintings from the period from 1745 to 1755. Some pieces of the artistically valuable, wooden interior, such as lambris and door frames, are now in the Grassi Museum in Leipzig .

The gardens, which were redesigned in baroque forms after 1722, were bordered towards the Rhine by part of the bank wall belonging to the medieval city wall, into which two striking eight-sided garden pavilions were integrated. Like the palace itself, these shaped the silhouette of Bonn's banks of the Rhine, especially in the 18th century.

  • Boeselager Hof, garden facade (before 1905)

  • Garden pavilions of the Boeselager Hof (around 1900)

literature

  • Wolf D. Penning: Caspar Anton von Belderbusch, his nephews and their Bonn city palace. On the history of the Belderbuscher (Boeselager) farm . In: Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Stadtarchiv Bonn (ed.): Bonner Geschichtsblätter. Yearbook of the Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein , Volume 57/58, Bonn 2008, ISSN  0068-0052 , pp. 147-184.
  • Paul Clemen : The art monuments of the city and the district of Bonn (= The art monuments of the Rhine Province . Volume 5, Section 3). L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1905, pp. 175-179. (Unchanged reprint Verlag Schwann, Düsseldorf 1981, ISBN 3-590-32113-X ) ( Internet Archive )
  • Dela von Boeselager : The treasure trove from the Boeselagerhof and its legendary tradition . In: The Turnosgroschen from the coin treasure of the Boeselagerhof Bonn (= Bonn numismatic studies ). Bonn 2015, ISBN 978-3-941612-08-2 . (Contents)
  • Cornelia Kirschbaum: Residential buildings of the court nobility in the royal Cologne residence city of Bonn in the 17th and 18th centuries (= Georg Satzinger (Hrsg.): Tholos - Art History Studies , Volume 10.2). Rhema, Münster 2019, ISBN 978-3-86887-031-2 , pp. 33–121. (also dissertation University of Bonn, 2016) [not yet evaluated for this article]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Wolf D. Penning: Caspar Anton von Belderbusch, his nephews and their Bonn city palace. On the history of the Belderbuscher (Boeselager) farm . In: Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein, Stadtarchiv Bonn (ed.): Bonner Geschichtsblätter. Yearbook of the Bonn home and history association . Volume 57/58, Bonn 2008, ISSN  0068-0052 , pp. 147-184.
  2. ↑ Gerd Dethlefs (ed.): Nordkirchen Castle. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-422-02304-8 , p. 184.
  3. ↑ According to Wolf D. Penning: Caspar Anton von Belderbusch, his nephews and their Bonn city palace. On the history of the Belderbuscher (Boeselager) farm . In: Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein, Stadtarchiv Bonn (ed.): Bonner Geschichtsblätter. Yearbook of the Bonn home and history association . Volume 57/58, Bonn 2008, ISSN  0068-0052 , p. 147. Gerd Dethlefs puts the purchase price at 20,000 Reichstaler. See Gerd Dethlefs (ed.): Nordkirchen Castle. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-422-02304-8 , p. 184.
  4. ^ Entry in the Bonn street cadastre
  5. ↑ Gerd Dethlefs (ed.): Nordkirchen Castle. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-422-02304-8 , p. 185.
  6. ^ The destroyed Gertrudiskapelle and the Bonn Rheinviertel . Film by Georg Divossen, Edition Rheinland im Film, Verlag & Medien Service, Sankt Augustin, ISBN 978-3-936253-80-1 . (from minute 42:05).
  7. ↑ a b c d War fates of German architecture. Loss - damage - reconstruction. Documentation for the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany. Volume 1: North . Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster 1988, ISBN 3-529-02685-9 , p. 386.
  8. ^ Entry in the Bonn street cadastre
  9. ↑ 9,000 coins buried on the Rhine. - October 3, 2015
  10. ↑ Isabelle De Bortoli: Combining the old with the new . In: My Rhineland . Vol. 4, No. 3, 2012, p. 13 ( digitized version ).
  11. ^ Hermann Josef Roth : DuMont art travel guide Bonn: from the Roman garrison to the federal capital - art and nature between the Voreifel and the Siebengebirge . DuMont, Cologne 1988, ISBN 978-3-7701-1970-7 , p. 47.
  12. ↑ Gerd Dethlefs (ed.): Nordkirchen Castle. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-422-02304-8 , p. 186.
  13. ↑ a b Heijo Klein: Views from the Bonn bank of the Rhine . In: Bonner Heimat- und Geschichtsverein, Stadtarchiv Bonn (ed.): Bonner Geschichtsblätter. Yearbook of the Bonn home and history association . Volume 57/58, Bonn 2008, ISSN  0068-0052 , pp. 41-83.

Coordinates: 50 ° 44 ′ 11 ″  N , 7 ° 6 ′ 23 ″  E