Notre-Dame fire in Paris 2019

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Notre-Dame on fire, here the burning roof turret ( Flèche ).

The Notre-Dame fire was a major fire that partially destroyed the historic structure of the Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral on April 15 and 16, 2019 . The Paris Fire Brigade succeeded after about four hours to limit the fire primarily to the wooden roof. The west facade with the main towers, the walls of the central nave and the buttresses as well as large parts of the vaulted ceiling and the aisles and ambulatory remained largely stable. The rich furnishings of the church were largely preserved, but were partially polluted and damaged by heat, smoke, soot and extinguishing water.

As part of the Seineufer monument, the cathedral has been a World Heritage Site since 1991 (according to the UNESCO list).

prehistory

An extensive restoration of the cathedral began in spring 2019 . The total budget for the renovation was set at 150 million euros. In a first stage of the wood should be central tower of the Church (also known as roof skylights referred or pinnacle, French " Flèche "), which in the 19th century by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc had been built, to be repaired. Therefore, a large work scaffold made of steel elements was built in the area of ​​the crossing . In the week before the fire, 16 monumental statues of the apostles and evangelists were dismantled for restoration, which surrounded the roof turret, which reached up to about 95 meters in height.

The roof truss over 100 meters on the main nave and 40 meters long and 13 meters wide on the transept was called la forêt (“the forest”) because it consisted of around 1300 oak beams , each of which came from a different tree. It was built over the main nave and the choir in the 13th century, partly with reused beams from the 12th century. Like the roof turret, the roof structure of the transept came from the 19th century. The roof structure was covered with lead sheet, the crossing tower had weather protection made of the same material.

For fire protection reasons there was no electrical installation in the roof structure, but a smoke alarm system and temporary electrical lighting for the construction site. There were no fixed risers for extinguishing water.

  • The cathedral with the towers and the roof turret (“ Flèche ”), from the north, 2013

  • Wooden support structure for the ridge above the crossing vault, no later than 1879

  • Oak roof structure, above the stone / brick vault of the nave (2018)

  • Statues at the foot of the roof turret that were removed before the fire (2016)

  • Roof structure covered with lead sheet (2013)

course

View of the burning roof truss from the south, close to the towers of the west facade, 7:51 p.m.

On April 15, 2019 at 6:20 p.m. ( CEST ), the first fire alarm was triggered, but no source of the fire could be found. Shortly before, the scaffolders had left the construction site on the roof. At 6:43 p.m., a second alarm was triggered during a mass and a fire was discovered in the attic . The church was then evacuated. Most of the tourists had previously left the church because of the mass, so that only the faithful were present. According to the architect who is in charge of the restoration, there were no more workers on the construction site at that time.

Within an hour the fire spread to the entire roof structure, at 7:56 p.m. the highest part of the church, the crossing tower , collapsed . Around 600 firefighters from Paris and Île-de-France were involved in the rescue and extinguishing work . More than 70 fire engines , helicopters and drones were used to observe the scene of the fire and two fire brigade boats with submersible pumps on the Seine and a remote-controlled extinguishing robot. The fire brigade was supported by the police, patrol soldiers from Opération Sentinelle , civil protection, specialists from the Ministry of Culture and the City of Paris, as well as construction experts.

During the evening, the neighborhood on the Île de la Cité was evacuated in the event of a collapse. The French civil protection authority rejected the publicly proposed use of fire-fighting planes or helicopters with water tanks as unrealistic, because, according to the firefighters, it could have caused the complete collapse of the structure due to the point-like weight load from the water masses and also the firefighters on duty in Would have brought danger. On the morning of April 16, 2019 around 5:00 a.m., the chief of operations reported that the fire had been extinguished. Despite the heat and rubble damage, the masonry of the cathedral largely withstood the fire. The former chief architect of the cathedral, Benjamin Mouton, was surprised at the extent of the disaster on a French news program because of the fire protection precautions taken in advance, especially since the oak wood, which is over 800 years old, was very flame retardant. As a replacement for the temporarily unusable cathedral, the Diocese of Paris is using the church of St-Sulpice .

  • Cross-sectional drawing. The wooden roof trusses and the bell cage are marked in red.

  • Top view, collapsed vaulted ceilings are marked in red

  • Side view, destroyed roof parts are marked in red

Timeline

Monday April 15th

6 p.m. Mass, start of mass 6:15 p.m.

  • 6:20 p.m .: First smoke alarm, no source of fire could be found.
  • 6:43 p.m .: Second alarm, then the source of the fire was found in the wooden beams under the roof.
  • 7:56 p.m .: The falling upper part of the burning ridge turret destroyed a vaulted section of the central nave.
  • 9 p.m .: Completion of the evacuation of the neighboring houses on the Île de la Cité .
  • 10:00 p.m.: A fire department spokesman expressed concerns as to whether the further spread of the fire could be stopped.
  • 11:04 p.m.: The head of the fire department stated that the building structure was secured.
Tuesday April 16
  • 09:50 am: The fire department spokesman announced that the fire had been completely extinguished.

Pictures from the unlucky day

  • The west facade

  • The flames are approaching the main towers

  • The east side after the roof structure and crossing tower collapsed

  • Video recording

  • People watch the disaster from the Pont de la Tournelle

Investigations

The Paris public prosecutor's office provisionally assessed the fire as an accident and initiated an investigation into negligent arson , on which 50 investigators are working. There are currently no indications of a deliberately caused catastrophe.

According to the police, the cause of the fire is unknown, it could have been a short circuit , but the public prosecutor's office does not rule out further hypotheses . A burning cigarette is also a possible cause of the fire. It is known that the smoking ban was disregarded in order to avoid the arduous descent from the construction site for a smoking break.

Other security flaws are also part of the investigation. A fault in the warning system itself could have caused the fire. Inadequate training and inadequate staffing of security officers could also be the cause of the serious consequences of the fire. So there was only one safety officer. This had only recently been discontinued and was insufficiently familiar with the fire alarm system. He could not assign the first alarm to the corresponding location of the alarm and localize no fire. 30 minutes passed before the fire department was called. When they arrived the flames blazed meters high.

In addition, action is taken against false calls for donations based on suspected gang fraud.

Preliminary damage balance

A firefighter and two police officers were slightly injured in the course of the fire fighting work and the evacuation of the church and its surroundings. Since the churches in France are owned by the state and apparently there is no insurance cover for the church building , Swiss Re assumes that if the companies involved in the renovation of the church do not have any external debts, the French state will pay the costs for the reconstruction have to do. Around 90 percent of the works of art and relics were saved in time. The the French Axa part of Axa ART and another insurer involved in the insurance of works of art in the cathedral. In addition, two of the companies that have renovated parts of Notre-Dame are insured with Axa. According to estimates by the National Association of Building Economists in France, the reconstruction will cost 400 to 600 million euros. Within a week or so after the fire, substantial donation pledges were in place to cover these costs.

Property damage

Some experts speculated that the damage to the masonry of the church and in the church interior was limited because the roofs of medieval churches had always been exposed to a great risk of fire and therefore the wooden roof structure was structurally shielded from the rest of the building by an incombustible stone vault. However, this vault, masonry and tracery are made of limestone . The heat can damage it - like its grouting . In addition, the extinguishing water absorbed by the stone vault could have temporarily led to an increase in weight with permanent damage.

Destruction

Damage

  • Masonry of the vault: heat damage to the stone.
  • Roof gable wall between the west towers: damaged by fire; the figure of the angel on the gable wall is badly damaged.
  • Facades of the transept: gable wall of the north facade in critical condition.
  • Interior: soot and lead deposits on surfaces and fittings.
  • Choir organ : damaged or almost destroyed.
  • Choir stalls : scorched.
  • Main organ on the west gallery : dirty with dust and soot and hit by fire water in places, but otherwise undamaged; may have to be dismantled due to damage to the gallery.
  • Rose window from the 12th and 13th centuries preserved; only windows from the 19th century partially damaged.

Preserved architectural elements and furnishings (selection)

The tower cock
  • Facades, side aisles, walls inside the church, buttresses, ambulatory, choir screen with reliefs, side and choir chapels with furnishings.
  • West towers: Little damage to the forest; Corner of the south tower to the main nave severely weakened by heat; Slight fire damage to the wooden floors in the north tower.
  • 16 bronze statues around the crossing tower : removed during the renovation work on the Friday before the fire.
  • Stained glass on the windows, rose windows below the vault.
  • Paintings: Taken intact in museums
  • The tower cock of the crossing tower was found slightly damaged on the roof of the north aisle, which was spared from the fire. The condition of the three relics contained in the rooster is unclear. There is one of the 70 thorns of the Holy Crown of Christ, a relic from Saint-Denis and one from Sainte-Geneviève . According to historians, this rooster and its treasures served as a “spiritual lightning rod” to protect the faithful of the cathedral, but also the city of Paris from harm.

Church treasure

The relic of Christ's crown of thorns and other objects were rescued from the burning cathedral by fire fighters, including the chaplain of the Paris fire brigade, on the night of the fire and later brought to a storage facility in the Louvre . The historical cult objects kept in the sacristy were undamaged in the fire. Like the mobile cultural assets in the church, they were recovered in the following days by restorers and specialists in the protection of cultural assets . Of the total of 76 “Grands Mays” paintings, thirteen were hung in the cathedral's chapels; they were exposed to the smoke but were not damaged.

Organ and bells

The largest bell, the famous Bourdon Emanuel and its sibling bells in the two main towers were not damaged. The significant Cavaillé-Coll - main organ in the gallery remained intact. However, the three bells in the crossing tower, where the fire broke out, were destroyed.

Security, protection and repair measures

Security measures in April 2019

Shortly after the major fire, emergency measures to secure the structure began. The north gable of the transept, which was in danger of collapsing, was secured with a support structure and the large stone figure on the gable was removed. On April 23, work began on installing a plastic film over the vault in the west of the main nave as a weather protection measure. The police warned residents of lead deposits in the immediate vicinity and closed areas with increased pollution. Apartments and business premises should be cleaned with damp wipes. However, there are no known cases of lead poisoning .

In July 2019, the French parliament passed the law on the reconstruction of Notre-Dame, which should enable it to be repaired within five years, in time for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. A majority of the French population seems to be in favor of a historically accurate reconstruction. On July 10, 2020, it was announced that President Emmanuel Macron was also in favor of rebuilding the transept in the 19th century.

Reactions and donations

National

French President Macron canceled a televised address planned for the evening of April 15 in response to the protest movement of the yellow vests (Gilets jaunes) and wrote: “Like all our compatriots, I am sad this evening, this part of us burning. ”On the evening of the fire, he announced that the cathedral would be rebuilt and fundraising. The reconstruction should take place within five years.

Several French billionaire families announced donations for the reconstruction: Arnault (luxury goods company LVMH ) 200 million euros, Bettencourt-Meyers (cosmetics company L'Oréal ) 200 million euros, Pinault (fashion group Kering ) 100 million euros. In addition to major donors, other entrepreneurs, private individuals, municipalities and corporations (including Total and Société Générale ) responded to the call, and the day after the fire, 900 million euros had been pledged for the reconstruction.

As a result, a debate began about donations in general and their amount in particular. It is criticized that it is possible to receive high tax credits (in France up to 60%) on such donations. Although French billionaire families have in some cases foregoed tax breaks, left-wing parties, trade unionists and activists of the yellow vests movement criticize the amount of their donations as a PR campaign. No major donations were received by June 2019, as the way of rebuilding was still unclear at that time.

Church bells rang across France on April 17, 2019 at 6:50 p.m. (CEST) - at which time the fire had been discovered 48 hours earlier. The French bishops' conference had called on cathedrals in the country to do so. The dioceses thus expressed their solidarity with the Paris diocese.

On April 18, a 250-strong delegation of the 600 Parisian firefighters, rescue workers and police forces deployed to fight the fire was invited by French President Emmanuel Macron to his official residence, the Élysée Palace , where he received a medal of merit on behalf of all emergency services for their commitment. In addition, at the instigation of the Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, a similar event took place in the City Hall, at which she particularly emphasized her commitment and promised all of them honorary citizenship .

International

The fire caused general international consternation and led to a long list of public sympathy: EU Council President Donald Tusk wrote on Twitter : “Notre-Dame in Paris is Notre-Dame in all of Europe. Today we are all with the people in Paris. ” US President Donald Trump wrote during the fire that it was terrible to watch.

The spokesman for Pope Francis Alessandro Gisotti expressed dismay and sadness on behalf of the Holy See over the fire of the "symbol of Christianity in France and the world" and assured the fire fighters and all helpers to pray. There will probably not be any contributions from the Roman Catholic Church to the repair work.

In many places in Russia, including the spokesman for the Russian Patriarch, the fire was described as a “terrible omen for European civilization”. The Ministry of Culture found itself compelled to deny media reports that money from the Ministry was earmarked for reconstruction. However, if requested, Russia would provide experts.

See also

Web links

Commons : Fire of Notre-Dame in Paris 2019  - Collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ^ L'incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris et les suites. Official communication from the French Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Culture about the fire. April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019. (French)
  2. ↑ Entry on the website of the UNESCO World Heritage Center ( English and French ).
  3. ^ A b Incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris: “On était au démarrage d'un grand program de restoration de 150 millions d'euros”. France Info , April 15, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 (French).
  4. ↑ a b c Notre-Dame is on fire. In: The time. April 15, 2019, accessed April 15, 2019 .
  5. ↑ La flèche. In: notredamedeparis.fr. Retrieved April 16, 2019 (French).
  6. ↑ La charpente. In: notredamedeparis.fr. Retrieved April 16, 2019 (French).
  7. ↑ La flèche. In: notredamedeparis.fr. Retrieved April 16, 2019 (French).
  8. ↑ Notre-Dame de Paris: la charpente exceptionnelle partie en fumée. France Info , April 15, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 (French).
  9. ↑ a b www.spiegel.de: Notre Dame in Paris narrowly escaped complete destruction in a fire
  10. ↑ Europe Echafaudage, the designer of the scaffolding on the roof of Notre Dame, is a subsidiary founded in 2001 by the construction company Le Bras Frères, which was commissioned with the renovation of the church . ( Website of the scaffolding company Europe Echafaudage ). Retrieved April 18, 2019
  11. ↑ Mass was being celebrated at the cathedral when the fire broke out, attendee says ( English ) In: CNN . April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  12. ^ Rémy Heitz, quoted from www.nytimes.com, report in the NYT from April 16, 2019 (English).
  13. ↑ Notre-Dame de Paris: la flèche de Viollet-le-Duc emportée par les flammes. In: Le Figaro. Retrieved April 15, 2019 (French).
  14. ↑ Au total, 600 pompiers ont été mobilisés pendant une quinzaine d'heures lundi soir. Une soixantaine de pompiers restent au chevet de Notre-Dame pour éviter toute reprise de feu, et des poutres ont été acheminées pour aider à consolider certains points, corresponding to the experts évaluent les besoins pour sécuriser totalement avant de reconstruire. In: Le Monde, April 19, 2019.
  15. ↑ a b c A nightmare in France's heart chamber . FAZ.NET, April 16, 2019. NYT report as well.
  16. ↑ Leila Al-Serori : In Flammen , Süddeutsche Zeitung , accessed on April 19, 2019
  17. ^ Incendie de Notre-Dame, en direct: la structure de la cathédrale "est sauvée et préservée dans sa globalité". In: lemonde.fr . April 15, 2019, accessed April 15, 2019 (French).
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  19. ↑ Fire in Notre-Dame: How did the flames spread so quickly? In: Zeit Online. April 16, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 .
  20. ^ L'incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris et les suites. Communication from the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Culture. April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019. (French)
  21. ^ Pourquoi on ne peut pas éteindre l'incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris avec un Canadair. In: francetvinfo.fr . April 15, 2019, accessed April 15, 2019 (French).
  22. ↑ Notre-Dame saved from total destruction. In: FAZ.NET . April 15, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 .
  23. ↑ La compagnie des Architectes en Chef des Monuments Historiques: Benjamin Mouton. Retrieved April 21, 2019 .
  24. ^ Notre-Dame de Paris - L'ancien architecte en chef des Monuments historiques “stupéfait” par la puissance de l'incendie. In: Epoch Times (FR). April 17, 2019, accessed April 21, 2019 .
  25. ^ Incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris: l'alarme du chantier ne s'est pas déclenchée. In: Midi Libre. April 17, 2019, accessed April 17, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Incendie à Notre-Dame de Paris, le récit de la soirée at www.la-croix.com (French) The upper part of the ridge structure falls to the west, breaks through the cross vault of the nave and falls on fire into the nave. Will be deleted there.
  27. ^ Photo report on the damage , Le Figaro from April 16. In particular picture 8 and comment on it.
  28. ↑ Feu à Notre-Dame de Paris. First report on the website of the Paris Fire Brigade, April 16, 2019, 09:10
  29. ↑ Major fire in Notre-Dame completely extinguished. In: FAZ.net. April 16, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 .
  30. ^ French leader vows to rebuild damaged Notre Dame. In: apnews.com. Associated Press , April 15, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 .
  31. ↑ Notre Dame investigators do not assume arson ; Reuters from April 16, 2019; accessed on April 22, 2019
  32. ↑ Short circuit could have caused fire in Notre-Dame ; Zeit Online from April 18; accessed on April 22, 2019
  33. ↑ Notre Dame and the reconstruction: Lots of open questions and a hectic plan. July 3, 2019, accessed July 17, 2019 .
  34. ↑ Incorrect calls for donations for Notre-Dame: Investigations , orf.at of April 19, 2019; accessed on April 22, 2019
  35. ↑ Why no insurance pays the entire damage , Süddeutsche.de of April 17, 2019; accessed on April 26, 2019
  36. ↑ No insurance will pay for the damage to Notre-Dame ; handelsblatt.com of April 17, 2019; accessed on April 26, 2019
  37. ↑ Expert - Around 90 percent of the works of art in Notre Dame saved , reuters.com of April 18, 2019; accessed on April 26, 2019
  38. ↑ Notre-Dame swims in money ; Basler Zeitung of April 26, 2019; accessed on April 27, 2019.
  39. ↑ The Economist: Rebuilding the cathedral after the blaze - Its designers built it to withstand the sort of fire that burned away its roof , April 16, 2019 (English; paywall)
  40. ↑ Interview with Deutsche Welle: Cologne's former cathedral builder Barbara Schock-Werner draws an initial damage assessment from afar: The large amounts of extinguishing water absorbed by the stone vault could have led to a significant increase in weight. [1] , April 16, 2019
  41. ↑ WDR 3 -Mosaik April 16, 2019: Cologne cathedral builder Peter Füssenich on the fire in Notre-Dame ( Link ), April 16, 2019.
  42. ↑ Laser technology and 3D models are supposed to save Notre-Dame ; handelsblatt.com of April 16, 2019; accessed on April 17, 2019
  43. ↑ Joana Kelén, Marie-José Kolly: What was destroyed by the Notre-Dame and what is still there. Neue Zürcher Zeitung , April 16, 2019, accessed on April 18, 2019 .
  44. ↑ Cabanis, Bruno: "Horlogerie française" 2012
  45. ↑ Fire in cathedral under control orf.at, April 16, 2019 (05:36, update 08:59) accessed April 16, 2019.
  46. ↑ pbs.twimg.com , accessed April 16, 2019.
  47. ↑ Notre-Dame de Paris: les questions qui se posent après l'incendie. In: Le figaro. April 16, 2019, accessed April 17, 2019 (French).
  48. ↑ The fire department sees the Notre-Dame glass windows in danger ; welt.de of April 17, 2019; accessed on April 25, 2019
  49. ^ Sylvie Kerviel: Incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris: le "trésor" et une centaine d'œuvres mis à l'abri. lemonde.fr. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
  50. ↑ Expert: Main organ remained unharmed by the fire , Süddeutsche.de of April 24, 2019; accessed on April 25, 2019
  51. ↑ The Notre-Dame should be rebuilt in 5 years, huge willingness to donate: Six answers to the fire in Paris ; NZZ of April 17, 2019; accessed on April 26, 2019
  52. ↑ a b All paintings from Notre-Dame have been saved. In: The time. April 19, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019 .
  53. ↑ Julien Duffé: Incendie de Notre-Dame: le coq de la flèche de la cathédrale retrouvé dans les décombres. In: Le Parisien . April 16, 2019, accessed April 17, 2019 (French).
  54. ↑ Live ticker on WELT.de: Kaplan is celebrated as a hero after the fire , accessed on April 17, 2019.
  55. ↑ Treasures in Notre-Dame - The Rescue of the Copper Rooster. In: Spiegel Online. Retrieved April 17, 2019 .
  56. ↑ Measures on www.nzz.ch , accessed on April 24, 2019
  57. ↑ Police warn residents of possible lead particles ; tagesspiegel.de of April 28, 2019; accessed the same day
  58. ↑ Police warn residents of lead dust after the Notre Dame fire ; welt.de from April 29, 2019
  59. ↑ Parliament seals law to rebuild Notre-Dame , Spiegel Online, July 16, 2019.
  60. ^ Matthias Deml: On the fire of Notre Dame . In: Kölner Domblatt Nr. 84. Verlag Kölner Dom, Cologne 2019, ISBN 978-3-922442-96-7 , pp. 209-210.
  61. ^ Information from the Tagesschau from July 10, 2020. Accessed on July 10, 2020 .
  62. ↑ According to the dpa report from April 15, cf. Notre-Dame fire: Macron postpones televised address. In: Zeit Online. Retrieved June 8, 2019 .
  63. ↑ a b “Sad to see this part of us on fire”. Süddeutsche Zeitung , April 16, 2019.
  64. ↑ Macron promises to rebuild Notre-Dame de Paris . BR.de, April 16, 2019.
  65. ↑ Macron announces the repair of Notre-Dames within five years. In: Spiegel online. Retrieved May 15, 2019 .
  66. ^ LVMH et la famille Arnault annoncent un "don de 200 millions d'euros". In: Le Figaro. April 16, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 .
  67. ↑ Billionaire Bettencourt family and L'Oreal donate to Notre-Dame. In: Wall Street Online. April 16, 2019, accessed April 16, 2019 .
  68. ↑ Reconstruction of Notre-Dame: The Pinault family promises 100 million euros. Spiegel online on April 16, 2019, accessed on April 16, 2019.
  69. ↑ The Pinault billionaire family wants to forego tax breaks. In: Spiegel online. Retrieved April 17, 2019 .
  70. ^ Nicolas Raffin: Incendie à Notre-Dame de Paris: Gros dons et fiscalité font débat pour la reconstruction Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  71. ↑ Notre-Dame: Bernard Arnault juge la polémique sur les dons "consternante". on rtl.fr
  72. ^ Notre-Dame de Paris: "La polémique sur la défiscalisation des dons est vaine". on lemonde.de
  73. ↑ La mobilization pour les dons suscite la colère des "gilets jaunes". on lefigaro.fr
  74. ↑ Dispute over donations overshadows commemoration on n-tv.de.
  75. ↑ Notre-Dame: l'afflux des dons des grandes fortunes suscite le débat. on publicsenat.fr
  76. ↑ Two months after the fire: Notre Dame donations are only flowing slowly , Tagesschau, June 14, 2019
  77. ^ Mobilization mondiale pour Notre-Dame de Paris. In: Vatican News. April 16, 2019, accessed April 17, 2019 .
  78. ↑ Incendie de Notre-Dame de Paris: les pompiers à l'honneur on lemonde.fr
  79. ↑ Notre-Dame: hommage aux pompiers, qui seront faits citoyens d'honneur de Paris on lefigaro.fr
  80. ↑ Notre-Dame de Paris est Notre-Dame de toute l'Europe ( fr ) April 15, 2019.
  81. ^ Twitter message from Donald Trump, April 15, 2019.
  82. ↑ Niels Kruse: How rich is the Catholic Church and why doesn't it pay for Notre-Dame? In: Stern . April 17, 2019, accessed May 10, 2020 .
  83. ↑ http://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=72437 A spokesman for Patriarch Kyrill described the fire in Notre Dame as a threatening sign for all of Europe, including Russia, Interfax, April 19, 2019
  84. ↑ You Are Not Afraid of Robots - You Are Afraid of the Living , Novaya Gazeta, April 18, 2019; "Horror, all is lost, holy sacrifice, a sign of bad luck!"
  85. ↑ The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation will not give any money for the restoration of Notre Dame , interfax, April 18, 2019

Coordinates: 48 ° 51 ′ 10 ″  N , 2 ° 21 ′ 0 ″  E