Burchard von Schwanden

Seal of Burchard von Schwanden as Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

Burchard von Schwanden , also Burkhard, (* around 1245 in Bern ; † 1310 ) was the 12th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order from 1283 to 1290.

Life

Burchard probably came from a noble family based in Schwanden bei Schüpfen . Probably around 1269 he entered the Teutonic Order. In 1275 he was Komtur von Köniz and in 1277 he rose to the rank of Landkomtur for the Teutonic Knights of Thuringia and Saxony . In 1283 he was elected Grand Master in Acre .

During his reign the situation of Christians in the Holy Land became critical. The Mamluks gradually conquered numerous cities and castles of the crusaders , smashed the county of Tripoli in 1289 and threatened the remaining kingdom of Jerusalem around its capital, Acre. This situation had a serious impact on the Order, which was still headquartered in Acre , but Burchard was in no rush to assist the Crusaders in Outremer because he was busy with matters in the Teutonic Order State of Prussia , Lithuania and the Holy Roman Empire .

In 1287 a Lithuanian invasion destroyed large parts of Livonia . Burchard set out for Rome in 1289, where in the presence of the Pope the new borders of the Teutonic Order state on the Baltic Sea were drawn. Burchard also asked for the permission of Pope Nicholas IV to be the imperial coronation of Rudolf von Habsburg .

In early 1290, Burchard was finally forced to help the Crusaders in Acre, who were threatened with a siege by the Mamluks Sultan Qalawun . He led a hastily assembled army into the Holy Land. Shortly after arriving in Acre, Burchard suddenly resigned from his office, left command of the troops of the Teutonic Order to Heinrich von Bolanden , Commander of Sicily , and left Acre for unknown reasons. Because of the sudden death of Sultan Qalawun, the Mamluks attack was delayed until next year. The city fell after bitter fighting in May 1291, the last possessions of the order in the Holy Land were thus definitely lost.

The reason for the resignation from the grand master's office was already unknown to the chronicler Peter von Dusburg . From Acre, Burchard first went to Apulia . On August 23, 1291, the former Grand Master was named in a document from the Archbishop of Mainz. Chroniclers report that he entered the Order of St. John . According to Nikolaus von Jeroschin , before his death he is said to have asked in vain to be accepted back into the Teutonic Order.

Seal of Burchard von Schwanden as Komtur von Buchsee, March 23, 1303

From 1296 to 1297 a Burkhard von Schwanden as commander of the Johanniterkommende Heimbach can be proven. From 1298 to 1308 (last documented mention on May 8, 1308) he was Komtur in Buchsee , but also directed other people coming to St. John. In January 1304 he received a sum of money as Commander of Freiburg im Üechtland . In October of the same year, as Komtur von Hohenrain , he sold goods to this commander . He acted as Komtur von Klingnau in 1305. In February 1308 he represented these houses in an arbitration proceeding as the joint Komtur of the Johanniterkommenden in Buchsee, Thunstetten and Reiden .

The Danzig Order Chronicle reports that he died on Rhodes and is buried there too. A short history of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order, written at the turn of the fifteenth to the sixteenth century, also reports the death in Rhodes. Other historical records from the environment of the Teutonic Order locate the death or burial in Ackirs (Akkon) with the Johannites. The day of death on July 27th is noted in the Fraubrunnen monastery yearbook . In only one copy of Aegidius Tschudi's traditional notes from the Einsiedeln monastery , which were probably made at the beginning of the 1330s, the Johanniterkomtur Burchard von Schwanden is referred to as the former master of the German order and brother of Abbot Johannes. The year of death 1310, often mentioned in research literature, results from the conquest of the city of Rhodes by the Johanniter in that year.

literature

Klaus Militzer: Burchard von Schwanden. In: Udo Arnold (ed.): The Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order 1190–2012. Second, enlarged and corrected edition. Weimar 2014 ( Sources and Studies on the History of the Teutonic Order , 40) ( Publications of the International Historical Commission for Research on the Teutonic Order , 6), ISBN 978-3-89739-810-8 , pp. 38–41.
Karl Heinrich lamp: von Schwanden, Burchard. In: Altpreußische Biographie II (1967), pp. 649–650.
Kurt Forstreuter : Burchard von Schwanden. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, ISBN 3-428-00184-2 , p. 27 ( digitized version ).
Marian Tumler : The German Order in the process of becoming, growing and working up to 1400 with an outline of the history of the order from 1400 to the most recent. Vienna 1955, pp. 51–53.
Theodor von Liebenau : Burkard von Schwanden. In: Collection of Bernese biographies. First volume. Bern 1884, pp. 169-173 ( e-rara ).

Web links

Commons : Burchard von Schwanden - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

↑ Chronica terrae Prussiae , ed. Max Toeppen , in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 1 (1861), p. 205 .
^ Templars of Tire , Gestes des Chiprois , III, §485. See Hubert Houben : The Land Commander of the Deutschordensballei Apulia (1225-1474). In: Sacra militia 2 (2001), pp. 115-154, here p. 129 ( DOI: 10.1400 / 21463 ).
^ Ernst Vogt (arr.): Regest of the Archbishops of Mainz from 1289-1396. First division 1289-1353. First volume 1289-1328. Leipzig 1913, no.231 .
↑ Di Kronike von Pruzinlant , ed. Ernst Strehlke , in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 1 (1861), p. 514 ; see. Peter von Dusburg, already quoted, and the chroniclers quoted below on the circumstances of death.
^ Friedrich Heckel: Magister, Commander and bailiff of the Johanniterhaus Heimbach. A journey through its history. In: Pfälzer Heimat 16 (1965) 2, pp. 53–57, here pp. 54 and 57 with note 19; Martin Armgart and Rüdiger Schulz: Heimbach, Johanniterkommende. In: Jürgen Keddigkeit [among others] (Ed.): Palatinate Monastery Lexicon. Handbook of the Palatinate Monasteries, Stifts and Comingos. Volume 2. H - L. Kaiserslautern 2014 ( Contributions to Palatinate History 26.2), ISBN 978-3-927754-77-5 , pp. 123–148, here pp. 126 and 133.
^ Margrit Wick-Werder: Münchenbuchsee (Buchsee). In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006 ( Helvetia Sacra , Section 4, Vol. 7, Part 1), here p. 394.
^ Patrick Braun: Freiburg. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here pp. 215–216.
^ Fritz Glauser: Hohenrain. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here p. 249.
↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Leuggern. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here p. 359.
^ Fritz Glauser: Reiden. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here p. 411; Margrit Wick-Werder: Thunstetten. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here pp. 467–468.
^ Danziger Ordenschronik , ed. Theodor Hirsch , in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 4 (1870) p. 370 .
↑ Historia brevis magistrorum Ordinis Theutonici generalium , ed. Max Toeppen, in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 4 (1870) p. 261 .
^ Johann von Posilge : Chronike des Landes von Prussin , ed. Ernst Strehlke, in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 4 (1870) p. 392 ; Magistri generales ordinis Teuthonicorum fratrum , ed. Wojciech Kętrzyński , in: Monumenta Poloniae historica 4 (1884), p. 54.
^ Necrologium Fraubrunnense , ed. Franz Ludwig Baumann , in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica . Necrologia Germaniae 1 (1888), p. 414
↑ Einsiedeln Monastery Archives, A.CB.2, p. 33 ; Paul Kläui (arrangement): Urbare and Rödel up to the year 1400. 3. Rödel von Luzern (monastery in the courtyard and town), Muri and Rathausen and the Lords of Rinach ; Supplements. Aarau 1951 ( source work on the creation of the Swiss Confederation. Section 2 ) p. 368.
↑ See the chronology of the events in Rhodes: Albert Failler: L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers. In: Revue des études byzantines 50 (1992), pp. 113-135 ( DOI: 10.3406 / rebyz.1992.1854 ).

personal data
SURNAME	Burchard von Schwanden
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Burckard von Schwanden
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
DATE OF BIRTH	around 1245
PLACE OF BIRTH	Bern
DATE OF DEATH	1310

[1] Chronica terrae Prussiae , ed. Max Toeppen , in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 1 (1861), p. 205 .

[2] Templars of Tire , Gestes des Chiprois , III, §485. See Hubert Houben : The Land Commander of the Deutschordensballei Apulia (1225-1474). In: Sacra militia 2 (2001), pp. 115-154, here p. 129 ( DOI: 10.1400 / 21463 ).

[3] Ernst Vogt (arr.): Regest of the Archbishops of Mainz from 1289-1396. First division 1289-1353. First volume 1289-1328. Leipzig 1913, no.231 .

[4] Di Kronike von Pruzinlant , ed. Ernst Strehlke , in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 1 (1861), p. 514 ; see. Peter von Dusburg, already quoted, and the chroniclers quoted below on the circumstances of death.

[5] Friedrich Heckel: Magister, Commander and bailiff of the Johanniterhaus Heimbach. A journey through its history. In: Pfälzer Heimat 16 (1965) 2, pp. 53–57, here pp. 54 and 57 with note 19; Martin Armgart and Rüdiger Schulz: Heimbach, Johanniterkommende. In: Jürgen Keddigkeit [among others] (Ed.): Palatinate Monastery Lexicon. Handbook of the Palatinate Monasteries, Stifts and Comingos. Volume 2. H - L. Kaiserslautern 2014 ( Contributions to Palatinate History 26.2), ISBN 978-3-927754-77-5 , pp. 123–148, here pp. 126 and 133.

[6] Margrit Wick-Werder: Münchenbuchsee (Buchsee). In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006 ( Helvetia Sacra , Section 4, Vol. 7, Part 1), here p. 394.

[7] Patrick Braun: Freiburg. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here pp. 215–216.

[8] Fritz Glauser: Hohenrain. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here p. 249.

[9] Veronika Feller-Vest: Leuggern. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here p. 359.

[10] Fritz Glauser: Reiden. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here p. 411; Margrit Wick-Werder: Thunstetten. In: Petra Zimmer and Patrick Braun (Red.): The Johanniter, the Templer, the Teutonic Order, the Lazariter and Lazariterinnen, the Pauliner and the Serviten in Switzerland. Basel 2006, here pp. 467–468.

[11] Danziger Ordenschronik , ed. Theodor Hirsch , in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 4 (1870) p. 370 .

[12] Historia brevis magistrorum Ordinis Theutonici generalium , ed. Max Toeppen, in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 4 (1870) p. 261 .

[13] Johann von Posilge : Chronike des Landes von Prussin , ed. Ernst Strehlke, in: Scriptores rerum Prussicarum 4 (1870) p. 392 ; Magistri generales ordinis Teuthonicorum fratrum , ed. Wojciech Kętrzyński , in: Monumenta Poloniae historica 4 (1884), p. 54.

[14] Necrologium Fraubrunnense , ed. Franz Ludwig Baumann , in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica . Necrologia Germaniae 1 (1888), p. 414

[15] Einsiedeln Monastery Archives, A.CB.2, p. 33 ; Paul Kläui (arrangement): Urbare and Rödel up to the year 1400. 3. Rödel von Luzern (monastery in the courtyard and town), Muri and Rathausen and the Lords of Rinach ; Supplements. Aarau 1951 ( source work on the creation of the Swiss Confederation. Section 2 ) p. 368.

[16] See the chronology of the events in Rhodes: Albert Failler: L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers. In: Revue des études byzantines 50 (1992), pp. 113-135 ( DOI: 10.3406 / rebyz.1992.1854 ).