Ciclova Montană

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Ciclova Montană
Montan Tschiklowa
Csiklóbánya
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Ciclova Montană (Romania)
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Basic data
State : RomaniaRomania Romania
Historical region : Banat
Circle : Caraș-Severin
Municipality : Oravița
Coordinates : 45 ° 2 '  N , 21 ° 44'  E Coordinates: 45 ° 1 '33 "  N , 21 ° 43' 47"  E
Time zone : EET ( UTC +2)
Height : 250  m
Residents : 570 (2002)
Postal code : 325604
Telephone code : (+40) 02 55
License plate : CS
Structure and administration
Community type : Village
View of Ciclova Montană, 1905
The pilgrimage church “Maria-Fels”, 1908
Tschiklowa in: Josephinische Landesaufnahme , 1769–72

Ciclova Montană ( German  Tschiklowa , Montan Tschiklowa or German Tschiklowa , Hungarian Cziklova , Csiklóbánya , Csiklovabánya , Németcsiklova ) is a village in Caraş-Severin County , Banat , Romania . Today it is administratively part of the small town of Oravia ( Orawitz ).

Geographical location

Ciclova Montană is located at the foot of the Anina Mountains at an altitude of 250-310 meters. It is located on the DJ 571J County Road ( Drum Județean ), three kilometers from Oravița. The distance to the neighboring communities is a few hundred meters to Ciclova Română , seven kilometers to Oravița, nine kilometers to Ilidia and 19 kilometers to Anina / Steierdorf .

Neighboring places

Oravița Oravița Anina / Steierdorf
Oravița Neighboring communities Anina Mountains
Ciclova Română Ilidia Anina Mountains

history

Writing to the mountain resort "Csiklobanya" for the first time in a letter of Severiner was Bans "Francisc Tallóczi" to the Hungarian King Ludwig I mentioned on February 16 1437th

The place Cziklova is registered on the Josephine land survey of 1717 . After the Peace of Passarowitz (1718) the village was part of the Habsburg crown domain Temescher Banat . In 1778 the Banat was awarded to the Kingdom of Hungary by Empress Maria Theresa . From 1849 to 1860 it was part of an independent crown land of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temescher Banat .

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867), the Banat was annexed to the Kingdom of Hungary within the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary . At the beginning of the 20th century, the law for the Magyarization of place names (Ga. 4/1898) was applied. The official place name was Csiklóbánya . The Hungarian place names remained valid in the Kingdom of Romania until the administrative reform of 1923 when the Romanian place names were introduced.

The Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920 resulted in the Banat being divided into three parts, whereby Ciclova fell to the Kingdom of Romania .

As a result of the Waffen-SS Agreement of May 12, 1943 between the Antonescu government and Hitler's Germany , all men of German origin who were conscripted into the German army. The Germans from Romania had to pay for this after Romania switched sides on August 23, 1944. Before the end of the war, in January 1945, all ethnic German women between the ages of 18 and 30 and men between the ages of 16 and 45 were deported to the Soviet Union for reconstruction work .

The Land Reform Act of March 23, 1945 , which provided for the expropriation of German farmers without compensation, as former members of the German ethnic group in Romania , deprived the rural population of their livelihood. At the same time, the houses of the Germans were also expropriated without compensation. Land and farmhouses were distributed to smallholders, farm workers and colonists from other parts of the country.

The nationalization law of June 11, 1948 , which provided for the nationalization of all industrial and commercial enterprises, banks and insurance companies, resulted in the expropriation of all commercial enterprises. In the early 1950s, the collectivization of agriculture took place.

Population development

census Ethnicity
year Residents Romanians Hungary German Other
1880 2118 1939 1 178 -
1910 2001 1876 15th 101 9
1930 1418 1348 2 66 2
1977 971 940 5 22nd 4th
2002 636 622 1 8th 5

economy

Archaeological finds attest to the practice of mining in the area of ​​today's Ciclova Montană as early as Roman times and thus prove the economic importance of Ciclova along the Roman road Moldova Nouă - Berzovia . Mining was also carried out here during the Turkish rule after 1526. Even before the Peace of Karlowitz (1699) the southern Banat was abandoned by the Turks. The Viennese Court Chamber allowed by the wealth of ores in 1703 miners explore. Under the direction of the miner "Johann Schubert" from Schmöllnitz , copper mining was resumed from 1718 and the first Banat smelting furnace was blown. In 1721 the imperial copper hammer was built under the supervision of master "Anton Schmidt" from Wöllersdorf . The dike required for operation was also built during this time. In 1746 two new blast furnaces and an additional copper hammer were built. In 1868 copper ore mining was stopped. The last iron hammer produced agricultural implements until 1928. After 1950 there were several attempts to reactivate copper mining, but without any economic success.

Due to the application of the Maximilian Bergordnung , the miners received the right to brew beer for their own needs from 1727. Brewing was done on the copper hammer. The brewery was founded in 1818 by the pharmacist Knobloch and sold to the Fischer family in 1821. The partner Robert Bähr brought about the expansion and modernization of the beer factory in 1892. On April 1, 1938, the "MG Fischer und Sons" brewery was closed.

As a result of the financial crisis, a mint arose in Ciclova in 1812, which was expanded after 1815 and visited by Emperor Franz I on October 5, 1817 . Copper coins with the mark “O” were minted here until 1855.

tourism

To preserve the biodiversity, the nature reserve "Valea Ciclovei-Ilidia" was established in 1973 with a total area of ​​almost 2000 hectares. The surgeon and botanist from Oravița Peter Wierzbicki collected a large part of his herbarium here until 1842 .

Ciclova Montană is the starting point for hikes to the Greek Orthodox "Monastery of Călugăra", to the forest house "Julia-Wiese" near a lilac forest, where the annual folk festival "Ziua Liliacului" takes place and to the peaks "Roll-Berg" or "Simeon" . The limestone cliffs are a challenge for alpinists , as are the numerous caves for speologists (for example the “Adam Neamțu Cave”). The forest paths are suitable for mountain biking .

Industrial archeology can be carried out in the entire local area . Traces of the first smelting furnace of the Banat, the copper hammer, the mint, dikes and mine entrances are present. The disused facilities of the former beer factory are located in the center of the village . The listed cellars and the beer garden are particularly worth seeing . A former thermal bath , built in 1969, supplied with the 27 ° warm water from the former copper mine, can be seen. At the entrance to the village from the direction of Ciclova Română is the Roman Catholic pilgrimage church "Maria Fels" and the Calvary .

Pilgrimage

In 1727 the “Maria Fels” chapel was built to store an old miraculous image. The bishops Ladislaus Graf von Nádasdy (1727) and Adalbert von Falkenstein (1733) obtained indulgences for the three Maria feast days.

In 1777 the current pilgrimage church was built on the rock. The complete indulgence for the whole year took place in 1798 by Pope Pius VI. Here stood a small organ, a positive , built around 1800 by Franz Anton Wälters from Timisoara. Only the case and a few prospect pipes have been preserved. Today the chants are accompanied on a harmonium .

On May 12, 1854, the “Miracle of Tschiklowa” happened when little Elisabeth Windberger fell from the Kirchenfels and got away with a few scratches.

Maria Tschiklowa is the place of pilgrimage for the faithful of the surrounding Catholic places, who make a pilgrimage to her every year on July 2nd, August 15th and September 8th.

Cultural life

As part of the general cultural development of this time, start-up initiatives also emerged in Ciclova Montană. A choir was founded in 1888, and a reading and singing society in 1891. In 1906 the community library opened. On April 30, 1929, the opening of the cultural center, built through donations and voluntary work by the local residents, was celebrated. In February 2010 the culture group "Art Ciclova Association" was created.

Personalities

literature

  • HD Schmidt, W. Woth, K. Fassbinder: Family book of the community Montan-Tschiklowa. Ulm, 2001
  • Hartwig Maurus: The history of the pilgrimage church of Tschiklowa. Publishing house Kaden Orawitza, 1925
  • Swantje Volkmann : The architecture of the 18th century in the Temescher Banat. Heidelberg, 2001

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h banater-berglanddeutsche.de ( Memento from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Montan Tschiklowa
  2. ^ Gerhard Seewann : History of the Germans in Hungary , Volume 2 1860 to 2006, Herder Institute, Marburg 2012
  3. ↑ kia.hu (PDF; 858 kB), E. Varga: Statistics of the number of inhabitants by ethnicity in the Caraș-Severin district according to censuses from 1880 - 2002
  4. ↑ edition-musik-suedost.de , Maria Tschiklowa / Ciclova