Codonopsis

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Codonopsis
Codonopsis lanceolata

Codonopsis lanceolata

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)
Subfamily : Campanuloideae
Genre : Codonopsis
Scientific name
Codonopsis
Wall.

The genus Codonopsis , sometimes called tiger bells , belongs to the bellflower family (Campanulaceae). The 42 to 67 species are distributed in Central, South and East Asia , with a focus on the Himalayas and southwestern China .

description

Illustration of Codonopsis lanceolata
Illustration from Flore des Serres , Volume 15 from Codonopsis gracilis

Vegetative characteristics

Codonopsis species are predominantly creeping, prostrate or climbing, rarely erect, perennial herbaceous plants or rarely shrubs . You have tubers as a persistence concern.

The opposite or whorled leaves are with or without a petiole .

Generative characteristics

The relatively large and often pendulous, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . Some species have a pungent, rancid odor, similar to that of cat urine. The five blue, purple, green, yellow or white petals are bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or tubular, the corolla tube being longer than the corolla teeth. There is only one circle with five free stamens . The pollen usually has seven to nine (five to ten) furrows ("colpat"). The ovary is triple. The stylus splits into three scar branches .

The triple capsule fruit is initially fleshy, later it becomes dry and hard.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16, but polyploids cannot be ruled out.

ecology

The Codonopsis species are mountain plants.

The pollination is done by bees ( Melittophilie ), possibly by butterflies ( Lepidopterophilie ), partly by flying ( Myiophilie ) or wasp ( Sphecophilie ).

Systematics and distribution

Codonopsis clematidea
Codonopsis lanceolata
Codonopsis ovata flower
Codonopsis pilosula
Codonopsis rotundifolia
Codonopsis subscaposa
Blooms of Codonopsis subscaposa
Codonopsis ussuriensis
Codonopsis ussuriensis

The genus Codonopsis was in 1824 by Nathaniel Wallich in William Roxburgh : Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants , Volume 2, page 103. Lectotype species is Codonopsis viridis Wall. Synonyms for Codonopsis Wall. are: Campanumoea Blume , Glosocomia D.Don , Glossocomia Rchb. , Leptocodon (Hook. F.) Lem.

The genus Codonopsis belongs to the bluebell family in the narrower sense ( Campanuloideae ) and is related to Campanumoea , Canarina , Cyananthus , Leptocodon and Platycodon . The genera Campanumoea and Leptocodon are very similar to Codonopsis , which is why they are sometimes incorporated into Codonopsis .

The Codonopsis species are common in Central , South and East Asia. The focus of biodiversity is in the Himalayas and southwestern China . There are 40 species in China, 24 of them only there.

The genus Codonopsis is divided into five sections in Hong 2015.

The genus Codonopsis comprises 42 to 48 (as of 2020) species :

  • Codonopsis affinis Hook. f. & Thomson (Syn .: Codonopsis affinis var. Birmanica C.B. Clarke ): It occurs from the Himalayas over southern Tibet to northern Myanmar .
  • Codonopsis alpina Nannf. (Syn .: Codonopsis foetens var. Major Hand.-Mazz. ): It thrives on open, stony, alpine mats at altitudes of 4,000 to 4,300 meters only in southeastern Tibet ( Markam , Zayü ) and northwestern Yunnan ( Dêqên , Gongshan ).
  • Codonopsis argentea P.C. Tsoong : This endemic thrives on exposed rocky slopes at altitudes from 2000 to 2300 meters only in Fanjing Shan in Guizhou.
  • Codonopsis bactriana F.O.Khass., U.Kodyrov & A.Myrz. : It was first described from Uzbekistan in 2017.
  • Codonopsis benthamii Hook. f. & Thomson (Syn .: Codonopsis macrocalyx Diels , Codonopsis pianmaensis S.H. Huang ): It is in the Himalayas from northeast India via Sikkim , Bhutan , northern Myanmar to Nepal , southeastern Tibet (Markam, Yadong , Zayü) and the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan ( Baoxing , Muli ) and northwestern Yunnan.
  • Codonopsis bhutanica Ludlow (Syn .: Codonopsis xizangensis D.Y. Hong ): It occurs from Bhutan via central Nepal to Cona in southeastern Tibet.
  • Codonopsis bomiensis D.Y. Hong (Syn .: Codonopsis rotundifolia var. Angustifolia Nannf. ): It was first described in 2014 from southeastern Tibet.
  • Codonopsis bragaensis Gray-Wilson : It occurs only in central Nepal.
  • Codonopsis bulleyana Forrest ex Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 3300 to 4200 meters in southeastern Tibet, southwestern Sichuan and northern Yunnan.
  • Codonopsis campanulata D.Y. Hong : It was first described in 2014 and occurs from southern Tibet to central Nepal.
  • Codonopsis canescens Nannf. : It thrives at altitudes of 3000 to 4200 meters in Tibet, Sichuan and southern Qinghai.
  • Codonopsis cardiophylla Diels ex Kom .: There have been two subspecies since 2014:
    • Codonopsis cardiophylla Diels ex Kom. Subsp. cardiophylla : It thrives on grass slopes and rock faces at altitudes of 2000 to 2900 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Shanxi (only in Yuanqu ), southern Shaanxi and western Hubei .
    • Codonopsis cardiophylla subsp. megaphylla D.Y. Hong : It was first described in 2014 from Sichuan. So far, it has only been found in Hongya .
  • Codonopsis chimiliensis J.Anthony : It occurs in western Yunnan and northern Myanmar .
  • Codonopsis chlorocodon C.Y.Wu (Syn .: Codonopsis viridiflora var. Chlorocodon (CYWu) SHHuang ): It thrives in altitudes from 2700 to 3700 meters in the western Sichuan and northwest Yunnan.
  • Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) CBClarke (Syn .: Codonopsis ovata var. Cuspidata Chipp ): It is from the Central Asian states of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan via Afghanistan spread and northwestern India and northern Pakistan to western Tibet and Xinjiang, and perhaps in Mongolia .
  • Codonopsis cordifolioidea P.C. Tsoong : It only thrives at altitudes of 1700 to 2200 meters in northwestern Yunnan.
  • Codonopsis deltoidea Chipp:: This endemic thrives at altitudes of 1800 to 2800 meters in western Sichuan only in the Emei Shan .
  • Codonopsis elliptica D.Y. Hong : It was first described in 2014 from Sichuan.
  • Codonopsis farreri J.Anthony (Syn .: Codonopsis gombalana C.Y.Wu , Codonopsis farreri var. Grandiflora S.H. Huang ): It occurs from northwestern Yunnan and northeastern Myanmar.
  • Codonopsis foetens Hook. f. & Thomson : There have been two subspecies since 2010:
    • Codonopsis foetens Hook. f. & Thomson subsp. foetens : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to southeastern Tibet and northern Myanmar.
    • Codonopsis foetens subsp. nervosa (Chipp) DYHong (Syn .: Codonopsis nervosa (Chipp) Nannf. , Codonopsis ovata var. nervosa Chipp , Codonopsis macrantha Nannf. , Codonopsis nervosa var. macrantha (Nannf.) LDShen , Codonopsis nervosa subsp. macrantha (Nannf.) DYHong & LMMa ): It has been a subspecies since 2010 and occurs from eastern Tibet to southeastern Gansu .
  • Codonopsis gongshanica Qiang Wang & DYHong : It was first described in 2014 from Yunnan. So far it has only been found in northern Gaoligong Shan.
  • Codonopsis gracilis Hook. f. & Thomson (Syn .: Leptocodon gracilis (Hook. F. & Thomson) Lem. ): It comes from northern India, eastern Nepal, Bhutan to northern Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan (Huili, Muli, Yanbian) and western Yunnan in front.
  • Codonopsis hemisphaerica P.C. Tsoong ex DYHong : It was first described in 2014 from western Sichuan.
  • Codonopsis henryi olive. : It thrives at altitudes of 2300 to 3800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing , Hubei and Sichuan.
  • Codonopsis hongii Lammers (Syn .: Leptocodon hirsutus D.Y.Hong , Codonopsis hirsuta (Hand.-Mazz) DYHong & LMMa. ): It comes from Sikkim through southeastern Tibet to the northwestern Yunnan (Gongshan, Weixi) ago.
  • Codonopsis inflata Hook. f. . It occurs from eastern Nepal to southeastern Tibet.
  • Codonopsis javanica (flower) Hook.f. & Thomson : There are two subspecies:
    • Codonopsis javanica subsp. japonica (Makino) Lammers (Syn .: Codonopsis japonica Miq. ): It occurs in China and from Japan to Taiwan.
    • Codonopsis javanica (flower) Hook. f. & Thomson subsp. javanica (Syn .: Codonopsis cordifolia Kom. ): It occurs from the eastern Himalayas to China and western Malesia.
  • Codonopsis kawakamii Hayata : It occurs in Taiwan .
  • Codonopsis lanceolata (Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Trautv. (Syn .: codonopsis bodinieri . H.Lév , Codonopsis yesoensis Nakai , Codonopsis lanceolata var. Emaculata Honda , Codonopsis lanceolata var. Ohmurae T.Koyama ): It comes to Hong 2015 in northern China, Japan , Korea and Russia's Far East before .
  • Codonopsis levicalyx L.D.Shen : It thrives at altitudes of 2300 to 3300 meters in Tibet and Sichuan.
  • Codonopsis lixianica D.Y.Hong : It was first described from Sichuan, 2014.
  • Codonopsis macrophylla Lammers & LIKlein : It was first described from Tibet in 2010.
  • Codonopsis meleagris Diels : It thrives at altitudes of 3,000 to 4,000 meters in Yunnan.
  • Codonopsis micrantha Chipp : It occurs in southwest Sichuan, northern Yunnan and southwest Guizhou.
  • Codonopsis microtubulosa Z.T.Wang & GJXu : It was first described in 1993 and occurs in northern Sichuan and northern Chingqing.
  • Codonopsis obtusa (Chipp) Nannf. : It occurs from Central Asia to northeast Afghanistan.
  • Codonopsis ovata Benth. . It occurs from Central Asia to the western Himalayas.
  • Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. : There are three subspecies:
    • Codonopsis pilosula subsp. handeliana (Nannf.) DYHong & LMMa (Syn .: Codonopsis handeliana Nannf. ): It occurs in southwestern Sichuan and in northern Yunnan.
    • Codonopsis pilosula subsp. pilosula ( Codonopsis silvestris Kom. ): It occurs from Mongolia to Korea and China.
    • Codonopsis pilosula subsp. tangshen (Oliv.) DYHong (Syn .: Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. ): It occurs in China.
  • Codonopsis reflexa D.Y. Hong : It was first described from Nepal in 2014.
  • Codonopsis rotundifolia Benth. (Syn .: Codonopsis longifolia D.Y. Hong , Codonopsis nepalensis H. Hara ). It occurs from Pakistan to the Himalayas and southern Tibet.
  • Codonopsis subglobosa W.W.Sm. : It occurs from eastern Tibet to western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. It thrives on stony mountain meadows, wooded limestone walls and between bushes along rivers at altitudes of 2500 to 3700 meters in eastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan (only in Dêqên and Lijiang ).
  • Codonopsis subscaposa Kom .: It thrives on grassy slopes, moist meadows and in sparse forests at altitudes of 2500 to 4200 meters in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan (only in Zhongdian ).
  • Codonopsis subsimplex hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs in the central to eastern Himalayas from northeast India via Bhutan and Nepal to southern Tibet (only in Mainling and Yadong ) to.
  • Codonopsis thalictrifolia Wall. : There have been two subspecies since 2015:
    • Codonopsis thalictrifolia subsp. mollis (Chipp) DYHong (Syn .: Codonopsis mollis Chipp , Codonopsis thalictrifolia var. mollis (Chipp) LDShen ): It has been a subspecies since 2015. It occurs in southeastern Tibet.
    • Codonopsis thalictrifolia Wall. subsp. thalictrifolia : It occurs in the central to eastern Himalayas in northeast India as well as Nepal and central to southern Tibet.
  • Codonopsis tsinlingensis Pax & K. Hoffm. : It thrives at altitudes from 2,700 to 3,600 meters in Shaanxi .
  • Codonopsis tubulosa Kom . : There have been two subspecies since 2015:
    • Codonopsis tubulosa Kom. Subsp. tubulosa (Syn .: Codonopsis accrescenticalyx H.Lév. , Codonopsis pilosa Chipp ): It occurs in Assam and in the Chinese provinces of western Guizhou (only in Nayong and Panxian), southern Sichuan and Yunnan (only in Dali, Lanping and Mengzi ) .
    • Codonopsis tubulosa subsp. vadsea (SSDash & AAMao) DYHong (Syn .: Codonopsis vadsea S.S.Dash & AAMao ): It has been a subspecies since 2015. It occurs only in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh .
  • Codonopsis ussuriensis (Rupr. & Maxim.) Hemsl. (Syn .: Codonopsis minima Nakai ): It occurs from Japan and Korea to Russia's Far East.
  • Codonopsis viridiflora Maxim. (Syn .: Codonopsis bicolor Nannf. ): It thrives on alpine mats or on the edges of forests at altitudes of 3000 to 4000 meters in eastern Tibet (only in Jomda ) and in the Chinese provinces of southeastern Gansu, southern Ningxia (only in Jingyuan ), eastern Qinghai (only in Huangyuan ), Shaanxi (only in Taibai Shan), western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan (only in Dêqên).
  • Codonopsis viridis Wall. (Syn .: Codonopsis griffithii C.B. Clarke ): It occurs from northern India via Bhutan to Pakistan, northwestern Myanmar and in southeastern Tibet (only in Cona ).

Some Codonopsis species have been placed in other genera:

The only species of the monotypic genus Echinocodon D.Y. Hong :
The only species of the monotypic genus Pankycodon D.Y. Hong & H.Sun, newly established in 2014 :
The only species of the monotypic genus Himalacodon D.Y. Hong & Qiang Wang, newly established in 2014 :
Handle in the genus Cyclocodon . ex Hook. f. & Thomson were asked:
In 2014 and 2015, the following were placed in the genus Pseudocodon D.Y. Hong & H.Sun (contains eight species):
  • Pseudocodon convolvulaceus (short) DYHong & H.Sun : There are two subspecies:
    • Pseudocodon convolvulaceus (short) DYHong & H.Sun subsp. convolvulaceus (Syn .: Codonopsis convolvulacea short )
    • Pseudocodon convolvulaceus subsp. forrestii (Diels) DYHong (Syn .: codonopsis forrestii Diels , Codonopsis convolvulacea var. forrestii (Diels) Ballard , Codonopsis convolvulacea subsp. forrestii (Diels) DYHong & LMMa , Codonopsis efilamentosa W.W.Sm. , Codonopsis limprichtii Lingelsh. & Borza , Codonopsis mairei H.Lév. , Codonopsis convolvulacea var. limprichtii (Lingelsh. & Borza) J.Anthony , Codonopsis forrestii var. heterophylla C.Y.Wu , Codonopsis forrestii var. hirsuta P.C.Tsoong & LDShen , Codonopsis convolvulacea var. efilamentosa (WWSm.) LDShen )
  • Pseudocodon graminifolius (H.Lév.) DYHong (Syn .: codonopsis graminifolia H.Lév. , Codonopsis limprichtii var. Pinifolia Hand.-Mazz. , Codonopsis convolvulacea var. Pinifolia (Hand.-Mazz.) Nannf. , Codonopsis pinifolia (Hand .-Mazz.) Gray-Wilson )
  • Pseudocodon gray-wilsonii (JMHShaw) DYHong (Syn .: Codonopsis gray-wilsonii J.MHShaw , Codonopsis convolvulacea subsp. Gray-wilsonii (JMHShaw) DYHong , Codonopsis nepalensis Gray-Wilson nom. Illeg.)
  • Pseudocodon hirsutus (Hand.-Mazz.) DYHong (Syn .: Codonopsis limprichtii var. Hirsuta Hand.-Mazz. , Codonopsis convolvulacea var. Hirsuta (Hand.-Mazz.) Nannf. , Codonopsis hirsuta (Hand.-Mazz.) DYHong & LMMa )
  • Pseudocodon petiolatus D.Y. Hong & Q.Wang : It was first described in 2015.
  • Pseudocodon retroserratus (ZTWang & GJXu) DYHong & Q.Wang (Syn .: Codonopsis retroserrata Z.T.Wang & GJXu )
  • Pseudocodon rosulatus (WWSm.) DYHong (Syn .: Codonopsis rosulata W.W.Sm. )
  • Pseudocodon vinciflorus (Kom.) DYHong : Since 2015 there are two subspecies:
    • Pseudocodon vinciflorus subsp. dianchuanicus D.Y. Hong & Q.Wang : It was first described in 2015.
    • Pseudocodon vinciflorus (Kom.) DYHong subsp. vinciflorus (Syn .: Codonopsis vinciflora Kom. , Codonopsis convolvulacea var. vinciflora (Kom.) LDShen , Codonopsis convolvulacea subsp. vinciflora (Kom.) DYHong )

swell

literature

  • De-Yuan Hong, Thomas G. Lammers, Laura L. Klein: In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 . Codonopsis Wallich in Roxburgh , p. 513 - online with the same text as the printed work . (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)
  • De-Yuan Hong: A Monograph of Codonopsis and Allied Genera (Campanulaceae). Science Press, Beijing, 2015, ISBN 9780128019412 , pp. 1–256.
  • Jing-Yu He, Na Ma, Shu Zhu, Katsuko Komatsu, Zhi-Yuan Li, Wei-Ming Fu: The genus Codonopsis (Campanulaceae): a review of phytochemistry, bioactivity and quality control. In: Journal of Natural Medicines , Volume 69, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 1–21. doi : 10.1007 / s11418-014-0861-9

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Codonopsis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 12, 2020.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Codonopsis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  3. ↑ WMM Eddie, TV Shulkina, JF Gaskin, RC Haberle, RK Jansen: Phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. st. from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 90, 2003, pp. 554-575.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Deyuan Hong, Thomas G. Lammers, Laura L. Klein: In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 . Codonopsis Wallich in Roxburgh , p. 513 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  5. ↑ a b c De-Yuan Hong: A Monograph of Codonopsis and Allied Genera (Campanulaceae). Science Press, Beijing, 2015, pp. 1–256.
  6. ^ Codonopsis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 17, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Codonopsis  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Historical literature

  • J. Anthony: A key to the genus Codonopsis Wall. with an account of two undescribed species. In: Notes of the Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh , Volume 73, 1926, pp. 173-191.
  • TF Chipp: A revision of the genus Codonopsis Wall. , In: The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. , Volume 38, 1908, pp. 374-391.
  • Thomas G. Lammers: Campanulaceae In: The families and genera of vascular plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg 2007.
  • KE Morris, Thomas G. Lammers: Circumscription of Codonopsis and the allied genera Campanumoea and Leptocodon (Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae). I. Palynological data. In: Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica , Volume 36, 1997, pp. 277-284. on-line.