Fanjingshan
| Fanjingshan 梵净山 |
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UNESCO world heritage 
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紅雲 金頂 - "Golden summit of the red cloud" or 新 金頂 - "New golden summit" |
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| National territory: |
 People's Republic of China
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| Type: | nature |
| Criteria : | (vii) (ix) (x) |
| Surface: | 40,275 ha |
| Buffer zone: | 37,239 ha |
| Reference No .: | 1559 |
| UNESCO region : | Asia and Pacific |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 2018 ( session 42 ) |
The Fanjingshan ( Chinese 梵净山 , Pinyin Fanjingshan - "Fanjing Mountain") is a mountain in the city of Tongren in the Chinese province of Guizhou . The main summit ( 鳳凰 金頂 - "Golden Phoenix Dome") is at 2572 meters the highest mountain in the Wuling Mountains ( Chinese 武陵山脈 , Pinyin Wǔlíng Shānmài ), a mountain range in central China, which extends from the government- direct city of Chongqing through the eastern Moves part of Guizhou to the western part of Hunan Province . The mountain region is characterized by great scenic beauty. Fanjinshan is also an important spiritual center of Chinese Buddhism. The region has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2018. On one of the secondary peaks ( 新 金顶 - "golden summit of the red cloud") with 2336 meters, on which around 8000 steps lead, there are two small temples with a bridge over the narrow gorge between them.
description
geology
The region, declared a World Heritage Site, has an altitude of 500 to 2572 meters above sea level. Geologically, the Fanjingshan rock forms an island of metamorphic rock in the middle of a sea of karst rock . Some of the rock is very old and was formed in the early Earth period ( Proterozoic ) about a billion years ago. In the Triassic , about 250 million years ago, the Fanjingshan rock was located under an ancient sea. In the Late Triassic to the Jurassic (150 to 220 million years ago) the whole region gradually rose and fell dry. This process continued after the Indian and Eurasian plates collided some 40 million years ago, which led to the formation of the Himalayas and the Qinghai-Tibet plateau . The surrounding karst rock was weathered by the regular rainfall, while the rock of Fanjingshan grew higher and higher.
The mountain forms part of the watershed between the Wujiang and Yuanjiang rivers and part of the transition zone between the Yunnan-Guizhou plain in the (south) west and the western hill country of Hunan. The region is located in the subtropics and the climate is relatively mild and rainy with annual precipitation of 1100 to 2600 mm (mean 1506 mm) and an average humidity of 80%. It is influenced by southwest monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal , southeast monsoon winds from the South China Sea, and colder, continental winds from the north. The annual mean temperature is between 5 and 17 ° C (mean 12 ° C) and decreases with increasing altitude (about 0.5–0.56 ° C per 100 meters).
Flora and fauna
The great difference in height leads to very different vegetation zones and a great diversity of species in a small area. Below 1300 meters, the vegetation consists mainly of subtropical deciduous forest. A mixed forest of evergreen and deciduous deciduous forest follows between 1300 and 2200 meters . Coniferous forest and bushes can be found above 2200 meters . Among the plant and animal species are 230 species of rare or endangered plants, such as the "sapphire dragon tree" Paulownia kawakamii and Bretschneidera sinensis , and more than 115 rare or endangered animal species, including the Chinese giant salamander , the Chinese musk deer , the king pheasant and the collar bear . 46 plant species and 4 vertebrate species (including the snub nose ) are endemic to the area. Of Abies Fanjingshanensis , a fir tree, here about 250 specimens grow - the only ingredient worldwide. The protected area comprises around 15,600 hectares of primeval beech forest - the largest such forest area in all of the subtropics.
There are three villages in the park, Tuanlong, Lingfeng and Dianchang, in which mostly members of minority peoples ( Tujia , Miao , Dong , Gelao ) but also Han Chinese live. The villagers practice traditional agriculture in accordance with the protection status of the entire area.
Buddhist traditions
Buddhism had found its way into Guizhou since the 7th century and had spread here by the 12th century. There were 5 imperial temples and 48 ordinary temples in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries. Most of these are no longer or only preserved as ruins today. A number of buildings fell victim to the Cultural Revolution . However, Buddhist traditions are still alive. The mountain is considered a sacred place of Buddhism in China , a place where one can experience spiritual enlightenment ( Bodhimaṇḍa , 道场 ) and get closer to the future Buddha ( Maitreya , 弥勒 菩萨 ).
tourism
Tourism in the region is constantly increasing. In 2010, 180,000 people visited the area and in 2014 the number was 360,000. Currently (2018) no more than 8000 people are allowed to visit the nature park every day.
State nature protection and world natural heritage
In 1956, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the People's Republic of China declared Fanjingshan a nature reserve, in which no forestry should be carried out. In 1978, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve was officially established. In 1986 the reserve was entered on the UNESCO list of biosphere reserves . In March 2017, the People's Republic of China submitted an application to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN) to declare the area a World Heritage Site. After a positive assessment by the responsible IUCN expert committees, the UNESCO World Heritage Executive Committee decided at its 42nd meeting on June 24 to July 4, 2018 in Manama ( Bahrain ) to include Fanjingshan as a World Heritage Site.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ The Temples of Mount Fanjing In: amusingplant.com , accessed August 14, 2019.
- ↑ a b c d e f Fanjingshan> Nomination 1559 (inscribed)> Nomination Text. Ministry of Urban and Rural Development of the People's Republic of China, accessed November 2, 2018 .
- ↑ a b c Fanjingshan> Nomination 1559 (inscribed)> Advisory Body Interim Report. IUCN Advisory Board, accessed November 2, 2018 .
- ↑ 铜仁 梵净山 佛教 文化 综述 ("A Summary of the Buddhist Culture of Fanjingshan"). (No longer available online.) Trsmzw.gov.cn, October 14, 2014, archived from the original on July 5, 2018 ; Retrieved November 2, 2018 (Chinese (simplified)). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Decisions adopted during the 42nd session of the World Heritage Committee (Manama, 2018). (pdf) Retrieved November 2, 2018 (English).
Coordinates: 27 ° 53 ′ 44 ″ N , 108 ° 40 ′ 48 ″ E
Heritage: Great Wall of China (1987) | Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing ( Forbidden City ) and Shenyang (1987) | Mogao Grottoes (1987) | Qin Shihuangdis Mausoleum (1987) | Peking man's site in Zhoukoudian (1987) | Summer Residence and Eight Outer Temples near Chengde (1994) | Confucius Temple, Cemetery and Residence of the Kong Family in Qufu (1994) | Daoist shrines in the mountains of Wudang (1994) | Potala Palace (1994), Jokhang Temple (2000) and Norbulingka Palace (2001) | Lu Shan National Park (1996) | Lijiang Old Town (1997) | Old City of Pingyao (1997) | Classical Gardens of Suzhou (1997) | Yiheyuan Summer Palace (1998) | Temple of Heaven with imperial sacrificial altar in Beijing (1998) | Rock sculptures by Also (1999) | Mount Qingcheng Mountains and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System (2000) | Xidi and Hongcun Villages (2000) | Longmen Grottoes (2000) | Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (2000) | Yungang Grottoes (2001) | Capitals and Tombs of the Ancient Kingdom of Koguryo (2004) | Historic Center of Macau (2005) | Yinxu (2006) | Diaolou towers and villages in Kaiping (2007) | Tulou loam buildings in Fujian (2008) | Wutai Shan (2009) | Historical Monuments of Dengfeng (2010) | Cultural Landscape West Lake near Hangzhou (2011) | Xanadu Site (2012) | Hani rice terraces in Yunnan (2013) | Silk Roads: The Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor Road Network (2014) | Kaiserkanal (2014) | Tusi sites (2015) | Petroglyphs at Huashan and the Zuo Jiang River (2016) | Kulangsu: a Historic International Settlement (2017) | Liangzhu City Archaeological Ruins (2019)
Natural heritage: Jiuzhaigou Valley Landscape Park (1992) | Lime sinter terrace landscape Huanglong (1992) | Wulingyuan Landscape Park (1992) | Protection zones of the three parallel rivers of Yunnan (2003) | Sichuan Panda Nature Reserve (2006) | Karst landscapes in southern China (2007, 2014) | Sanqing Shan National Park (2008) | Danxia Shan at Shaoguan (2010) | Chengjiang Fossil Site (2012) | Tian Shan Mountains in Xinjiang (2013) | Shennongjia Forest Area (2016) | Qinghai Hoh Xil (2017) | Migratory bird sanctuaries along the coast of the Yellow Sea - Gulf of Bohai (Phase I) (2019)
Cultural / Natural Heritage: Tai Shan Mountain Region (1987) | Huang Shan Mountains (1990) | Mountain landscape of Emei Shan and Leshan Big Buddha (1996) | Wuyi Mountains (1999) | Fanjingshan (2018)