Cyananthus

Cyananthus
Cyananthus lobatus , illustration
Systematics
Asterids Euasterids II Order : Astern-like (Asterales) Family : Bellflower family (Campanulaceae) Subfamily : Campanuloideae Genre : Cyananthus
Scientific name
Cyananthus
Wall. ex Benth.

The genus Cyananthus belongs to the bellflower family (Campanulaceae). The 21 to 23 species are common in the Himalayas and southwestern China .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Cyananthus species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . The perennial species are dwarfish and often with a bulbous sprout base caudex . The stem is usually prostrate or ascending.

The leaves are usually arranged alternately on the stem. Most species have a distinctly pronounced petiole , which is often winged and hairy, the leaves are rarely sessile. The leaf blades are mostly undivided ( three-lobed in Cyananthus lobatus ), lanceolate through heart-shaped oval to rounded. There are no stipules .

Generative characteristics

Some cyananthus TYPES the section Stenolobi is Gynodioecy ago. The flowers are usually solitary at the end of the stem, rarely in zymous inflorescences . They have a short flower stalk , the flowers are rarely sessile.

The hermaphroditic or unisexual flowers are radial symmetry and rarely three, usually four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is sometimes fused with the crown . The four to five mostly blue, rarely purple or yellowish petals are fused funnel-shaped or tubular. There is only one circle with four or five stamens . The stamens are thin. The pollen has seven to nine (six to twelve) furrows (“colpat”) and more or less distinct “polar caps”. The upper ovary is three to five-fold.

The capsule fruits open at the top with three to five fruit flaps.

The number of chromosomes is usually 2n = 14, rarely ( Cyananthus hookeri ) also 2n = 24.

Locations

The cyananthus species are high mountain plants at altitudes of 2000 to 5000 meters.

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

The genus Cyananthus was established in 1836 by Nathaniel Wallich and George Bentham in John Forbes Royle : Illustrations of the Botany ... of the Himalayan Mountains ... , 1, page 309.

The genus Cyananthus belongs to the bluebell family in the narrower sense ( Campanuloideae ) and is related to Campanumoea , Canarina , Codonopsis , Leptocodon and Platycodon . The unusual for the subfamily Campanuloideae upper ovary, pollen morphology and the number of chromosomes have long suggested that Cyananthus is similar to original species.

According to Krishna K. Shrestha 1997, the genus Cyananthus was divided into two sub-genera and four sections:

Subgenus Cyananthus (21 species): Divided into four sections:

• Section Cyananthus (seven species)
• Section Stenolobi Franch. (nine types)
• Section Suffruticulosi K.K.Shrestha (two types)
• Section Annui (YSLian) DYHong & LMMa (three types)

Subgenus Micranthus K.K.Shrestha (two species)

Molecular genetic data show that there are three clades. The previous structures are replaced. In this century the monophyletic genus Cyananthus divided into three sections with about 20 to 21 species:

Sections with their species and their distribution

• Section Annui (YSLian) DYHong & LMMa : The species are mainly distributed in the Hengduan Mountains :
  • Cyananthus fasciculatus C.Marq. : It thrives in forests, thickets and on grassy slopes at altitudes of 2400 to 3500 meters in western Sichuan and northern Yunnan .
  • Cyananthus hookeri C.B.Clarke (Syn .: Cyananthus cronquistii K.K.Shrestha ): It is from the central Himalayas in Nepal , Sikkim and Bhutan to eastern Tibet (in eastern Namling ) and the Chinese provinces of southeastern Gansu (only in the Tao He basin), southern Qinghai ( Tongren and Yushu ), western Sichuan (in western Kangding and Lixian ) and northern Yunnan.
  • Cyananthus inflatus Hook. f. & Thoms. : It occurs from the eastern Himalayas from northern India via Nepal, Bhutan to northern Myanmar , in southern Tibet , in western Guizhou only Weining , in western Sichuan and northern Yunnan.
  • Cyananthus lichiangensis W.W.Smith : It thrives on grass slopes and in grass at the edges of forests at altitudes of 3000 to 4000 meters in Tibet, in southwest Sichuan and in northern Yunnan (in Dêqên , Lijiang , Zhenxiong ).

• Section Cyananthus : The species are mainly distributed in the Himalayas :
  • Cyananthus cordifolius Duthie : It occurs in the western to central Himlaya in the mountainous region of Kumaon in the Indian state of Uttarakhand , in Nepal and in southern Tibet only in Gyirong .
  • Cyananthus hayanus C.Marq. : It occurs in central Nepal.
  • Cyananthus himalaicus K.K.Shrestha : It occurs in central Nepal.
  • Cyananthus integer wall. ex Benth. (Syn .: Cyananthus barbatus Edgew. ): It occurs in the western Himalayas perhaps only in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand .
  • Cyananthus lobatus Wall. ex Benth. (Syn .: cyananthus lobatus var. Farreri C.Marquand , cyananthus insignis R.E.Grahame ): It comes in the northern Indian state of Punjab and in the east of it lying Indian Himalayan regions of Nepal, Bhutan, northern Myanmar, in southeastern Tibet ( Nyingchi , Yadong , Zayü ) and northwestern Yunnan ( Bijiang , Gongshan , Weixi ).
  • Cyananthus microphyllus Edgew. ( Cyananthus linifolius Wall. Ex Hook. F. & Thomson nom. Superfl.): There have been two subspecies since 1997:
    • Cyananthus microphyllus Edgew. subsp. microphyllus (Syn .: Cyananthus nepalensis Kitam. ): It occurs in the northern Indian states of Punjab and Uttarakhand , in Nepal and in southern Tibet only in Nyalam .
    • Cyananthus microphyllus subsp. williamsonii K.K.Shrestha : It was first described from Nepal in 1997.
  • Cyananthus pedunculatus C.B.Clarke : It occurs in eastern Nepal, Sikkim , Bhutan and in southern Tibet only in Yadong .
  • Cyananthus sericeus Y.S.Lian : This endemic thrives in rock crevices at altitudes of 3500 to 3600 meters in southeastern Tibet only in Cona .
  • Cyananthus sherriffii Cowan : It thrives on alpine meadows and in thickets at altitudes of 3200 to 5000 meters in southern Tibet only in Lhünzê and Nangxian .

• Section Stenolobi (Franch.) YSLian : The species are mainly distributed in the Hengduan Mountains:
  • Cyananthus delavayi Franch. (Syn .: Cyananthus barbatus Franch. Nom. Illeg., Cyananthus microrhombeus C.Y.Wu ): It thrives on grass slopes on limestone, in forests and on the edges of forests at altitudes from 1900 to 4000 meters in southwest Sichuan and in northern Yunnan.
  • Cyananthus flavus C.Marq. : There have been two subspecies since 1991:
    • Cyananthus flavus C.Marq. subsp. flavus : This endemic thrives on grassy slopes at altitudes of 3100 to 3600 meters in northwestern Yunnan only in Lijiang and Zhongdian .
    • Cyananthus flavus subsp. montanus (CYWu) DYHong & LMMa (Syn .: Cyananthus mairei (H.Lév.) Cowan nom. illeg., Cyananthus montanus C.Y.Wu , Cyananthus albiflorus D.F.Chamb. nom. superfl.): It thrives on grassy slopes at altitudes from 2700 to 3400 meters in southwest Sichuan ( Xichang , Zhaojue ) and northeast Yunnan (only in Huize ).
  • Cyananthus formosus Diels (Syn .: Cyananthus chungdienensis C.Y.Wu ): It thrives on grassy slopes, on forest clearings, forest edges and on rock debris at altitudes of 2800 to 4600 meters in southwestern Sichuan (only in the autonomous district of Muli ) and northwestern Yunnan ( Heqing , Lijiang, Zhongdian).
  • Cyananthus incanus Hook. f. & Thoms. (Syn .: cyananthus dolichosceles Marquand , cyananthus neglectus C.Marquand , cyananthus petiolatus Franch. , Cyananthus pilifolius C.Y.Wu , cyananthus incanus var. Bicolor Cowan , cyananthus incanus var. Decumbens Y.S.Lian , cyananthus incanus var. Nudicalyx Cowan , cyananthus incanus var. parvus C.Marquand , cyananthus incanus subsp. orientalis K.K.Shrestha , cyananthus incanus subsp. petiolatus DYHong & LMMa (Franch.) ): It is in southern central Himalayas in Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal, in eastern Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Qinghai , western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan ( Dêqên , Zhongdian ) common.
  • Cyananthus longiflorus Franch. : It thrives in pine forests, on dry slopes and on sand dunes at altitudes of 2800 to 4300 meters only in western Yunnan.
  • Cyananthus macrocalyx Franch. : There are two subspecies:
    • Cyananthus macrocalyx Franch. subsp. macrocalyx (Syn .: Cyananthus incanus var. leiocalyx Franch. , Cyananthus leiocalyx (Franch.) Cowan , Cyananthus macrocalyx var. flavopurpureus C.Marq. , Cyananthus macrocalyx var. pilosus C.Marq. , Cyananthus pilosus .) (C.Marestq.) , Cyananthus neurocalyx C.Y.Wu , Cyananthus leiocalyx subsp. Lucidus K.K.Shrestha ): It thrives on alpine mats and grass slopes at altitudes of 2500 to 5000 meters in southeastern Gansu only in Zhugqu , in southern Qinghai only in Nangqên , in western Sichuan and in Yunnan.
    • Cyananthus macrocalyx subsp. spathulifolius (Nannf.) KKShrestha (Syn .: Cyananthus spathulifolius Nannf. ): It occurs in Assam , Sikkim , in eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and in southeastern Tibet.
  • Cyananthus wardii C.Marq. : It thrives at altitudes of 3400 to 5000 meters only in southeastern Tibet.

• The following is not classified in a section:
  • Cyananthus ligulosus D.Y.Hong : It was first described from Tibet, 2015.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Z. Zhou, D. Hong, Y. Niu, G. Li, Z. Nie, J. Wen, H. Sun: Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyzes of the Sino-Himalayan endemic genus Cyananthus (Campanulaceae) and implications for the evolution of its sexual system. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 68, Issue 3, September 2013, pp. 482-497. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.04.027
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cyananthus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 10, 2018.
3. ↑ WMM Eddie, TV Shulkina, JF Gaskin, RC Haberle, RK Jansen: Phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. st. from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 90, 2003, pp. 554-575.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v} Deyuan Hong, Thomas G. Lammers, Laura L. Klein: Cyananthus Wallich ex Bentham , p. 506-508 - same text online as Printed work , In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 .

literature

• CVB Marquand: Revision of the genus Cyananthus. In: Notes of the Edinburgh Royal Botanical Garden , Volume 73, 1924, pp. 241-255.
• KK Shrestha: The taxonomic significance of the petiole anatomy in the genus Cyanathus (Campanulaceae) In: Bot. Zurn. Volume 77, Issue 8, 1992, pp. 83-89.
• KK Shrestha: Taxonomic revision of the Sino-Himalayan genus Cyananthus (Campanulaceae). In: Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica , Volume 35, Issue 5, 1997, pp. 396-433.
• KK Shresta, VF Tarasevich: Comparative pollen morphology of genus Cyananthus in relation to its systematics and its position within the family Campanulaceae. In: Bot. Zurn. Volume 77, Issue 10, 1992, pp. 1-13.
• Z. Zhou, D. Hong, Y. Niu, G. Li, Z. Nie, J. Wen, H. Sun: Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyzes of the Sino-Himalayan endemic genus Cyananthus (Campanulaceae) and implications for the evolution of its sexual system. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 68, Issue 3, September 2013, pp. 482-497. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2013.04.027
• De-Yuan Hong: A Monograph of Codonopsis and Allied Genera (Campanulaceae) , Academic Press, 2015, ISBN 9780128019412 .

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