Sustainable Building

Sustainable building refers to a planning and construction process and a way of use that are geared towards sustainability ; d. H. on the preservation of the ecosystem and the environment , on the benefits for people and society and on optimizing and increasing the economic potential of a building. Due to the great importance that ecological, economic and socio-cultural factors have in the building sector, sustainable building integrates these factors into an overall concept for the building. The factors are considered to be equivalent and interacting with one another.

The origin of the term and its meaning

Sustainable building denotes an economic and ecological differentiation of the term previously understood in Germany under the name of ecological building . The idea of sustainability emerged in forestry as early as the 18th century and was shaped by mining chief Hans Carl von Carlowitz . He recognized a connection between the wood scarcity resulting from massive clearing and negative ecological and social conditions. As a result of his observations, he called for careful use of the resource wood, which he understood to be the balanced relationship between cultivation and clearing of wood. This thinking had an impact well into the 20th and 21st centuries. The Brundlandt Commission , founded by the United Nations, formulated the model of sustainable development in 1987. This concept should initiate a process of change that reacts to negative changes in nature and climate and in the energy and resource balance with the demand for intergenerational equity. In this way, an economic method is propagated which, in addition to economic profit, includes environmental compatibility and social responsibility and which reconciles the needs of the present with those of future generations. The guiding principle of sustainability is based on the knowledge that economy, ecology and society are interlocking systems. The actors from business and society are increasingly realizing that without the balance of the systems, the natural habitat is at risk and can no longer be secured for future generations. The goals of sustainable building are based on this idea.

definition

A sustainable building is characterized by its high ecological, economic and socio-cultural quality. These three aspects form the three main pillars of sustainability. The criteria that characterize them are not viewed in isolation, but rather in an overall context. The starting point and an important prerequisite for being able to make objective statements about the sustainable quality of a building is the consideration of the entire service life of a building. The life of a building includes the phases of planning, construction, use, operation and demolition or dismantling. These different phases of a building together represent its life cycle. The life cycle thus forms the time frame for assessing sustainability. All phases of the life cycle must be taken into account when assessing the sustainability of a building.

Proof of the sustainable quality of a building is usually provided by building certification . The following certification and assessment systems have established themselves in Germany :

Ecological quality: goals, criteria and measures

Ecology is one of the three main pillars of sustainability. It includes the aspects of resource conservation, protection of the global and local environment and reduction of the building's overall energy requirements. Taking these factors into account is of great importance due to climate change, rising energy prices and dwindling resources. The following ecological criteria largely determine the sustainable quality of a building.

Land take

Ensuring the longest possible lifespan of a building as an important goal of sustainable construction includes the possibility of subsequent use of buildings. The subsequent use of the building has the consequence that the land use by new buildings is reduced. A reduction is necessary, as the increasing development of areas is accompanied by the loss of natural habitat for the local flora and fauna and thus the extinction of species . It also causes increased traffic, which in turn results in noise, emissions and high energy consumption. The sealing of areas associated with the expansion also has a significant impact on the natural water balance by disrupting the formation of new groundwater and increasing the risk of flooding . On the other hand, soil and natural spaces are spared through a land- saving control of settlement development . Land recycling , for example, is an efficient measure to reduce new use , in which fallow land , such as unused industrial and commercial areas or military sites, is reused.

Construction

durability

A sustainable building is designed to last. The requirement for durability is primarily taken into account in the preliminary planning and mainly affects the building construction and the building materials . The longest possible useful life can be guaranteed by the fact that multiple use is possible and the building can be adapted to changed types of use (s) without too much structural effort. Compared to the new building, the conversion of the existing structure often proves to be ecologically more advantageous, as it can reduce harmful environmental effects. As a rule - this can be part of a life cycle assessment and life cycle cost calculation are determined - fall in the use of existing buildings ( asset utilization ) significantly lower energy and material flows in the field of building materials used as the new construction. A modular design and the use of prefabricated components offer particularly high flexibility .

Building shape and orientation

The shape and orientation of the building are also important criteria for the sustainability of a building. Both factors contribute significantly to the energy efficiency of the building. A compact design is an essential prerequisite for a low heating requirement. The more compact a building, the lower the energy requirement, since in this case the ratio of heat-emitting areas, ie. H. the building envelope is relatively small compared to the heated building volume. This prevents heat loss. A high component mass inside, which serves as thermal storage mass, also contributes to an energy-efficient construction method by ensuring sufficient heat storage in winter and good cold storage in summer. Determining factors for a building's heat demand are also its orientation and the orientation of the windows. In the main orientation, the largest window areas of the building are arranged in the south, in order to be able to use the natural solar energy passively. Appropriate shading systems prevent excessive heat input from solar radiation (summer heat protection). The roof is also oriented towards the south, which optimally guarantees the possibility of using a solar system .

Building materials

Sustainable buildings are characterized by an ecologically sustainable optimization in the areas of resources, energy, water and wastewater. It essentially means reducing the use of natural resources. Therefore, in sustainable building, attention is paid to the use of building structures, components and building products as early as the planning phase, the production of which requires little energy - the material and energy flows in the production, transport and processing of building materials are evaluated using the calculation of the The primary energy content of the building materials in terms of non-renewable energies, their share in global warming and acidification - is necessary and which are made from raw materials that are as renewable as possible . The raw materials, in turn, should come from sustainable management. Ecologically sustainable building materials include, for example, wood and earth building materials. Many building materials made from renewable raw materials are suitable for thermal insulation , such as B. hemp fiber , flax fiber or sheep wool . Ecologically sustainable building is also characterized by the fact that the transport routes of the building materials to their place of use are as short as possible in order to keep the energy required for this low and the material cycles tight. In the event of the building being dismantled, sustainable building products and constructions can largely be reused or recycled. They can therefore be safely returned to the natural material cycle . The use of building materials and constructions with these substances, which have harmful effects on the environment and people, is therefore avoided or greatly reduced in sustainable building. These include, for example, halogens , which are used in refrigerants , heavy metals such as zinc, chromium, copper, lead and cadmium, which are used in e.g. B. occur in plastics or wood preservatives , or volatile organic compounds (VOC) or hydrocarbons , which are used for carpets, floor coverings and coatings. These substances have a negative effect on the construction site or during the use of the building, for example when the materials are exposed to long-term weather . In contrast, the building materials and constructions used in sustainable buildings are low in emissions , have little negative impact on the global as well as the local environment and are not harmful to health.

Insulation and thermal protection

An important criterion that influences the heating and thus also the energy demand of a building is the thermal insulation. The optimization of the structural thermal insulation helps to reduce the building's energy requirements, which goes hand in hand with saving fossil fuels . This in turn means that natural resources are conserved and CO ₂ emissions are reduced. In sustainable building, thermal insulation can primarily be achieved through the thermal building envelope. Usually thermal insulation composite systems are used. With these, a thermal insulation material is attached to the outside wall of the building using adhesive. Optimal thermal insulation can be achieved through the use of insulating materials with low thermal conductivity and a high overall thickness. With the thermal insulation composite systems, expanded polystyrene with and without graphite, rock wool and cork have the best values in the ecological balance. Another measure to prevent heat dissipation and thus energy losses by means of optimized thermal insulation is the thermal insulation glazing , which has been standard in Germany since the introduction of the 3rd Thermal Insulation Ordinance in 1995. Thermal protection glasses consist of two or three panes. They have a thermal functional coating (s) made of metal. The spaces between the panes are filled with an inert gas (usually argon ). When constructing a sustainable building, attention is also paid to avoiding thermal bridges . These occur primarily at the transitions between different components and in places where, due to the design, less insulation material can be applied than on the rest of the building.

Energy source

The operation of a sustainable building is geared towards the conservation of natural resources. This is especially true for the energy supply. Because with 40% of the total energy demand of the EU in 2009, buildings have a very high energy consumption. In addition to efficient thermal insulation, building technology is optimized in sustainable building to reduce energy consumption, e.g. B. by means of the use of renewable energies such as solar energy , geothermal energy and biomass (and rarely wind and water power). This will reduce the consumption of fossil, non-renewable and increasingly scarce resources such as hard coal , lignite , crude oil , natural gas and uranium . The use of renewable energies thus contributes to reducing the primary energy requirement and the dependency on fossil fuels (see also plant engineering ). In addition to the conservation of resources, ecological sustainability in the construction sector aims to reduce the pollutant emissions caused by buildings and their construction materials. A major contribution of sustainable building to reducing the negative impact on the environment and the climate is the reduction of greenhouse gases through the use of renewable energies. The main cause of the increase in greenhouse gases and thus for the greenhouse effect are the combustion processes of fossil fuels to generate energy. During these processes, carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) and other gases with a similarly damaging effect are released, which leads to a warming of the earth's surface and consequently to global warming. In contrast, renewable energies are almost completely CO ₂ neutral. The use of regenerative energies also reduces the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds , which lead to acidification of the air and soil and have negative effects on bodies of water, living beings and buildings. In sustainable construction, heat and electricity are often generated using the following renewable energies:

solar power

Thermal solar systems are used in the form of solar collectors primarily for heating water. However, since the solar energy required for heating the drinking water is not available all year round, the demand can usually only be covered by a combination of solar collectors and existing heating systems. In addition to domestic hot water preparation, solar systems can also be used for heating support. In addition, solar energy for building air conditioning can be combined well with an absorption chiller . Photovoltaic systems are increasingly being used for power supply using solar energy . They convert the radiation energy of the sunlight directly into electricity. With photovoltaic technology, the building can produce electricity both for its own supply and for feeding into the public power grid .

Geothermal energy

This alternative to fossil fuels is now quite common. The advantages of geothermal energy as an energy source are that - unlike solar energy - it is available at all times and that it is not subject to temperature fluctuations that could lead to a drop in the performance of geothermal systems. Geothermal energy uses the energy stored in the earth. The most common method of geothermal use is the conversion of the near-surface geothermal energy into heating energy by means of a heat pump (s).

Biomass

The term biomass encompasses the amount of living and dead plants and animals as well as their metabolic products, products and residues on an organic basis; in the context of use and recycling, the term biogenic raw material is also used. The conversion of plants into energy carriers takes place by means of different thermochemical processes, so that biomass is available as solid, liquid or gaseous energy carrier. While fossil conversion products such as coal, crude oil or natural gas release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when they are burned, the use of sustainable biomass does not affect the carbon cycle, since plants can only release the CO ₂ from the air that they need for their growth . The use of biomass technology thus helps to reduce the CO ₂ emissions caused by buildings . It also strengthens local agriculture and forestry. However, it also has ecological and social disadvantages: The increased production of energy crops threatens to displace food cultivation and destroy forests. In addition, the combustion of biomass, such as waste wood, emits the greenhouse gas N ₂ O.

Plant engineering

In addition to reducing the energy requirement of buildings through insulation, the system technology plays the greatest role in reducing the overall energy requirement and thus harmful emissions as well as conserving natural resources. In order to reduce the harmful effects of buildings on the environment, efficient system technology is essential. The system technology in buildings responsible for emissions is divided into:

Systems for heat generation and distribution,
Systems for the provision of drinking water,
Systems for ventilation and air conditioning,
electrical systems,
Systems for compressed air supply and
usage-specific systems.

The following system concepts are basically suitable for reducing harmful emissions and conserving natural resources:

Use and storage of renewable energies

(see energy source)

Use of combined heat and power

Combined heat and power plants are plants that generate electricity and heat at the same time. This will u. a. achieved by internal combustion engines (gas or diesel units) in conjunction with electrical generators to generate electricity. The waste heat from the engine is z. B. used for heating purposes and for domestic hot water preparation. Systems of this type are also known as combined heat and power plants (CHP). An expanded form of combined heat and power is the combined heat, power and cooling system, in which the heat generated by a CHP unit is used to produce cold by means of absorption chillers, e.g. B. for air conditioning in buildings. Combined heat and power plants are compared to electricity production z. B. from conventional power plants in that the waste heat is used to a large extent in the production of electricity in CHPs. Therefore, the overall efficiency of combined heat and power plants is higher than with separate generation of electricity and heat on the basis of the same energy source.

Use-based provision of energy, air and water

The total energy and water requirements of buildings can be significantly reduced by providing energy, air and water that is as precisely as possible adapted to the use. This is z. B. achieved by setting the time programs of boilers, circulation and other pumps and ventilation and compressed air systems precisely. In addition, z. B. variable-speed motors in pumps, ventilation systems, etc. help to adapt the provision of heating energy, fresh air, etc. as precisely as possible to the requirements of the user.

Heat and cold recovery

The overall energy efficiency of systems is increased through cold and heat recovery . This can be done, for example, by recovering waste heat from exhaust gases from combustion processes in boilers by means of heat exchangers or by using the cooling energy from heat pump systems for building air conditioning or for useful cooling. The waste heat from refrigeration systems can also be used profitably, e.g. B. in domestic hot water preparation.

Regular maintenance and inspection of the system technology

Regular maintenance and inspection of the system technology means that defects and malfunctions can be identified and rectified at an early stage. Regular cleaning and the checking of settings during maintenance of the system technology is a prerequisite for long-term efficient operation of the system technology.

Careful commissioning and adjustment of the system technology

Careful commissioning and adjustment also contribute to efficient operation of the system technology. In the simplest case, this means the exact commissioning of a heating boiler according to the manufacturer's instructions with the correct setting of all control parameters and time programs and their adaptation to the use, the local framework conditions and the connected heating technology ( underfloor heating or radiators , domestic hot water preparation, etc.). Checking the adjustment after a running-in phase (e.g. after the start of the heating season) is also part of careful commissioning and adjustment of the system technology. In the case of larger systems, commissioning is much more complex and requires what is known as commissioning management, e.g. B. according to VDI guideline 6039.

Instruction and training of users and operating personnel

Comprehensive instruction and training for users and operating personnel ensures that the system technology is operated in an energy-efficient manner. In particular, the shutdown of the system technology when it is not in use and the continuous adjustment of time programs to changing use are to be mentioned. With the training of the operating personnel, the system technology can also be optimized during operation and further savings potential can be harnessed by focusing on energy-efficient user behavior.

Water technology and water use

The conservation of water as a resource also plays a major role in sustainable building. Drinking water consumption is reduced primarily through the use of water-saving technology, such as efficient installations ( single-lever mixers , flush stops, etc.). Reducing the volume of wastewater is also an efficient means of reducing water consumption. For example, gray water (slightly polluted waste water from showers, for example) or rainwater can be used to flush toilets.

Waste generation and environmentally friendly disposal

Construction and demolition waste account for a large proportion of the total waste. In order to minimize this share and thus reduce the negative effects of waste on the environment, it is necessary to develop concepts for waste separation , environmentally friendly disposal and recycling . It is an important part of planning a sustainable building. A waste concept includes e.g. B. Surveys of waste generation for the building, planning of waste separation and provision of recycling bins. Since sustainable construction aims to optimize the factors that influence the life cycle, the possibility of demolition is particularly taken into account. Above all, it serves to protect natural resources and avoid high levels of waste. A high degree of dismantling enables parts of the building to be returned to the natural energy and material cycle. The highest level of this recycling is the reuse of the building materials. This is followed by the recycling of building materials for a new product of the same material, as is often the case with copper pipes, for example, or the use of the reclaimed materials and components for a product that is not of the same type. Recycled components and building materials are, for example, supporting structures, external walls, internal walls, ceilings and roof structures. Sustainable building aims to use building materials that can be reused or recycled. The final stages are thermal recycling and landfilling of the building materials. The amount of material in these stages is minimized in sustainable building through the use of recyclable building materials.

Economic quality

Profitability is another pillar of sustainability. Optimizing the economic aspect in terms of sustainability means in the field of construction that all phases of the building's life cycle are taken into account in its economic assessment. In contrast to conventional planning and construction methods, profitability calculations in sustainable building not only include the investment costs for the construction process, i.e. H. its acquisition and construction costs. Rather, a sustainable building is judged on the basis of its entire life cycle. The cost efficiency of a planned construction project is assessed on the basis of a so-called life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). This total cost calculation includes the following factors:

the cost of constructing the building, including the land and planning costs, d. H. the investment costs,
the costs of building use, which includes the operating costs (i.e. the media consumption of heating, hot water, electricity, water, waste water), and
the building and component-specific costs, e.g. for cleaning, care and maintenance. This also includes the expenses necessary for the dismantling, such as B. for demolition, removal, reuse or recycling and disposal.

On the basis of the life cycle cost calculations, the economic efficiency of a building can be recognized and assessed. The basis of the cost calculation for the different life cycle phases are rules such as DIN 276 and DIN 18960, in which the expenses for the individual phases are determined and classified. Above all, the usage costs are based on forecast data, since the development of the costs depends on various factors, such as the type of building use or user behavior. In most cases, the follow-up construction costs that arise in the use and dismantling phase exceed the construction costs. Since the aim is to extend the useful life of the building, the reduction in operating and usage costs to minimize life cycle costs is significant. This shows the interactions between ecological and economic factors: In a sustainable building, ecologically oriented measures, such as improved thermal insulation in connection with energy-optimized system technology using renewable energies, can lower operating costs. This requires more planning, which increases the costs for this phase. In this phase, on the other hand, the most effective way of controlling the costs for construction, use and demolition is given by means of integral planning. The optimization of the life cycle costs is possible in this phase mainly by comparing different building designs in their variants. The comparison of possible alternatives with regard to their profitability makes the savings potential evident and thus serves as a basis for decision-making for the most cost-efficient planning variant. This can affect both the entire building and subsystems such as the technical building system (strategic components). Profitability calculations, which include the life cycle costs, are also relevant for the decision either for a new building or for the conversion of an existing building. They also help to determine the most economical procurement option ( PPP , leasing , contracting , etc.).

In terms of sustainability as the protection of capital as a resource, a stable value that is as constant as possible forms an important criterion for the economic quality of a building. Its value development is very dependent on external factors such as market and location developments. These factors harbor the risk of impairment, which must be taken into account in the planning phase. In order to counteract this risk and thus ensure long-term value stability, a sustainable building must be able to be adapted quickly and cost-effectively to changed usage requirements. With the focus on extending the lifespan of sustainable construction, the aspect of third-party use becomes particularly important. It has a decisive influence on the development of the building's value, as the possibility of conversion can guarantee permanent occupancy and thus value stability. The space efficiency of the building also makes a contribution to economic optimization. Space efficiency is given when the building area is so effectively divided and used that construction and operating costs can be reduced.

Socio-cultural and functional quality

The third pillar of building sustainability are socio-cultural and functional factors. They represent the basis for the acceptance and appreciation of a building by its users and by society in general. Social values such as integration, health, quality of life, security and mobility and aesthetic-cultural values such as design are integrated into the building concept.

Comfort, health protection and user-friendliness

So that people perceive their living and working environment as pleasant, optimal conditions of use must apply. These are created in sustainable building through measures that above all meet the requirements for health protection, comfort and user-friendliness. The following criteria determine the socio-cultural and functional quality of a building:

Thermal comfort

The thermal comfort of a building depends on an optimally comfortable room temperature. This is given in winter at around 21 ° C and in summer at around 24 ° C. The radiation temperature of the surfaces delimiting the rooms must not deviate too much from the room temperature (+/- 4 ° C). The room air should be perceived as neither too humid nor too dry. Drafts can be avoided by appropriate structural or technical measures.

Indoor hygiene

A high standard of indoor air quality can be achieved through the optimal selection of the building materials used. This selection contributes to the health care of the users and has a positive influence on their smell perception. Construction products such as paints, varnishes, wood preservatives, wood-based materials, floor coverings and adhesives, wall and ceiling cladding, waterproofing, plaster , brick, cement and concrete contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde . The emissions from these building materials are harmful to health and impair user comfort, as they are perceived as unpleasant due to their high odor intensity. The use of these materials is avoided or greatly reduced in sustainable building. Negative odor perceptions are also created by the users themselves, who consume oxygen and produce CO ₂ and biological vapors in the process. Therefore, the possibility of frequent air changes ("ventilation") must be given. The air exchange can take place through natural ventilation, which uses the thermals inside the building, or in a mechanical way through energy-efficient ventilation systems. This shows that the demands of sustainable building can conflict with one another: although a high ventilation rate serves to improve air quality, it is also associated with energy losses. This contradiction cannot always be resolved. Rather, sustainable building is about creating a balance and balance between the various requirements.

Acoustic comfort

The acoustics within a room also have an impact on the well-being and performance of the user. Acoustic comfort is given when the user is exposed to as few external and internal sources of noise as possible , as acoustic emissions can affect the ability to concentrate and cause stress. Concepts for sound insulation are dependent on the particular area of use. Especially with open office structures, such as multi-person offices, speech intelligibility, communication and the ability to concentrate can be considerably restricted. This fact makes the best possible sound absorption necessary. For this purpose, sound absorption surfaces are attached to ceilings and room dividers . Glass sound screens or partition wall absorbers can structure the room without restricting the visual contact between employees. When used as a meeting room, on the other hand, a combination of sound-reflecting and sound-absorbing measures is necessary, since this type of use requires increased sound transmission.

Visual comfort

The visual properties of living and working spaces also play an important role in the assessment of comfort by the user. The lighting situation in a building is composed of both natural daylight and artificial light . The availability of sufficient daylight is essential for the well-being and performance of the user. This can be determined using the daylight quotient and can be quantified for different types of room use. A good line of sight to the outside is also important. These criteria can e.g. B. be met by sufficiently large windows with optimal alignment. The natural light sources should be equipped with a protection device against glare and overheating and provide sufficient shade. However, these shading systems must not or only slightly prevent the view from outside. The lighting system for heavily used areas, such as work areas , is also integrated into the visual concept in sustainable building. A combination of direct and indirect lighting is recommended here . This offsets the adverse effects of both types of lighting. In this way, reflected glare or the formation of shadows that can arise with direct lighting is reduced by indirect lighting. With this, the luminous flux is diverted to the ceiling or the walls of the room, from where it is reflected onto the required surfaces. The result is diffuse light that the spatial perception can limit. This adverse effect can in turn be compensated for by direct lighting, which sharpens the contrasts.

Possibility of influencing the user

The above-mentioned socio-cultural criteria determine the satisfaction of the user. However, since the needs of the user are individual, he must be able to influence the regulation of ventilation , sun and glare protection, temperature during and outside the heating season and artificial light himself in order to guarantee his individual comfort. This creates a high level of acceptance for the premises used. The installations for regulating the systems must also be easy to use.

Security aspects

Socio-cultural criteria that increase the user's feeling of comfort also affect safety. A subjective feeling of security is generated, for example, by technical alarm systems such as fire and intrusion alarm systems, by sufficient illumination of the outdoor facilities and by clear routing. The presence of a security service, for example outside of regular working hours, increases the feeling of security. These measures serve to avoid dangers, attacks, disasters and accidents. An optimal security concept also includes the planning of escape routes and evacuation options in the event of accidents and disasters, measures to reduce fire gas and smoke .

Accessibility, design and art

Accessibility

In terms of integrating disabled people into everyday work and life, a sustainable building is designed so that disabled people can use the building without outside help. This means, for example, the construction of barrier-free entrance areas and threshold-free room transitions. This quality criterion also includes the establishment of workplaces suitable for the disabled, parking spaces and sufficient movement areas, such as sufficiently wide corridors and sufficient availability of disabled toilets.

accessibility

The general social acceptance of buildings within a city quarter and the city is increased by the criterion of accessibility. This concept corresponds to the fact that a building is not a hermetically sealed structure, but that parts of the building are open to as many users as possible, such as the outdoor facilities or areas inside the building such as canteens or libraries. Sustainable building planning in terms of socio-cultural sustainability also ensures the public use of cafes, restaurants or studios . Sustainable building aims for a mixed use of this public space, which can easily be adapted to a changed use.

mobility

In order to increase ecological and energy-efficient mobility, a sustainable building can easily be reached by public transport ( ÖPNV ) and by bike . The bicycle infrastructure is designed in such a way that there is a sufficient number of bicycle parking spaces. These are optimally arranged by being close to the entrance area. There are also shower and changing facilities available for bicycle users. This increases the attractiveness of the building and meets ecological requirements at the same time.

Design and urban planning factors

The aesthetic aspect of a building also plays a major role in sustainable construction. This means integrating the building into urban and architectural concepts. The design and urban development quality is guaranteed through the implementation of planning competitions. The advantages of planning competitions lie on the one hand in the expertise of the jury, which ensures the high architectural quality of the construction project. They also ensure that the client of the construction project can find a suitable contractor in a transparent competitive process.

In addition to the classic project competition, there are also ideas competitions, test planning, study assignments and participatory processes. The common goal of these procedures is to show a variety of possible solutions.

The public discourse on construction projects also increases quality. On the one hand, projects are discussed in specialist journals and a consensus is struggled for what constitutes design quality; on the other hand, associations such as BDA (Germany) or BSA (Switzerland) are a quality indicator for good architects. Awards are also a good indicator of good architecture (e.g. golden rabbit, good buildings ...).

architectural art

The architectural art has an important role to improve the structural quality of a building. Works of art have the task of creating a direct relationship between the location and the building object and thus strengthening the users' acceptance and identification with the building. They are also considered an interface between the building and the public. Accordingly, aspects such as their function in relation to the public, e.g. B. communicated in events or guided tours.

Individual evidence

↑ See: Grober, Ulrich (2010): The discovery of sustainability. Cultural history of a term . Munich: Kunstmann.

↑ In addition to this three-pillar model of sustainability, there are other models, each with a different weighting of the qualities. For example, the one-pillar model prioritizes the economic dimension, while the pyramid model prioritizes the ecological one. See: Lexicon of Sustainability at http://www.nachhaltigkeit.info , designed by the Aachen Foundation Kathy Beys.

↑ Guide to sustainable building . Edited by Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS), 2011. p. 44. Available at: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ see: http://www.greenstars-consulting.de
↑ Sustainable building and living. Shaping a need field for the future. Published by the Federal Environment Agency , 2010, available at: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/3952.pdf , p. 13f.
↑ Sustainable building. Strategies - Methodology - Practice. BBSR reports KOMPAKT 14/2010. Edited by Federal Institute for Building, Urban and Spatial Research in the Federal Office for Building and Spatial Research. S. 11. ISBN 978-3-87994-400-2 , urn: nbn: de: 101: 1-201101193193 . Available at: http://www.bbsr.bund.de/cln_032/nn_542104/BBSR/DE/Veroeffnahmungen/BerichteKompakt/2010/BK142010.html
↑ see: Sustainable building for one and two family houses . Edited by Competence center “cost-effective, quality-conscious building” in the Institute for Preservation and Modernization of Buildings eV at the University of Berlin, 2005. p. 39. Available at: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from December 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically used and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ For the positive ecological balance of these building materials, see: Forum Sustainable Building , ed. v. Nikolaus Kolb. URL http://www.nachhaltiges-bauen.de/baustoffe/
↑ http://www.nachhaltiges-bauen.de/baustoffe/W%C3%A4rmed%C3%A4mmverbundsysteme%20%28WDVS%29
↑ see: Typology and existence of heated non-residential buildings in Germany. BMVBS online publication, No. 16/2011. Edited by Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS), pp. 29–31. Download from: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from December 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Directive 2010/31 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 19, 2010 on the overall energy efficiency of buildings (new version).
↑ Use global land and biomass in a sustainable and resource-saving way . Edited by the Federal Environment Agency. Available at: Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated November 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

↑ See also: Lenz, Bernhard; Schreiber, Jürgen; Stark, Thomas (2010): Sustainable building technology. Basics, systems, concepts. Munich: Inst. For Internat. Architecture documentation, Edition Detail Green Books and course book: From energy efficiency to sustainability. Edited by Dorsch, Lutz; Jung, Ulrich. Federal Gazette, 2013.

↑ Lenz, Bernhard; Schreiber, Jürgen; Stark, Thomas (2010): Sustainable building technology. Basics, systems, concepts. Munich: Inst. For Internat. Architecture Documentation, Edition Detail Green Books, pp. 70–72.

↑ Sustainable building for single and two-family houses , p. 27 and Streck, Stefanie (2011): Residential building renewal. Sustainable building in existing housing . Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 148-154.

↑ The share of construction and demolition waste in 2009 was 54.4%; see Statistical Yearbook 2011 , ed. v. Federal Statistical Office, 2011, p. 309. Download at https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Statistisches Jahresbuch/Statistisches Jahresbuch2011.pdf?__blob= publicationFileURL

↑ Sustainable construction for single and two-family houses , p. 37.

↑ See: König, Holger; Kohler, Niklaus; Kreissig, Johannes; Lützkendorf, Thomas (2009): Life cycle analysis in building planning. Basics, calculation, planning tools . Munich: Inst. For Internat. Architecture documentation. Edition Detail Green Books.

↑ The description of these criteria is based on the guidelines for federal buildings published by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development ( Guide to Sustainable Building ) and the criteria profiles of the German Sustainable Building Council, according to which private buildings are assessed and certified, see: http://www.dgnb-system.de/de/system/lösungen/ .

↑ see: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/gesundheit/innenraumhygiene/bauprodukte.htm

↑ See: Gossauer, Elke (2008): User satisfaction in office buildings. A field study. Analysis of connections between different comfort parameters in the workplace. (Diss.). Stuttgart: Fraunhofer-IRB-Verlag, pp. 94-109.

[1] See: Grober, Ulrich (2010): The discovery of sustainability. Cultural history of a term . Munich: Kunstmann.

[2] In addition to this three-pillar model of sustainability, there are other models, each with a different weighting of the qualities. For example, the one-pillar model prioritizes the economic dimension, while the pyramid model prioritizes the ecological one. See: Lexicon of Sustainability at http://www.nachhaltigkeit.info , designed by the Aachen Foundation Kathy Beys.