Ernst Polak

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Ernst Polak (until 1938: Pollak ; born August 4, 1886 in Gitschin , Austria-Hungary , † September 21, 1947 in London ) was an Austrian literary critic and literary agent .

family

Ernst Polak was the son of a bilingual Jewish merchant for gemstones and his German wife Regina Schwenk (born 1858, died 1943 in Theresienstadt concentration camp ). Polak spoke German with his mother and Czech with his father . His parents also had three daughters, namely Elisa, Frederike and Grete. The paternal grandfather worked as a teacher in Hermannstädel . In 1897 the family moved from Jitschin to Prague for political and economic reasons .

Life

Prague 1897-1918

In Jitschin, Ernst Polak had attended the German elementary school and the first grade of the grammar school for four years. In Prague, Polak became a student at the imperial and royal high school in Neustädter Stephansgasse. Following the lower secondary school, Polak went to the German commercial school until 1903, which he finished with the Abitur. Then he worked in his uncle's glass factory. On January 8, 1906, Polak worked as a foreign language correspondent for the Prague branch of the Österreichische Länderbank .

Ernst Polak was a regular guest at Café Arco in the old town (corner of Plaster- / Hybernergasse), where he discussed the works they were developing with authors: A literary circle had formed around the critic Willy Haas , including Paul Kornfeld , Max Brod , Franz Werfel and the brothers Franz and Hans Janowitz belonged. Since 1908 visited Franz Kafka , the Café Arco , though not regularly. Paul Claudel , who was already well-known at the time, was also one of the café's guests, whereas Polak relied on the still unknown André Gide and his Nouvelle Revue Française . In the period from 1911 to 1912 Polak published in the Herder-Blätter, edited by Willy Haas. Through Haas's contacts, Polak was able to travel to the Hellerau Festival in 1913 .

Hartmut Binder describes getting to know Ernst Polak and Milena Jesenská : “ When Polak was helping Max Brod in the summer of 1916 to put together a selection of Czech poems that Franz Pfemfert had commissioned for a publication of the action , Milena joined them and it came to a liaison. Since Milena couldn't speak German, they spoke Czech to each other ... "

At that time Polak lived at Gottwaldstrasse 2, at the back of the National Theater . They met at the apartment, and in March 1918 Polak and Jesenská were married. The couple had to move to Vienna to meet a condition of the bride's father.

Vienna 1918–1938

Marriage and divorce

From March to mid-May 1918 Ernst Polak and Milena Jesenská-Polak - as they called themselves after their marriage - initially lived in a furnished room at Nussdorfer Strasse 14. On May 16, 1918, they moved into an apartment at Lerchenfelder Strasse 113 in the Vienna district New building . From March 21, 1918, Polak worked as a foreign exchange dealer at Länderbank and frequented the Vienna Café Herrenhof . During his time in Vienna, Milan Dubrović , Hermann Broch and Franz Werfel were among his best friends.

Because Polak spent his evenings in the coffeehouse, his wife was often alone. She began to write for daily newspapers, for example for the national democratic Národni listy and for the liberal tribuna founded in 1919 . She also gave Czech lessons and translated texts from German into Czech . She had also asked Franz Kafka, whom she had briefly known from visiting a coffee house in Prague at the end of 1919, to be able to translate some of his texts into Czech. Kafka wrote the first letter to Milena from Meran - Untermais in April 1920 , and a month later he remembered Ernst Polak:

“He seemed to me to be the most reliable, most intelligent, and calmest in the coffeehouse circle, almost exaggeratedly paternal, but also opaque, but not in such a way that the previous thing was undone. I always had respect for him, I had neither the opportunity nor the ability to further knowledge, but friends, especially Max Brod, had a high opinion of him ... "

At the time of the correspondence, which began in the spring of 1920 and ended in December 1923, the marriage was already in a crisis. On the one hand, she was born through Polak's relationship with Mia Weiss, geb. Hasterlik, triggered: His mistress, married to the bank clerk Ernst Weiss, was a sister-in-law from Heimito von Doderer's first marriage to Gusti Hasterlik. On the other hand, the relationship between Milena Jesenská and Count Franz Xaver Schaffgotsch contributed to the breakdown of the marriage . Both moved to Prague in 1925. After the divorce in 1924, Polak stayed in the apartment on Lerchenfelder Strasse until 1935. In his last years in Vienna he lived with the Hungarian piano teacher Ilona Voorm. She had studied at conservatories in Warsaw and Moscow; after emigrating to the USA she was a colleague of the composer Béla Bartók .

Education

In 1925, Polak retired as an authorized signatory at the Länderbank, completed his high school diploma in Mödling in 1928 and began studying at university in the same year. During his five-year studies at the University of Vienna , he mainly heard:

His lecturers were in particular Moritz Schlick , Rudolf Carnap , Karl Bühler and Heinrich Gomperz . Schlick's assistant Friedrich Waismann was a central figure for Polak, which also gave him contact with the Vienna Circle . In June 1932 Polak was at Moritz Schlick with the dissertation critique of phenomenology by the logic of Dr. phil. PhD. In his discussion with Edmund Husserl , Polak attributes a self-misunderstanding to phenomenology that is brought about by the disintegration of meaning and terminology. The terminology of phenomenology should be clarified and corrected what has to be done from a nominalist position. Although it turns out that the meaning of phenomenology is logic, its results are tautologies and its findings are not real statements, but only explanations. In his argument, Polak referred to Ludwig Wittgenstein . In her memoirs, Hilde Spiel comments that Ernst Polak had " patched things up for Edmund Husserl with the help of logic ".

Jolande Jacobi had referred him to Moritz Schlick, who was decisive for Polak's studies and doctorate . From his exile in London , Polak wrote to Jolande Jacobi in July 1939:

“It was a strange fate that you pointed out Schlick to me at a crossroads. The school that I enjoyed there has become immensely valuable to me. I am really grateful to fate that this was made possible for me. "

Prague 1938

After the “Anschluss” of Austria , Polak had to flee to Prague in April 1938; the borders with Czechoslovakia had been closed since Saturday, March 12, 1938, the day of the invasion. Polak gave philosophy lessons, worked for the publishers Bohumil Janda and Paul Kittel and helped Friedrich Burschell with the yearbook of the Thomas Mann Society. After the Munich Agreement of September 28, 1938, the situation became threatening and his friend Rudolf Thomas († 1938 by suicide) advised Polak to emigrate . With the help of his former wife Milena Jesenská, he received the contractual status of England correspondent for the newspaper Přítomnost . On November 25, 1938, Polak was able to enter England at London-Croydon Airport .

England 1938-1947

An invitation from the PEN Club in London had been received for his entry , and Polak was granted a four-week residence permit. As a result of the occupation of the Sudetenland and the annexation of the Czech Republic , Polak was recognized as a refugee. In London, where he lived in the borough of Kensington , Polak took over activities as a lecturer and literary agent. Here he met u. a. Also Hilde game that Polak knew already from the time at Café Herrenhof, where she "at the table of so wise as witty Prager [...] admitted was". “ In London he was orphaned without Café Herrenhof ”, but “ as a former friend of Kafka [...] was almost a cult figure himself. "

Polak lost his apartment in Kensington in September 1940 during an attack by the German Air Force ( The Blitz ) on London. After a stopover in Scotland, he moved to Oxford , 100 Banbury Road in the spring of 1941 , and re-established contact with Friedrich Waismann, who had also emigrated to England in 1938 and taught philosophy at Oxford University . Polak continued his philosophical studies at Waismann - and he met Delphine Reynolds (* 1907, remarried Delphine Trinick) in Oxford in 1942, who was a well-known rider and pilot before the Second World War. They married in January 1944.

His grave is in the Willesden Jewish Cemetery in London- Willesden .

activities

Hartmut Binder calls Polak a man of letters without a work , but then emphasizes “ ... his role as a friend, advisor and literary agent of Austrian writers and fiction publishers, his importance as an integrating figure in the most important coffee house circles in Prague and Vienna. "

Literary critic

Polak recognized the literary significance of the authors Franz Kafka , Italo Svevo and Ivan Cankar at the beginning of the 20th century. Under the pseudonym Ernst Schwenk, his mother's last name, he published a number of reviews in the weekly newspaper Die literäre Welt from 1927 to 1931 . Willy Haas and Ernst Rowohlt founded the publication in Berlin in 1925. On the occasion of a review of the publication of a diary by Italo Svevo that appeared in 2000, it says:

“It was the 'Literary World' published by Willy Haas in Berlin, in which Ernst Schwenk presented a whole page of a 'new Italian poet' to his readers on September 2, 1927, who, after a long period of unsuccessfulness, is now finally getting his ' Zeno Cosini ' should achieve world fame. This first German-speaking tribute to Trieste Italo Svevo was accompanied by an excerpt from the chapter 'The Cigarette', the ever-repeated commitment to the 'last cigarette' that every Svevo reader today associates with his name. "

Polak linked the tribute to Italo Svevo, which appeared as the leading article on the front page of the Literary World , with his view of the role of Kafka:

"With the greatest, heroic, enigmatic Kafka, it is a real overreach, the process of conscience against itself, a theology of sensitivity, a monologue through itself to God."

Friedrich Torberg reported on Polak, who at that time worked for the Humanitas publishing house in Zurich and referred Torberg's novel Abschied - published in 1937 - to the publisher as follows:

“On one of the following afternoons, Ernst Polak was waiting for me, 'farewell' on the table in front of him, in the Herrenhof café. In anxious anticipation, I sat across from him, saw him pinch his monocle and open the book, which was completely called 'Farewell, novel of a first love', the motto of which was a quote from a poem by Holderlin and was dedicated to my fatherly friend Max Brod . 'The title,' said Ernst Polak, 'is not bad.' He turned the pages and pointed to the quote from Holderlin. 'This is actually excellent. Here '- he had come to the dedication to Max Brod -' it's getting a little weaker. And the rest is no good at all. ' With that he closed the book again. "

Polak also wrote for the cross section , the Vossische Zeitung , and he was the features correspondent for the Hamburger Nachrichten .

Literary advisor

In Austria

Ernst Polak had performed an intensive advisory function for Hermann Broch , and they mostly met in the Herrenhof café . Polak contributed to the creation of the novel trilogy Die Schlafwandler and its processes of change. In 1930 he brokered the work to the publisher Daniel Brody from Rhein-Verlag, in order to continue to be involved in the processing of the manuscripts. Polak's involvement extended to the translation of The Sleepwalker into English by Willa and Edwin Muir in 1935 . After 1933 Polak was a lecturer for the Piper and Bermann-Fischer publishers and later helped set up the Humanitas publishing house in Zurich.

In May 1934, Polak supported the establishment of the Robert Musil Fund, which collected the necessary financial resources to materially secure the completion of the novel The Man Without Qualities .

In England

In the spring of 1939, Polak was able to convey the novel Sommer 1914 by the author Roger Martin du Gard to the Humanitas publishing house in England . He negotiated with the publisher Gottfried Bermann Fischer about Paul Frischauer's novel A Great Lord . In the first half of 1939, Polak edited Jolande Jacobi's introduction to the work of CG Jung , of whom she worked as a psychologist.

In the second half of 1939 Polak prepared the manuscripts for her book on Gustav Mahler for Alma Mahler-Werfel . It was published in 1940 by the Amsterdam publisher Allert de Lange under the title Gustav Mahler. Memories and letters . For Franz Werfel , Polak corrected the manuscript for the book Der veruntreuter Himmel , which Bermann Fischer published in Stockholm in 1939, but without the corrections because it came too late. The Werfel couple had already emigrated from Austria at that time and found accommodation in Sanary-sur-Mer . In her autobiography , Alma Mahler-Werfel then mentions Ernst Polak in one sentence:

“Franz Werfel brought some friends with him from school. One of his closest friends and advisers was Ernst Polak, a very fine mind and a sensitive man of letters, with whom he discussed for hours and discussed his works. "

In 1941 Polak was in charge of the author Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg's autobiographical manuscript, which was published in 1942 by the Harper publishing house under the title Between Hitler and Mussolini . In 1942, Polak corresponded with Jacob Levy Moreno - addressing Jack Levy in the letters - about the planned book project under the working title Power and Responsibility . Polak and Moreno met after the First World War in the Café Herrenhof in Vienna. In the context of this consulting activity, Hartmut Binder provides a summary description:

“In this case, Polak understood his work in such a way that he wanted to spare the author reading and detailed work. He lectured on the basic theses of scientific works related to the planned topic, assessed the most important sources, gave careful definitions of central terms and made suggestions as to which method and in which direction further work by the author would make sense. "

estate

The estate of Ernst Polak, which Hartmut Binder kept with his second wife Delphin Trinick at the beginning of April 1977. Polak, is located in the German Literature Archive in Marbach . This estate also contains the correspondence with Jolande Jacobi, Jakob Levy Moreno and Franz Werfel.

Before emigrating to the USA, Polak's Viennese partner Ilona Voorm destroyed all material from the Prague and Viennese times: These were “... thousands of letters, hundreds of photographs, 'a whole cultural history', a 'spread over forty years' document humain ', in which, also in autobiographical and literary experiments, the entire Austrian literature of his time was reflected ... “The significance of this irreplaceable loss for literary studies can hardly be measured.

reception

Franz Werfel

Ernst Polak and Franz Werfel had been friends since Prague. In her biography, Alma Mahler-Werfel writes about the lifelong friendship:

“Franz Werfel brought some friends with him from school. One of his closest friends and advisers was Ernst Polak, a very fine and sensitive man of letters, with whom he discussed for hours and discussed his works. "

Franz Werfel treats the generation conflict as his central theme in his work - this is also the case in the novella Not the murderer, the murdered is guilty (1920). Werfel has repeatedly seen the conflict against the background of Greek mythology , the conflict between Laios (father) and Oedipus (son). Norbert Abels comes to the statement:

“In this sense, Werfel's friend Ernst Polak interpreted the appearance of the Oedipus complex and the father image at the end of the 19th century as a phenomenon of decline in the patriarchal hierarchy of the rulers. In the father-son conflict, Freud already saw a literary topos of irresistible attraction in the Dream Interpretation of 1900. Again and again the father appears as the bearer of a mysterious, insurmountable authority. "

Franz Kafka

As early as 1964, the year of the first edition of his portrayal by Franz Kafka , Klaus Wagenbach identified so-called reality particles in an analysis of the conditions in which the novel Das Schloss was created , pointing to Milena Jesenská and Ernst Polak. In addition to Kafka's own pariah situation and his love for Milena, it was Polak's intense and unusual way of life that the protagonist Klamm processed in literary terms. Wagenbach writes:

"Some of the features of the man, Ernst Polak [...], have entered the figure of Klamm (a name that Kafka apparently derived from a play on words with the first name Ernst, which he used in the letters), including the constellation of love: through Frieda, who can never completely detach herself from Klamm, the surveyor tries to settle down. And finally, very clearly, the, manor ', also a cafe in Vienna (of the literati also Hurenhof' called), in which Ernst Polak with Franz Werfel, Otto Pick , Egon Erwin Kisch and Otto large [sic] to used to meet. "

Publications

  • A new Italian poet. Italo Svevo. In: The literary world . Vol. 3/1927, No. 35, p. 1.
  • Ivan Cankar. The servant Jernej. In: The literary world . Vol. 5/1929, No. 46.
  • Aldous Huxley. Counterpoint of life. In: The literary world . Vol. 6/1930, No. 10.
  • Logistic remark on Arnold Zweig's 'On the Effectiveness of the Ten Commandments'. In: The literary world . Vol. 6/1930, No. 44, p. 7.
  • Alexander Lernet-Holenia and his new novel. In: The literary world . Volume 7/1931, No. 11.

literature

Yearbook contributions
  • Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - a man of letters without work. In: Fritz Martini , Walter Müller-Seidel , Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . Vol. 23, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, pp. 366-415.
  • Dieter Sulzer: The estate of Ernst Polak in the German Literature Archive. Report, index and edition of letters from Polak, Werfel and Broch. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd vol., Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, pp. 514-548.
Lexica entries
  • Wilhelm Sternfeld, Eva Tiedemann: German exile literature 1933–1945. A bio bibliography . With a foreword by Hans W. Eppelsheimer. 2nd Edition. L. Schneider, Heidelberg 1970.
  • Elisabeth Lebensaft and Viktor Suchy:  Polak Ernst. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 8, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1983, ISBN 3-7001-0187-2 , p. 167.
  • Rudolf M. Wlaschek: Biographia Judaica Bohemia . Dortmund 1995, ISBN 3-923293-47-X (publications by the Research Center for East Central Europe at the University of Dortmund, edited by Johannes Hoffmann, Series B, Volume 52).
  • Susanne Blumesberger, Michael Doppelhofer, Gabriele Mauthe: Handbook of Austrian authors of Jewish origin from the 18th to the 20th century. Volume 2: J-R. Edited by the Austrian National Library. Saur, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-598-11545-8 , p. 1049.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Franz Kafka, Milena Jesenská (addressee), Jürgen Born (ed.), Michael Müller (ed.): Letters to Milena . Expanded and reorganized edition. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-10-038119-X , p. 325. (Polak is the Czech notation.)
  2. ^ In the handbook of Austrian authors of Jewish origin from the 18th to the 20th century and in the obituary by W. Sternfeld under construction (see web links), the date of death is given as September 20th.
  3. ↑ Regina Pollakova, b. Schwenkova The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names (here with year of birth 1855)
  4. ^ Franz Kafka, Milena Jesenská (addressee), Jürgen Born (ed.), Michael Müller (ed.): Letters to Milena . Expanded and reorganized edition. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-10-038119-X , p. 331.
  5. ^ Norbert Abels: Franz Werfel . Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2002 (1990), p. 23f.
  6. ↑ Richard Faber et al. Barbara Naumann: literature of the border. Theory of the limit . Königshausen u. Neumann, Würzburg 1995, p. 77.
  7. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. To the coffee house circles in Prague and Vienna. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 382.
  8. ^ Franz Kafka, Milena Jesenská (addressee), Jürgen Born (ed.), Michael Müller (ed.): Letters to Milena . Expanded and reorganized edition. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-10-038119-X , p. 332. (Here the address is obviously incorrectly assigned to the adjacent Josefstadt district .)
  9. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. To the coffee house circles in Prague and Vienna. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 367.
  10. ^ Franz Kafka, Milena Jesenská (addressee), Jürgen Born (ed.), Michael Müller (ed.): Letters to Milena . Expanded and reorganized edition. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-10-038119-X , p. IX (sic!).
  11. ^ Klaus Wagenbach: Franz Kafka . Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1978, p. 123.
  12. ^ Franz Kafka, Milena Jesenská (addressee), Jürgen Born (ed.), Michael Müller (ed.): Letters to Milena . Expanded and reorganized edition. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-10-038119-X , p. 23.
  13. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. To the coffee house circles in Prague and Vienna. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 389 u. 395.
  14. ↑ Radio Praha: Milena Jesenská . (English)
  15. ↑ George Butler ( Memento of the original from October 18, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.frcconservatory.org
  16. ↑ Permalink Austrian Library Association .
  17. ↑ Dissertation, pp. 7, 146 u. 156f. Quoted from: Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - writer without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 389 u. 395.
  18. ↑ Dieter Sulzer: The estate of Ernst Polak in the German literature archive. Report, index and edition of letters from Polak, Werfel and Broch. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 516.
  19. ↑ Hilde Spiel: The bright and the dark times. Memoirs 1911–1946 . 3rd edition List, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-471-78632-5 , p. 80.
  20. ↑ Dieter Sulzer: The estate of Ernst Polak in the German literature archive. Report, index and edition of letters from Polak, Werfel and Broch. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 528.
  21. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . Vol. 23, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, pp. 412-414.
  22. ↑ Hilde Spiel: The bright and the dark times. Memoirs 1911–1946 . 3rd edition List, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-471-78632-5 , p. 67.
  23. ↑ Hilde Spiel: The bright and the dark times. Memoirs 1911–1946 . 3rd edition List, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-471-78632-5 , p. 182.
  24. ↑ Hilde Spiel: The bright and the dark times. Memoirs 1911–1946 . 3rd edition List, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-471-78632-5 , p. 198.
  25. ↑ a b c Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - man of letters without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 414.
  26. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 366.
  27. ↑ Oliver Jahn: Engagement of an author .
  28. ↑ Ernst Schwenk: A New Italian Poet. Italo Svevo. In: The literary world . Jg. 3/1927, No. 35, p. 1, quoted from Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - Literature without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 393.
  29. ^ Friedrich Torberg: The heirs of Aunt Jolesch . DTV, Munich 1981, p. 63.
  30. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, pp. 408f.
  31. ^ Karl Corino: Robert Musil . Reinbek near Hamburg 1989, p. 413.
  32. ↑ Alma Mahler-Werfel. My life . Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2002 (EA 1960), p. 120.
  33. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 408.
  34. ↑ Dieter Sulzer: The estate of Ernst Polak in the German literature archive. Report, index and edition of letters from Polak, Werfel and Broch. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 514.
  35. ↑ Hartmut Binder: Ernst Polak - literary man without work. In: Fritz Martini, Walter Müller-Seidel, Bernhard Zeller (Ed.): Yearbook of the German Schiller Society . 23rd year, Kröner, Stuttgart 1979, p. 367.
  36. ↑ Alma Mahler-Werfel: My life . Biography. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2002 (EA 1963), p. 120.
  37. ^ Norbert Abels: Franz Werfel . Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2002 (EA 1990), pp. 54-56.
  38. ^ Klaus Wagenbach: Franz Kafka . Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1978 (first edition 1964), p. 131.
personal data
SURNAME Polak, Ernst
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pollak, Ernst; Schwenk, Ernst (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian literary agent
DATE OF BIRTH 4th August 1886
PLACE OF BIRTH Gitschin
DATE OF DEATH September 21, 1947
Place of death London