Prince's grave of Leubingen

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Coordinates: 51 ° 11 ′ 25 ″  N , 11 ° 10 ′ 11 ″  E

Prince's grave of Leubingen
p1
Leubingen burial mound

Leubingen burial mound

location near Leubingen in Thuringia , Germany
Location Leubing Hills
Princely grave of Leubingen (Thuringia)
Prince's grave of Leubingen
When 1942 ± 10 BC BC, Early Bronze Age
Where Leubingen , Sömmerda / Thuringia
displayed Museum of Prehistory and Early History of Thuringia in Weimar,
State Museum of Prehistory (Halle) ,
Leubingen Heimatstube

The prince grave of Leubingen is the largest preserved Early Bronze Age prince grave of the Aunjetitz culture . It is located near Leubingen , a district of Sömmerda ( Thuringia ). The princely graves of the Aunjetitz culture form a special type of grave, which stands out from the normal burials of its culture through huge, widely visible burial mounds with rich additions and was the reason to call an entire cultural area the Leubing culture .

In 1877 excavations were carried out on Leubing Hill . Slavic graves from the time between 700 and 1000 AD were found in the upper area . It was about subsequent burials in the older Bronze Age hill fill . At ground level, the excavators came across an intact, tent-shaped hut made of oak wood, which belonged to the Aunjetitz culture between 2200 and 1600 BC. Is dated. In order to preserve the burial mound as a monumental monument, it was restored to its original dimensions after the excavations were completed.

Location and dating

Wooden planks of the hut of the dead.

The grave mound had before the excavation m a height of approximately 8.5 m in diameter and about 34 meters a circumference of about 145th This makes it one of the largest burial mounds in Central Europe . The wooden burial chamber could be dendrochronologically to 1942 ± 10 BC. To be dated. The small uncertainty of the dating results from the fact that the edge of the forest , i.e. the outer annual rings , were no longer preserved on the processed logs .

The hill is located on a trading route that was already used at that time in a valley ( Thuringian Basin ) and, with its height, represents a prominent point in the area.

More recent investigations in 2017/18 have shown that the mound not only has a diameter of 34 meters, but after excavations at the foot of the mound it could be proven that the diameter was originally at least 50 meters.

The excavation under Friedrich Klopfleisch in 1877

Sketch from Friedrich Klopfleisch's excavation diary. The cross-section of the burial mound is shown on the lower left (A1) with stone covering of the burial ground from the Bronze Age in the lower area and the younger Slavic graves in the upper area.

The burial mound was excavated in 1877 under the direction of Jena university professor Friedrich Klopfleisch . He documented and described the condition of the hill and the arrangement of the individual objects in his diary, so that the condition of the grave can be easily reconstructed.

First, seventy human skeletons were found in the upper area of ​​the Bronze Age mound . Burial custom and jewelry allow these Slavic graves to date to between 700 and 1000 AD. Such subsequent burials in older mounds are not uncommon. At ground level, the excavators came across an intact, tent-shaped burial hut made of oak, which was dated to the Aunjetitz culture (2200–1600 BC).

The floor was carefully smoothed, laid with stones, and covered with wooden floorboards. The base of the burial chamber measured 3.90 m × 2.10 m and was oriented north-south. The sloping side walls consisted of oak planks that were fastened to the ground with tenons and anchored at the upper ends by rafters . On top of it was a 15 cm thick layer of reeds , which was covered on the outside with lime mortar . A stone cover made of white and red sandstone , up to 2.5 m thick, arched over the totenhütte , which was brought in from the area at distances of up to 30 km. The layer of soil over the stones was 70 cm thick tamped ; the outermost layer consisted of loose soil.

Replicas of the burial chamber can be found in the Museum of Prehistory of Thuringia in Weimar , in the State Museum of Prehistory in Halle (Saale) and in the Leubingen Heimatstube . Signs from the Heimatstube direct the visitor to the burial mound, which was filled up again after the excavation and is now a ground monument .

The burial and the grave goods

Sketch of the hut of the dead with the additions.
The tent-shaped hut of the dead and the stone packing above
Sketch of the grave goods from Klopfleisch's excavation diary.

According to Friedrich Klopfleisch's notes, the burial chamber contained a double burial , the main burial being an older male adult with gouty age and worn teeth. He was lying on his back with his legs outstretched, his head pointing north.

The skeleton of a ten-year-old child was described as lying across the hips of the dead . Only two long bones of the arms remained, of which the age could be determined; no other bones of the child's skeleton were found. Since Klopfleisch was of the opinion that the missing bones were gone, he drew them in his sketch. No anthropological research was carried out at the time of the opening of the grave . So the excavator was not sure whether it was a succession or a child who died at the same time. However, since only the two bones were found, it is doubtful whether a child was buried at all - it is possible that the bones were only in the grave as an addition . Klopfleisch's drawing of the totenhütte therefore does not show the actual findings , but a reconstruction of the skeletons in the opinion of the excavator.

Below the dead man's left foot there was a large clay pot (approx. 35 cm high) surrounded by stones. Shards from several other vessels were on the floor of the burial place . On the right foot a stone anvil or were touchstone and a shoe last wedge from Serpentine . On the latter there were remains of straps for attachment to a handle. According to Klopfleisch, this reached the right hand of the dead man.

Above this, a dagger and three bronze dagger blades were crossed and laid down facing north-south and east-west. The daggers originally had handles made of hawthorn and ash wood wrapped with broad bronze wire and were placed in dagger sheaths made of leather and oak bark . This could be determined by microscopic examinations. Near the right foot were two crossed edge ridge axes with remains of the wooden handles. In the upper pair of daggers, within reach of the right hand, were three bronze chisels . To the right of the dead man, several gold objects were placed at head height . There were two shank-headed needles , two knobbed rings , a spiral roller and an arm ring . The total weight of the gold was 256.113 grams.

In the wider area of ​​the burial mound there were other finds of the Aunjetitz culture. 1953–1955 a grave field was excavated near Großbrembach and in 2011 a hatchet and the post- setting of an early Bronze Age nave were discovered near Dermsdorf . The building had an area of ​​462 m², making it one of the largest of the Central German Early Bronze Age. Ceramic finds make it probable that they were close to the prince's grave, because they have similar decorations and shapes to the Leubing additions. In front of the front of the nave, an extensive hoard made of bronze hatchets was made, which suggests an outstanding position of the residents of the house.

Interpretations

Additions

Blade of a bronze dagger
The anvil or probing stone from the princely grave

The graves of the Aunjetitz culture usually consisted of just one ceramic vessel. About ten percent of the dead also had a single bronze object, usually an ax. As a rule, the dead lay in simple earth pits on their left side with their arms and legs bent ( stools ) facing north-south.

The dead man in the burial mound, on the other hand, lay on his back with legs outstretched ( strecker grave ). He was given several vessels as well as several bronze and some gold artefacts . This over-equipment, a representation of wealth through an unusual abundance of gifts, is particularly evident in the gold jewelry:

“Golden arm jewelery was first recorded in Central Germany and in the Carpathian Basin during the early Bronze Age, and it immediately became a primary symbol of power and the status of special representatives of a male elite. In Central Germany this is made clear by a corresponding ceremonial grave custom, for which there are no equivalents in the rest of central continental Europe, based on the accumulated addition of golden artifacts. "

Due to the over-equipment and the gold jewelry as well as the elaborate hill structure with a mortuary chamber, stone packing and embankment, the dead stand out clearly from the other simultaneous burials. The way of laying down can also be interpreted as the conscious recourse of the new elites to old burial customs of corded ceramics in the Neolithic in order to constitute a long line of tradition and lineage :

“The graves of the Aunjetitz culture built in the Neolithic tradition show in a direct way the mediation of traditional values ​​by a certain individual, they also clearly show his or her reference to lines of descent in contrast to the 'remaining population', who were buried in a non-Neolithic way; her parentage rights seem to have been denied or at least only granted for a short line of descent. "

The traditional thesis also speaks for the fact that stone tools (anvil stone and shoe last wedge) were given to the grave with the dead. The shoe last wedge was a typical addition to corded ceramics and was no longer found in the Aunjetitz culture except in the princely graves.

This shows a clear difference between the dead and the rest of the population. The prominent position was probably also emphasized by religious rituals . The daggers and hatchets lay in the strict alignment of the celestial axes (east-west after sunrise and sunset and north-south after the high noon, like the dead man himself).

There are quite different opinions as to how this should be interpreted. But there is consensus that the deceased belonged to an elite that combined religious power (control over cults) with economic power (control over metal, bronze and salt trade ).

Interpretation of the burial

Reconstruction of the prince's grave in Leubingen, Museum of Prehistory and Early History in Thuringia (Weimar)

The grave goods suggest that the deceased was a member of an elite. His position in society has not yet been finally clarified. The excavator Friedrich Klopfleisch interpreted him as the ruler of the area. He noted in his diary the observation that the stones of the grave cover come from a radius of up to 30 km around the grave. For him, this represented the expansion of the domain. Since many of the accessories are made of bronze or could be used for metalworking, the burial is also interpreted as a metallurgist's grave. François Bertemes argues against this :

“[There] were three metal chisels [...] and a box-shaped anvil with a rectangular cross-section, which could possibly also have served as a touchstone. Anvil and chisel can be associated with metallurgical activities. It is unlikely that this `prince` was a blacksmith himself . Rather, it can be assumed that the tools should serve as symbols that the economic background of his wealth and his class was the control of the copper deposits and the metallurgy chain. "

Martin Jahn , however, saw him as a priest . The child that was also sacrificed should have served him in the afterlife and the clay pots that would have contained food would have been provided for life after death .

For Ilona Knapp, a chief is clearly buried in Leubingen who held economic, religious and military power in his time.

Due to the many different interpretations , Svend Hansen states that the burial mounds are so unusual and unique that we cannot precisely grasp the meaning of the buried person:

“The 'princely graves' in the Saale-Unstrut area, in particular the graves of Leubingen and Helmsdorf, undoubtedly represent the top of the Early Bronze Age social structure, as far as this can be recorded in the archaeological finds due to the elaborate grave construction and their rich bronze and gold gifts. The abundance of furnishings in these graves appears singular in comparison to both the preceding tombs of the corded ceramics or bell-beaker culture and the contemporary Early Bronze Age cultures in Central Europe. It is therefore difficult to derive their appearance from a historical development and to determine their relationship to the simultaneous burials in Central Europe in social terms. "

In an article, Vere Gordon Childe classified the princely graves in the historical development and explained the difference to the simultaneous burials. He referred to the fact that in a period of poorly equipped graves, such an over-provision suddenly appeared, and stated:

“We can thus formulate a general rule as follows: in a stable society the grave-goods tend to grow relatively and even absolutely fewer and poorer as times go on. In other words, less and less of the deceased`s real wealth, fewer and fewer of the goods that he or she had used, worn, or habitually consumed in life were deposited in the tomb or consumed on the pyre. The stability of a society may be upset by an invasion or immigration on a scale that requires a radical reorganization or by contact between barbarian and civilized societies so that, for instance, trade introduces new sorts of wealth, new opportunities for acquiring wealth and new classes (traders) who do not fit in at once into the kinship organization of a tribe. "

“In this way we can establish the following basic rule: In a stable society, the number and value of grave goods decrease over time, both relatively and absolutely. In other words, fewer and fewer of the dead man's real wealth, of the goods that he or she used, carried or used, are placed in the grave or for cremation. However, the stability of a society can be so disturbed that extensive restructuring becomes necessary: ​​this can happen through an invasion, through massive immigration, or even if the contact between backward and progressive societies creates new opportunities to achieve wealth, new forms of wealth, and a new class of traders cannot be classified immediately in the previous tribal structure. "

- Vere Gordon Childe : Article from the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , January / February 1945

Exactly this seems to be the case with Leubingen: The contact with a bronze-producing culture in Bohemia and Moravia and the control of the copper and tin trade to the south and the bronze trade to the north enabled the middlemen to siphon off wealth for themselves that they had before the Bronze Age had not given. This new layer, according to Childe, was in the burial mounds. He would address the dead as traders rather than princes. And it would also explain why the princely graves were not erected in the center of the Aunjetitz culture, but in contact areas that benefited from the trade. This theory would also make plausible that princely graves only appeared in a short epoch, not in the entire Aunjetitz period. When the new elites were integrated into the ruling class or when trade collapsed, no further elaborate graves were erected.

So far, the theories have tried to assign the buried a position in tribal society . Tobias Kienling takes a different approach when he argues that it was the people who were still alive at the time who built these graves and buried the dead in his extraordinary way. It was not the dead who determined how they would be laid down, but the community, how they saw the dead and how they furnished them. According to Kienling, collective elements of the funeral and the importance of the funeral ceremony are important for social cohesion and cultural identity . In a time of upheaval - the use of metal and the formation of hierarchies - the princely graves would be an expression of the uncertainty of traditional groups and not a sign of a new class of traders as with Childe. An attempt was made to counter the uncertainty through community-building ritual action.

“[...] the 'princely graves' will still have primarily served to consolidate the still unstable claims to power of the new elites. Rather, it was important to maintain community and cultural coherence [cohesion] in a period of upheaval - which is why the phenomenon of 'Füstengrab' was not granted a general spread or a longer duration. Because it is not primarily elites that continue to exist who had to legitimize themselves through competitive action [competition] or reference to ancestors, but society - perhaps with approaches of social hierarchies - to which the changed world of the metal age had become normal again. "

The different interpretations of the grave goods found show that research does not agree on the exact position of the deceased. However, since it was a prominent position in each case, the name princely grave is a good approximation.

Comparable tombs

The grave mound of Leubingen is one of the largest of its kind. Similar grave mounds of the Aunjetitz culture are the prince grave of Helmsdorf near Gerbstedt , also 34 m in diameter, and the grave mound of Dieskau . A further 13 burial mounds can be identified from aerial archaeological research in Central Germany . The Bornhöck near Raßnitz , rediscovered in 2010, is an exception, once 65 m in diameter and around 15 m high, clearly towering over the other well-known Aunjetitz grave mounds in central Germany.

In the Leubingen culture, burial mounds always stand individually. At Łęki Małe (Klein Lenka) in Poland, about 70 km south of Poznan , there is a group with eleven burial mounds of the Aunjetitz culture. They weren't as richly decorated as the magnificent grave of Leubingen, but there were also bronze axes, daggers, shank pins and individual pieces of gold jewelry. Another group of these burial mounds can be found in nearby Bruszczewo .

In the area of ​​the Wessex culture (2000–1600 BC) in the area of Wessex , Cornwall and Brittany there are also burial mounds. A well-known example is that of Kernonen, Plouvorn / Bretagne region. Similar to the Leubing burial, they are also over-equipped with cross-shaped daggers.

“The 'princely graves' in Wessex, Brittany and Central Germany have long been seen in a close context. It should be particularly emphasized that in these three centers the addition of 'arsenals' can be proven: The Breton graves in particular represent a 'cult around the blade'. [...] In these upper-class graves of the Early Bronze Age, an idea materialized that would hardly have arisen in three different regions independently of one another, but rather can be interpreted as the result of a communication context. "

Also in the El Argar culture , which lived in southeastern Spain between 1800 and 1300 BC. Was widespread, there were graves with rich furnishings, including gold gifts, where the dead were laid in north-south orientation.

literature

  • Martin Bartelheim: Blacksmith princes or large farmers? Elites and metals in the Early Bronze Age of Central Europe . In: The Reach for the Stars… , Vol. 2, pp. 865–880.
  • Bernd Becker et al .: Dendrochronological dating of oaks from the Early Bronze Age barrows near Helmsdorf and Leubingen (Aunjetitz culture) and from Bronze Age river oaks near Merseburg. In: Annual journal for Central German Prehistory. Volume 72, 1989, pp. 299-312 ( online ).
  • François Bertemes: The metallurgist graves of the second half of the 3rd and the first half of the 2nd millennium BC Chr. In: The Reach for the Stars… , Vol. 1, pp. 131–162.
  • Vere Gordon Childe : Directional changes in Funerary Practices during 50,000 years . In: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: Man , Vol. 45 (Jan / Feb 1945), pp. 13-19.
  • Sigrid Dušek : Prehistory and early history of Thuringia . Theiss, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1504-9 , p. 74.
  • Svend Hansen : “Excessive equipment” in graves and hoards of the Early Bronze Age . In: Johannes Müller (Ed.): From the End Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age: Patterns of Social Change? Conference Bamberg 2001, University Research on Prehistoric Archeology 90, Bonn 2002, pp. 151–173.
  • Paul Höfer : The Leubing grave mound . In: Annual journal for the prehistory of the Saxon-Thuringian countries , edition 5, 1906, pp. 1–59.
  • Tobias L. Kienlin: The "Prince" of Leubingen - Outstanding burials from the Early Bronze Age . In: Christoph Kümmel, Beat Schweizer, Ulrich Veit (Ed.): Body staging - collection of objects - monumentalization. Waxmann, Tübingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-8309-2004-5 .
  • Ilona Knapp: “Prince” or “Chief”? An analysis of outstanding burials from the early Bronze Age . In: Archaeological Information. 22/2, 1999, pp. 261-268. doi: 10.11588 / ai.1999.2.15472
  • Harald Meller : The Princely Grave of Leubingen re-examined - To the construction of stately legitimacy by referring to the previous cultures. In: Harald Meller, François Bertemes (ed.): The departure to new horizons. New perspectives on the European Early Bronze Age. Final conference of the research group FOR550 from November 26th to 29th 2010 in Halle (Saale) (= conference of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle. Volume 19). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2020, ISBN 978-3-948618-03-2 , pp. 245–260.
  • Harald Meller, François Bertemes (eds.): Reaching for the stars - How Europe's elites came to power and wealth (= conferences of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle (Saale) , vol. 5). State Museum for Prehistory, Halle 2010, ISBN 978-3-939414-28-5 .
  • Harald Meller, Roberto Risch and Ernst Pernicka (eds.): Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver. Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver. 6th Central German Archaeological Day from October 17 to 19, 2013 in Halle (Saale). 6th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany October 17–19, 2013 in Halle (Saale) (= conferences of the State Museum for Prehistory Halle. Volume 11). State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt / State Museum for Prehistory, Halle (Saale) 2014, ISBN 978-3-944507-13-2 .
  • Carola Metzner-Nebelsick: The Rings of Power - Considerations on the Continuity of Early Bronze Age Symbols of Power in Europe . In: The Reach for the Stars… , Vol. 1, pp. 177–198.
  • Rosemarie Müller:  Leubingen. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 18, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2001, ISBN 3-11-016950-9 , pp. 288-289. (on-line)
  • Volker Pingel : The gold finds of the Argar culture . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 33, 1992, pp. 6-24.
  • Andreas Sattler : The graves of the Aunjetitz culture in the Saale region. On the ritual of the dead based on the older findings (= university research on prehistoric archeology. Volume 267). Habelt, Bonn 2015, ISBN 978-3-7749-3941-7 , pp. 131-132.
  • Manuela Schwarz: Got rich with copper and salt? In: Harald Meller (ed.): Beauty, Power and Death. 120 finds from 120 years , State Museum for Prehistory Halle. Volume accompanying the special exhibition, Halle (Saale), 2001, pp. 62–63.
  • Christian Strahm: The economic and ideal conditions of the formation of early Bronze Age elites . In: Reaching for the Stars… . Vol. 1, pp. 163-176.
  • New Year's Eve Tamas: hoard or depot finds from the Early Bronze Age in Central Germany and their indicative value for evidence of social elites . Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 2007.
  • Herbert Ullrich: The Aunjetitz grave field of Großbrembach . In: Publications of the Museum of Prehistory and Early History of Thuringia. Weimar 1972.
  • Bernd Zich: The princely graves of Leubingen and Helmsdorf . In: Harald Meller (ed.): The forged sky. The wide world in the heart of Europe 3600 years ago . Volume accompanying the special exhibition, Halle (Saale), 2004, pp. 156–157.
  • Bernd Zich: Studies on the regional and chronological structure of the northern Aunjetitz culture . de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1996, ISBN 3-11-014327-5 .

Web links

Commons : Fürstengrab von Leubingen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Axel Stelzner: State Center for Political Education Thuringia. Sheets on regional studies. Tables on the history of Thuringia. (PDF file; 57 kB), State Center for Civic Education THÜRINGEN , 9th revised edition, Jena 2012.
  2. ↑ Bernd Becker, Rüdiger Krause , Bernd Kromer: On the absolute chronology of the early Bronze Age. In: Germania. 67, 2, 1989, pp. 421-442. ISSN  0016-8874
  3. ↑ Ilona Knapp: Prince or Chief? An analysis of the outstanding burials of the early Bronze Age . In: Archeology Digital. Part 2, Archaeomedia, Freiburg 2001, ISBN 3-935846-00-2 , p. 53.
  4. ↑ Anett Kletzke: New findings on the prince hill. Leubinger Hügel is bigger than expected, which is why planners of the future rest and gas station have to re-route the planned circular route. In: Thüringer Allgemeine , local edition Sömmerda of May 25, 2018, No. 119, p. 23.
  5. ^ Paul Höfer: The Leubing grave mound. In: Annual publication for the prehistory of the Saxon-Thuringian countries. 5, 1906, pp. 1-59.
  6. ↑ Katharina Bolle: Princely residential building from the Bronze Age discovered. Spektrum.de, July 7, 2011. Accessed March 14, 2015.
  7. ^ Herbert Ullrich: The Aunjetitz grave field of Großbrembach . In: Publications of the Museum of Prehistory and Early History of Thuringia. Weimar 1972.
  8. ↑ S. Hansen: “Over-equipping” in graves and hoards of the early Bronze Age . In: J. Müller (Ed.): From the End Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age: Patterns of Social Change? Conference Bamberg 2001, University Research on Prehistoric Archeology 90, Bonn 2002, pp. 151–173.
  9. ↑ Carola Metzner-Nebelsick: The Rings of Power - Considerations on the Continuity of Early Bronze Age Symbols of Power in Europe . In: The Reach for the Stars ... , Vol. 1, p. 194.
  10. ↑ Ilona Knapp: “Prince” or “Chief”? An analysis of outstanding burials from the early Bronze Age . In: Archaeological Information. 22/2, 1999, p. 266.
  11. ^ François Bertemes: The metallurgy graves of the second half of the 3rd and first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Chr. In: The Reach for the Stars ... , Vol. 1, p. 154.
  12. ↑ Ilona Knapp: “Prince” or “Chief”? An analysis of outstanding burials from the early Bronze Age . In: Archaeological Information. 22/2, 1999, pp. 261-268.
  13. ↑ Svend Hansen: “Over-equipping” in graves and hoards of the Early Bronze Age . In: J. Müller (Ed.): From the End Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age: Patterns of Social Change? . Conference Bamberg 2001, University Research on Prehistoric Archeology 90, Bonn 2002, p. 151.
  14. ^ Vere Gordon Childe: Directional changes in Funerary Practices during 50,000 years . In: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: Man , Vol. 45 (Jan / Feb 1945), pp. 13-19.
  15. ↑ Tobias L. Kienlin: The "Prince" of Leubingen - Outstanding burials of the early Bronze Age . In: Christoph Kümmel, Beat Schweizer, Ulrich Veit (Ed.): Body staging - collection of objects - monumentalization. Waxmann, Tübingen 2008, p. 200.
  16. ↑ Wolfram Euler , Konrad Badenheuer: Language and Origin of the Germanic Peoples - Outline of Proto-Germanic before the first sound shift. Inspiration Un Ltd., London / Hamburg 2009, ISBN 3-9812110-1-4 , p. 50.
  17. ↑ S. Hansen: “Over-equipping” in graves and hoards of the early Bronze Age . In: Johannes Müller (Ed.): From the End Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age: Patterns of Social Change? Conference Bamberg 2001, University Research on Prehistoric Archeology 90, Bonn 2002, pp. 153–154.
  18. ↑ Volker Pingel: The gold finds of the Argar culture . In: Madrid Communications. 33, 1992, pp. 6-24.