Fix and Foxi

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Fix and Foxi is a German comic magazine. His title characters were created by Rolf Kauka . The booklet was published with interruptions between 1953 and 2010.

History of the magazine

1953 to 1994

Rolf Kauka published his first specialist book in 1947 under the signet Kauka Verlag , but initially worked in Munich in the early 1950s as a publisher of novel booklets. In May 1953 he brought his first comic book to the market under the title "Till Eulenspiegel". The main character was a modernized version of the German folk book figure of the same name . From the second edition, Baron Münchhausen joined him with his classic lies. In issue 6, based on fabulous characters such as Reineke Fuchs and Isegrim , the Wolf, Fix and Foxi appeared for the first time in a short story, and they soon became popular with the public.

According to his own admission, the two foxes were designed by Rolf Kauka himself, and they were initially drawn by the Munich painter and illustrator of Dutch origin Dorul van der Heide . In the beginning it was kept quite naturalistic, in the style of traditional picture books with some inspiration from Edmond Calvo (“The beast is dead!”), The drawing style quickly developed in the direction of conventional ( funny ) comics. This corresponded to the rapidly growing experience, but was certainly also due to the enormous production pressure. The first thirty or so “Eulenspiegel” editions (24 pages each, in four colors throughout) were drawn by the self-taught comic bookmaker van der Heide and his assistant Werner Hierl, whom he had specially hired, almost alone. The targeted fortnightly publication cycle could not be achieved in this way and leveled off at about three weeks.

Meanwhile, from issue 10 onwards, several issues on the front page pointed to the young fox twins, from No. 29 (early 1955) the series was finally renamed “Fix und Foxi”. At the same time disappeared Till Eulenspiegel and then Munchausen from the book, however, emerged soon after in a new monthly magazine of Rolf Caucasus ( "[Eulenspiegel] Kunterbunt") again before following cessation of the end of 1956 again in Fix and Foxi under came shortly before their final end. The concept was accompanied by a short-term change in the format of the magazine, combined with a price reduction and a switch to printing alternately in color and black and white. The oversize format that had been in the meantime was withdrawn towards the end of 1955, but it was finally published every fortnight. In 1956/57 sales exceeded the 100,000 mark for the first time, and from October 31, 1957, Fix and Foxi appeared “as the first German picture magazine to be published weekly!” At Christmas 1958, there was a return to four-color printing, and finally in May 1960 the size was increased from 24 to 32 pages, the format was achieved, which was to last for Fix and Foxi for most of the 1960s.

This decade, roughly from the beginning of the sixties to around 1972, developed into the high phase of the “Fix und Foxi” magazine, which now achieved a print run of up to 400,000 copies in Germany. The total volume for the entire duration (1953–1994) was over 300 million copies sold. In addition to the weekly issue, especially from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, there were also various by-products in the form of series of booklets, paperbacks, paperbacks, albums, etc. The Fix and Foxi specials (1959-94, Main editions "Easter", "Summer", "Holidays", "Christmas") and the paperback Fix and Foxi Extra (1969–86).

Over time, Kauka had hired a colorful team of different illustrators for his magazine, some of whom came from Yugoslavia, Italy and later Spain. Some of the most deserving artists of Fix and Foxi as well as other Kauka series (see below) were, apart from or after van der Heide and Hierl in chronological order, among others Josef Braunmüller (developed hops and stops ), Kurt Ludwig Schmidt alias ("Becker" -) Kasch, Rudolf Dehnert, Helmuth Huth, Walter Neugebauer (chief draftsman to 1972, including the creator of Tom and small beaver heart and Bussi bear , stylistically influential FF and Mischa draftsman, cover images), Vladimir "Vlado" Magdic (most important Tom and small beaver heart draftsman ), Branco Karabajić (most important Pauli artist), Charilaos Theodorou, Franz Roscher, Ludwig Fischer, Florian Julino (cover pictures, creator of Diabolino ), Heinz Körner, Maria Luisa Uggetti, Tiberio Colantuoni, Giovan Battista Carpi , Giulio Chierchini, Riccardo Rinaldi ( Creator of the Pichelsteiner ), Vjekoslav Kostanjsek, Kurt Italiaander, Öktemer Köksal, Helmut Murek ( FF , Pauli , cover pictures from the mid-80s), Berck ( Mischa 70s), Jaime Mainou, Angel Nadal ( Bussi Bär , Frido lin around 1980), Massimo Fecchi (“star draftsman” from the mid-70s), Josep Marti, Sandro Costa and Luciano Gatto . From the early 1980s, a large part of the comic production was transferred to the Spanish drawing studio Comicup, among whose employees Carlos Grangel, José Antonio González and Julian Jordan stood out.

One of the factors that contributed to the success of Fix and Foxi from the mid-1960s onwards was that from then on, as in other Kauka publications (e.g. “ Lupo modern ”), licensed series were published that were largely of Franco-Belgian origin. This was true for Boule and Bill (as "Schnieff and Schnuff"), Bobo , The Smurfs , Spirou and Fantasio ("Pit and Pikkolo"), Lucky Luke (especially in the secondary publications), Schwarzbart , Gaston Lagaffe ("Jo- Jo ”), Johann and Pfiffikus (“ Prince Edelhart and Kukuruz ”), Benni Bärenstark (“ Little Winni ”), Die Minimenschen , Sophie (“ The funny Lilly ”) and Sammy and Jack .

In 1973 Rolf Kauka sold his publishing house to the English company IPC Magazines Ltd. and to the Dutch publishing group VNU , who founded the IJP (International Juvenile Press) consortium for this purpose. But he reserved a say. At the end of the 1970s, the publishing consortium disbanded and Rolf Kauka bought his company back. A short time later, at the end of 1979, he sold it again, this time to the Bauer publishing group , where the Kauka comics were now published by Pabel-Moewig (VPM). However, he kept the copyrights to himself.

In August 1994 the magazine was changed from weekly to monthly due to rapidly falling sales of VPM. In addition, the already greatly reduced proportion of comics was further restricted by the expansion of editorial elements. Rolf Kauka was dissatisfied with the redesign; he particularly stumbled upon the inclusion of stories about pop stars (Die Prinzen, Take That), which were intended as a sales promotion measure. Finally he withdrew the production rights from the publisher. The December 1994 edition was no longer allowed to appear.

In 1995, VPM published a few special editions of the comic book, in which, however, mainly stories from earlier booklets were printed. VPM no longer received the license for new Fix-and-Foxi comics.

From 1993 to 1998 brought Norbert Hethke publisher in a small edition reprints out the first fifty books.

2000 to 2010

In May 2000 the Ehapa publishing house started an attempt to revive the Fix-und-Foxi-Magazin. However, the magazines achieved insufficient sales figures. The quality was poor, and the hoped-for synergy effect through the broadcasting of Fix-and-Foxi cartoons since the beginning of the year (in the first) was at least insufficient . Ehapa discontinued the magazine after only three issues with the consent of Kazier. After Kaucasian's death in September 2000, his widow Alexandra Kauka took over her husband's managerial role at Promedia, Inc. This company, which emerged from the Kauka publishing house, administered the license rights to the Kauka comics since 1982. From October 2003 to April 2009, the joint venture “Kauka Promedia” (or briefly renamed “Rolf Kauka Comics”) was founded with the company “Andromeda Central Community Medien GmbH”, which carried out the operative business. In 2005, "Kauka Promedia" granted the license for Fix and Foxi to the newly founded Tigerpress publishing house in Hamburg, which had produced and published new Kauka comics until mid-2009. A large Fix-und-Foxi book was published on October 10, 2005 as part of the comic library of the tabloid BILD . From October 25, 2005 the Fix-und-Foxi comic magazine was again available monthly at the kiosk. For a while, a Lupo magazine as well as 2 issues of a Pauli preschool magazine and a Fix & Foxi Classic album were published every 2 months .

After the circulation of the Fix and Foxi series had fallen sharply, Tigerpress-Verlag filed for insolvency at the Hamburg District Court in early June 2009. From January 2010 the magazine was published by New Ground Publishing (formerly Comicstars), behind which, among others, Droemer Knaur stood, again monthly in print and in digital form. New media and devices such as the iPhone and e-book readers also played a major role in the concept of the new publisher. Much of the archive material has been made available on the Internet since 1953. But even the new sales concept and a change in the magazine format from July 2010 did not bring about the desired commercial success. Although the magazine appeared again in 2010 from January to December, the publisher gave back the license for the Kauka figures at the end of the year and the publication of Fix and Foxi was discontinued again.

After 2010

In 2014, all rights to Fix and Foxi were taken over by Stefan Piëch, a nephew of the former VW supervisory board chairman Ferdinand Piëch . The rights are marketed worldwide through Your Family Entertainment, which he manages . For this purpose, YFE launched the payment channel Fix & Foxi on December 1, 2014 .

Since 2015 the tourism association of the Austrian region Nassfeld has been using characters from the Kauka universe in a seaside resort and a children's adventure mile with Fix and Foxi. At the same time, free comics are published that allow the main characters of Fix and Foxi as well as Flux and Pauli to encounter legends of local folklore, such as the sea ​​witch or the mountain goblin Speckwutz . The first two Nassfeld legends designed by Catwalk Cartoon are the first new Fix and Foxi comics since 2010.

Figures and locations

Fix-and-Foxi Universe

characters

  • Fix and Foxi ( foxes ) are the two main characters in the Kauka publications. The twin brothers are open-minded, committed and socially minded and should serve as role models for the young readers to identify with. Fix (with a mop of hair) wears yellow dungarees, Foxi blue. Fix is ​​considered to be the "fixer" of the two, while Foxi is usually described as more deliberate and cautious.
  • Lupo ( wolf ) is a lovable parasite, wolverine, good-for-nothing and life artist who lives in the "mouse tower" . The secret star of the FF universe loves cakes (previously: blood sausages) and sometimes has a penchant for petty crime . It developed accordingly from Isegrim .
  • Grandma Eusebia (she-wolf) is the thrifty, cakes and tart-baking, rolling pin-swinging grandma of Lupo and Lupinchen and the nominal grandmother of Fix and Foxi.
  • Lupinchen (she-wolf) is Eusebia's granddaughter who loves pop music and Lupo's cousin.
  • Fax (Fuchs) is the uncle of Fix and Foxi, a postage stamp collecting, slightly choleric sergeant major a. D. with a tendency to (sometimes exaggerated) order.
  • Knox ( raven ) is an absent-minded professor and ingenious inventor.
  • Hops ( rabbit ) is an easy-going dandy with money problems who forms a shared apartment with Stops.
  • Stops ( hedgehog ), his friend, is a naive and helpful philistine .
  • Stips, Staps and Stops (hedgehogs), short stoppers, are two nephews and a niece of Stops who make life difficult for their uncle.

The later so-called "Fix-und-Foxi" or "FF family" as the core ensemble of the Kauka comics only gradually emerged in the course of the 1950s. In the beginning there was of course the trio of Fix and Foxi themselves with their adversary and occasional ally Lupo. In 1957 Grandma Eusebia appeared for the first time - initially without a name. Lupinchen was added in 1959, but it was only with the appearance of Uncle Fax, who billeted at Fix and Foxi in 1961 without being asked, that the "core family" was complete. This was accompanied by the introduction of binding, always recognizable dwellings for the respective family members (which could vary from draftsman to draftsman before and occasionally afterwards), the nucleus of the later Fuxholzen .

Hops and stops, on the other hand, experienced mostly independent adventures in the 1950s, often with the help of Knox, who was still a strange eccentric in this phase. It was not until the beginning of the 1960s that they were assigned a place as members of the extended family, with Knox now becoming an inventive genius.

Pauli took the opposite path, initially appearing in his own stories as well as in stories with Fix and Foxi and Co., before finally retiring to Maulwurfshausen after 1962.

Location

Unless the foxes end up in more exotic regions, the scene of the FF stories is the city of Fuxholzen . The name wasn't introduced until 1979; previously there was talk of the Fix-und-Foxi-Stadt and Grünwald . The location of the city was specified for the first time in the 2007 Fix-und-Foxi style guide. Accordingly, Fuxholzen is located in the district of Grünwald in the state of Caucasia (probably an allusion to Kauka).

The cartoon character Lupo lives in an old tower, also called the mouse tower , which in a way is reminiscent of a windmill whose wings have been removed. However , it is speculation that it is the magic mill that appears in the episode of the same name from the special issue Fix and Foxi with record No. 4 from 1960. Particularly characteristic of the tower is its spartan furnishings and the damaged condition of the walls (crooked entrance door and shutters, insufficiently nailed roof boards, crooked weather cock , etc.). In addition to the futuristic inventor's villa of Professor Knox and Paulis Hügelhaus, Lupo's Mouse Tower (also known as the Hunger Tower) is the most characteristic building in the Kauka comic universe.

Pauli universe

The Pauli series is the second most successful / longest lasting from the Kauka company; the figures have been based in Maulwurfshausen since 1958 (Pauli himself was created in 1954) and were an integral part of the magazine and a number of secondary publications until 1994.

  • Pauli (mole) - childlike hero of stories
  • Mausi (mouse) - Pauli's best friend
  • Mimi (mole) - Pauli's friend
  • Egon (hamster) - Pauli's rival
  • Mecki (rat) - Egon's friend
  • Paula (Mole) - Pauli's mother
  • Eduard (Mole) - Pauli's father
  • Paulinchen (Mole) - Pauli's little sister
  • Beppo (dog) - Pauli's dog

Tom and Beaver Heart Universe

  • Tom - a cowboy boy
  • (Small) Beaver (heart) - Tom's little Indian friend
  • Nicodemus - Tom's grandpa
  • Mudfoot - an Indian living in isolation; often an opponent and not dissimilar in role and character to Lupo

The Wild West series Tom and Klein-Biberherz made its debut at the end of 1957 and was an original creation by Walter Neugebauer (drawings) and his brother Norbert (text), which, however, appeared under the copyright of Rolf Kazier from the start. For some time it was the only semi-funny in Fix and Foxi and was published there until the mid-1970s. Later draftsmen were notably Vlado Magdić and Riccardo Rinaldi, but also Neugebauer's son Robert.

Mischa-in-space-universe

  • Mischa - a spaceman of the future
  • Connie - Misha's girlfriend and granddaughter Turbino
  • Professor Turbino - the spaceship finder
  • Professor Diabolus - villainous opponent of the trio
  • Max - the spaceship fitter
  • Professor Bräunli - hermit with a Tarzan tick
  • Kiki - French mouse

More Kauka heroes

  • Fridolin - a cat with a tendency to overestimate himself
  • Diabolino - a devil laid out to pretend (see Diabolo )
  • The Pichelsteiner - a Stone Age family of five (only in the secondary publications, especially Primo )
  • The Peppercorn family - the last characters created by Rolf Kauka (mainly movie characters, as a comic only for a very short time in the Ehapa version of the booklet)

media

  • In addition to the title comic in their own magazine, the characters are available as video and radio plays as well as in books and games. The animated film series "Fix & Foxi" made its debut on German television in February 2000 (on Das Erste and KiKA ) and can currently be seen on more than 130 cable channels worldwide via the pay TV station Fix & Foxi (Fuxholzen was featured in the series in Foxburg or renamed Fuxburg).
  • With “Symphony in Garbage” there is a short animated film with Fix and Foxi, which was originally shown in 1973 as a supporting film for “ Maria d'Oro and Bello Blue ”. In the 1970s, was a version for Super 8 - silent film - film projectors in circulation, now the movies on the topic is pollution on the DVD DVD "The Magic Stone" (= "Maria D'Oro") included.
  • Fix & Foxi was released on DVD for the first time in the USA on August 15, 2008. The basis is the English version of the TV series from 2000.
  • Unrealized projects: An FF movie in 3D was in the planning for years, but only resulted in a short trailer by WesToons GmbH in Hamburg. A cartoon series for television was supposedly planned for Pauli in 2009, from which no one has heard any more either.
  • The German post office brought in 2017 a Wohlfahrtsmarke Fix and Foxi out to 70 cents plus 30 cents surcharge.

Plagiarism

  • With “Fick und Fotzi” there is a plagiarism that contains pornographic comic adventures by the well-known characters who have been renamed for this purpose. The authors of the 1982 issue are unknown.
  • The mascots of the European Football Championship 2008 in Austria and Switzerland, Trix and Flix , are similar to “Fix & Foxi”. The media openly spoke of plagiarism by UEFA. Warner Bros., who designed Trix and Flix for UEFA, have not commented on this charge to this day.
  • “Fix & Foxi” itself also had to deal with allegations of plagiarism. For example, “ Die Welt ” wrote in 2009, after the comic series was discontinued, “ Fuxholzen, inhabited by the eager red foxes and their rather lazy acquaintance Lupo, was always just a bold copy of Duckburg, which also had to shoulder an educational assignment. It was never one of the highlights of German comic art. ” Bernd Dolle-Weinkauf from the Institute for Youth Book Research at the University of Frankfurt commented on the Comic Fix and Foxi that its“ world ”is“ very similar ”to that of Duckburg, but Caucasus comic characters “Much flatter and one-dimensional than the Disney characters”. Professor Knox in Fix and Foxi is said to be based on the Disney role model Daniel Düsentrieb and Lupo, originally a bad wolf, is said to have been based on the Disney character Goofy in his character drawing . But there are also opposing opinions. In the booklet accompanying the Kauka / Fix and Foxi exhibitions in Hanover and Krems it says: “Disney comics are not just Kauka comics and vice versa, you cannot simply match the respective characters according to the motto 'here an uncle, there one Uncle 'for each other. With Kauka, the old fable of wolf and fox is always at the core, the rivalry between raw strength and cunning cunning. And this is narrated consistently with child or youthful characters in the center, while Disney is primarily about the worries and needs of adult drakes. "

Fan clubs

Michael Semrad founded his first Fix-und-Foxi-Club in 1974. He followed up on this a good twenty years later when he set up a fan page about the two fox twins on the Internet after the print magazine was temporarily closed. With Kaucasus approval, it developed from 1999 onwards into the official FF fan club RKFFC (Rolf Kaucas Fix & Foxi Club), which provided fans with all kinds of interesting facts about the foxes and other Kauka characters and their makers online. Some Kauka products were also available from the RKFFC website. After Semrad's death in March 2009, however, these activities largely came to a standstill, and the website is orphaned. One last presence - in cooperation with the new rights holder YFE - is currently only showing the RKFFC on Facebook.

Others

  • In February 2007, various original drawings, watercolors, three oil paintings and figures painted by celebrities were auctioned in Munich by the auction house Sotheby’s . Caucasus widow Alexandra wanted to use the proceeds of the auction to support the “ A Heart for Children ” campaign.
  • In 2008 Fix & Foxi celebrated their 55th anniversary. A DVD anniversary box was also released by Your Family Entertainment . On August 31, 2008, the anniversary was celebrated with a big party in the Fix & Foxi Adventure Land in Ravensburger Spieleland .
  • In 2009 a Fix & Foxi newspaper special was published by the Association of German Local Newspapers
  • In the municipality of Grünwald , a new municipal day-care center named Fix and Foxi was opened in the Grünwald amusement park in honor of Rolf Kauka in September 2013 . There is a memorial plaque in the entrance area.
  • On September 2, 2015, the exhibition "Fix & Foxi, two foxes start through" opened at the Kunstforum Wien , in which original drawings from the years 1953 to 1972 were shown for the first time. It was the most successful exhibition to date in the vault of the Kunstforum Wien.
  • On September 20, 2014, a fixie obstacle pursuer bike race started for the first time as Red Bull Fix & Foxi at the Lusthaus in Vienna's Prater and was already called Fuxjagd in 2015 .
  • From November 15, 2016 to March 26, 2017, on the occasion of Rolf Kauka's 100th birthday, a comprehensive Fix and Foxi exhibition took place in the Wilhelm Busch Museum . This was expanded and shown in another presentation in 2018 in the Ludwig Gallery , Oberhausen Castle, and in 2020 in the Krems Caricature Museum.

literature

  • Peter Wiechmann: Searching for traces - that was the Kauka publishing house . In: The speech bubble no. 176–180, 182–192, 194–198, 203, 210, Norbert Hethke Verlag, Schönau 2000–2007
  • Alexandra Kauka (ed.): 50 years of Rolf Kazier Fix and Foxi . Pabel-Moewig, Rastatt 2003, ISBN 3-8118-6076-3
  • Rolf Kauka: Rolf Kazier Fix & Foxi. Volume 11 of the BILD comic library, Augsburg 2005, ISBN 3-89897-256-9 .
  • Roland Mietz among others: Dossier Rolf Kauka. Reddition No. 56, Edition Alfons, Barmstedt, June 2012
  • Eckart Sackmann, Klaus Spillmann, Klaus Wintrich: Rolf Kauka - The long way to Fix and Foxi. In: Eckart Sackmann (ed.): Deutsche Comicforschung 2014. Comicplus, Hildesheim 2013, ISBN 978-3-89474-245-4 , pp. 104–121.
  • Fix and Foxi - Rolf Caucasus great world success. Book accompanying the exhibition in the Museum Wilhelm Busch, Hanover. Edition Alfons, Barmstedt 2016, ISBN 978-3-946266-05-1 . Revised and expanded new edition under the title Fix and Foxi - The Discovery of Spirou, Lucky Luke and the Smurfs. Book accompanying the “Fix & Foxi XXL” exhibition in the Krems Caricature Museum (Lower Austria). Edition Alfons, Barmstedt 2020, ISBN 978-3-946266-18-1 .
  • Benno Schirrmeister: From Wolfsschanze to Fuxholzen. In: taz , March 3, 2017, online
  • Linda Schmitz u. Christine Vogt (ed.): Fix & Foxi. Rolf Kauka, the German Walt Disney, and his cult foxes. Catalog for the exhibition in the Ludwiggalerie, Oberhausen Castle. Edition Alfons, Barmstedt 2018, ISBN 978-3-946266-13-6 .
  • Eckhard Friedrich (ed.), Fix and Foxi . Pearls of the History of Comics Vol. 8. Bildschriftenverlag Hannover, 2020, ISBN 978-3-947952-09-0

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Eckart Sackmann, Klaus Spillmann and Klaus Wintrich: Rolf Kauka - the long way to Fix and Foxi . In: Eckart Sackmann (Ed.): Deutsche Comicforschung 2014 . Comicplus, Hildesheim 2013, ISBN 978-3-89474-245-4 , p. 118 f .
  2. ^ Roland Mietz: Biography Rolf Kauka: The small publisher 1947-1956 . In: Fix and Foxi - The Discovery of Spirou, Lucky Luke and the Smurfs . Edition Alfons, Barmstedt 2020, ISBN 978-3-946266-18-1 , p. 37 .
  3. Announcement in "Fix und Foxi" No. 95
  4. ^ Edition lists of the IVW 1961–1994; missing information extrapolated. An evaluation of the numbers s. also on kaukapedia.com
  5. Lars von Törne: Ready and done. In: Der Tagesspiegel. December 22, 2010, accessed April 12, 2020 .
  6. Nassfeld Legends. kaukapedia.org, accessed July 21, 2015 .
  7. so in the draftsman and author's handbook "Elements of the Kauka Comics" from 1971
  8. in "50 years of Fix and Foxi", Rastatt 2003, including reprint of the story in question. See http://www.kaukapedia.com/index.php?title=Lupos_Turm .
  9. Fix and Foxi, postage stamp at € 1.00
  10. Fick and Fotzi in the Kaukapedia
  11. Thomas Lindemann: Genre change: Nobody has to mourn the death of "Fix & Foxi". In: welt.de . June 19, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2018 .
  12. April 9, 1917 - Birthday of the comic editor Rolf Kauka , Audio ( Memento of the original from April 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. WDR deadline , In: wdr.de , April 9, 2017 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ardmediathek.de
  13. Martin Budde: Rolf Kauka shows: Brand, marketing and merchandising under the sign of the foxes . In: Fix and Foxi - The Discovery of Spirou, Lucky Luke and the Smurfs . Edition Alfons, Barmstedt 2020, ISBN 978-3-946266-18-1 , p. 110 f .
  14. http://www.comicradioshow.com/Article3021.html
  15. kunstforumwien.at: Rolf Kauka's Fix & Foxi ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kunstforumwien.at
  16. http://www.redbull.com/at/de/bike/stories/1331680134928/red-bull-fix-and-foxi-jagd-der-besten-fixi-fahrer Red Bull Fix & Foxi: Hunting the best Fixi - Driver, September 21, 2014, accessed May 17, 2016.