Frida Kahlo

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Frida Kahlo at the age of 25, portrayed by her father Carl Wilhelm Kahlo (1932) Kahlo's signature

Frida Kahlo de Rivera (born July 6, 1907 in Coyoacán , Mexico City , as Magdalena Carmen Frieda Kahlo y Calderón; † July 13, 1954 ibid) was a Mexican painter. She is one of the most important representatives of a popular development of Surrealism , although her work sometimes shows elements of the New Objectivity .

Life

family

Frida Kahlo at the age of 12, portrayed by her father Carl Wilhelm Kahlo (1919)

Frida's father, Carl Wilhelm Kahlo (1871–1941), came from a middle-class family in Pforzheim . Frida Kahlo claimed that the paternal family were of Hungarian Jewish descent. However, a more recent biography shows that the father came from a Lutheran-German family with roots in Pforzheim and Frankfurt.

Wilhelm Kahlo's mother died giving birth to their fourth child and his father remarried. Since Wilhelm didn't get along with his stepmother, he emigrated to Mexico on May 12, 1890 at the age of 18. He settled in Mexico City as a photographer and married the Mexican María Cárdena. After four years he was naturalized and was henceforth called Guillermo Kahlo (Guillermo is Spanish for Wilhelm). When María died in 1897, he married Matilde Calderón y Gonzalez from Oaxaca .

Childhood and youth

Frida Kahlo's birthplace, the so-called Casa Azul in Coyoacán , built by Kahlo's father in 1904, is now an artists' museum .

Frida Kahlo was born in 1907 as the third child of Matilde and Guillermo Kahlo (then still called "Frieda"); she later changed her year of birth to 1910, the year of the Mexican Revolution . She found it important to emphasize that, in her eyes, her life began with the new Mexico. The revolution plunged the family into great financial difficulties, so they had to put a mortgage on the house and sell some of the French furniture.

Frida's mother was illiterate , she taught Frida and her sisters to sew and embroider as well as to do housework at an early age. She also insisted on going to church every day. However, Frida and her younger sister Cristina rebelled against their mother's worldview. When Frida was seven, her older sister Matilde ran away from home to live with her boyfriend. Even when contact with the sister was restored a few years later, the mother did not forgive her. The family was not reconciled until 1927. Frida's father, who in addition to his job spent little time with his six daughters (Frida grew up with three sisters and two half-sisters), chose Frida as his favorite child and soon introduced her to the art of photography. Frida learned from him how to closely observe nature, how to take and develop photos and how to retouch.

As a six-year-old, Frida fell ill with polio . Due to the long bed, she was left with a thinner and slightly shorter right leg. Despite having to wear a heel insert from now on, she did a lot of sports as a child (swimming, cycling).

From 1922 Kahlo attended the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria , one of the best Mexican schools. There she met Xavier Villaurrutia and Jorge Cuesta , among others .

On September 17, 1925, Frida Kahlo was the victim of a bus accident in which a steel rod pierced her pelvis, so that from then on she had to spend her everyday life lying down again and again in a full-body cast or steel corset. To pass the time, she started painting in bed.

Life and artistic career

Frida Kahlo (center) with Diego Rivera , photo by Carl van Vechten (1932)
Photograph by Kahlos by Toni Frissell for Vogue (1937)
Rivera and Kahlo lived in this semi-detached house in San Ángel ( Mexico City ) from 1934 to 1940.

In September 1926, at the age of 19, she painted her first self-portrait, the self-portrait in a velvet dress . Contrary to all medical prognoses, Frida learned to walk again, but she suffered all her life from the consequences of the serious accident. Painting became an expression of her mental and physical torments. As a result of the accident, she was unable to have children. She processed several miscarriages in pictures such as my birth; but they could not comfort them over the pain.

On August 21, 1929, Frida Kahlo married the Mexican painter Diego Rivera , who was 20 years older than him and who was already world-famous for his huge political-revolutionary murals . Rivera was expelled from the Partido Comunista Mexicano in 1929 and Kahlo also left the party. Frida lamented the frequent infidelity of her husband, which she also processed in her emotional pictures. On November 6, 1939 she divorced him and took refuge in alcohol, affairs and her painting. Despite the difficulties, Rivera always remained an important man in her life. On December 8, 1940, she married him a second time.

In the 1930s, together with Rivera, she supported the Russian revolutionary and once the most important man in the young Soviet Union alongside Lenin, Leon Trotsky , and in 1937 she gave him a house in Coyoacán . In 1938 André Breton and his wife Jacqueline Lamba met the artist couple on a lecture tour in Mexico; they had a close friendship with Lamba. Frida still had several love affairs, apart from with Trotsky also with the photographer Nickolas Muray , the Costa Rican singer Chavela Vargas , Dolores del Río and the German Heinz Berggruen , who later became an important art collector. At the age of 39 she met the Catalonian artist José Bartoli in New York, with whom she later also had an affair. Towards the end of her life she even worshiped Trotsky's opponent Joseph Stalin ; in the Museo Frida Kahlo there are two portraits that she made of Stalin.

Together with her husband, she was one of the first teachers at “La Esmeralda” in 1943 .

It was not until 1953 that her works were shown for the first time in a solo exhibition in her home country, a recognition she had longed for. At this time already tied to the bed, she let herself be carried to the vernissage in it . A little later, her right lower leg (from knee down) was amputated.

Frida Kahlo died on July 13, 1954 of a pulmonary embolism . Some of her friends also did not rule out suicide , as the painter is said to have tried to take her own life before. Evidence does not exist, especially as Diego Rivera, the autopsy rejected her body.

In June 2019, the Mexican National Phonotheque published a nearly two-minute sound recording with an alleged radio contribution by Frida Kahlo from the 1950s, which is said to be Kahlo's only sound recording to date. However, it is also doubted that it is actually Frida Kahlo's voice, since the voice heard on the recording does not correspond to the descriptions of the painter's voice by contemporaries.

Work and meaning

Frida Kahlo is by far the most famous painter in Mexico, if not Latin America. Your pictures have been officially declared a “national treasure” by the Mexican government. Her full-body self-portrait, Raíces , achieved auction proceeds of 5.6 million US dollars in May 2006, making it the most expensive painting by a Latin American artist to date.

Her eventful life contributed to her myth: her illness, her suffering, her marriage to Diego Rivera, his infidelity and their affairs. Added to this is their revolutionary zeal and a passionate patriotism . Frida liked to show herself in traditional costume; the hairstyle pinned up in the style of women from Oaxaca and dressed with their traditional jewelry. In doing so, she consciously emphasized her indigenous roots in public. This was unusual at the time, especially since racist criteria were decisive for the position in the highly stratified Mexican society.

As an artist, Frida Kahlo worked on her suffering - especially the chronic illness - but also her marital problems in her pictures. Among her 143 pictures are 55 self-portraits. After countless operations on vertebrae and the amputation of her right foot, there was hardly anything left of Frida's zest for life in her art. Frida looks serious in all of her pictures, although the seriousness is mostly contrasted by bright colors. Her women's mustache and eyebrows that have grown together become her “trademark” in her self-portraits. Often they are emphasized much more strongly than they actually were. Often small symbols in her pictures indicate mental and physical wounds. Kahlo's works show surrealist influences, but she herself rejected this ascription.

Diego Rivera never claims to have influenced Frida artistically, rather he should have always fully accepted her individuality and independence. He wrote to a critic: "I do not recommend her to you because I am her husband, but because I am a fanatical admirer of her work." After her death, he confessed that she was the most important thing in his life. Frida Kahlo noted in her diaries that without Diego's love she could not have endured this painful existence.

In her works, Frida Kahlo often refers to the pre-Columbian Mexican art of the Aztecs and Maya and reflects on European art history. Her work also deals with social and political problems. Frida Kahlo was a convinced Marxist and expressed this in works such as “ El marxismo dará salud a los enfermos ” (1954) (“Marxism will heal the sick”).

Self-portraits with animals

In Frida Kahlo's work, self-portraits with animals increasingly appeared in the 1940s. She kept most of these animals in real life. She owned a Xoloitzcuintli dog, several birds, a deer and two monkeys , among other things . The latter appeared in her portraits more than seven times at the time. In doing so, she not only depicted her pets realistically, she wanted to embody her emotional states through them. Since the painter was very keen to earn money with her art in this phase of her career, she chose monkeys, for example, instead of shocking body depictions that would have deterred clients. The works that Kahlo created in the 1940s are very similar. She mostly painted chest portraits. The self-portraits with monkeys are also similar because of the slightly sloping position of their head and the shielding wall of leaves. They only differ in small details such as different symbols and colors. The effect of the monkeys also varies. Sometimes the animals emphasize their loneliness , other times the monkey represents their second self . It is often not clear whether he is their friend or enemy.

Color canon

In the early 1940s, the painter noted the meaning of her colors in her diary:

  • Green = warm, good light
  • Reddish purple = Aztec, Tlapalli, old blood of the pear cactus, the most vivid and oldest color
  • Brown = color of the birthmark, the fading leaf, the earth
  • Yellow = madness, illness, fear; part of the sun and joy
  • Cobalt blue = electricity and purity, love
  • Black = nothing is black, really nothing at all
  • Foliage green = leaves, sadness, science; all of Germany has this color
  • Greenish yellow = even more madness and mystery; all ghosts wear suits of this color, or at least the color appears in their underwear
  • Dark green = the color of bad news and good deals
  • Navy blue = distance; tenderness can also be of this blue
  • Magenta = blood? Well who knows ?!

reception

Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera, paper sculpture by Miguel Linares on the occasion of the Mexican Día de los Muertos

The artist received by far the greatest reception in written form, especially in biographies, introductions and comments on countless illustrated books and exhibition catalogs. In most cases, life and art are presented in close association.

However, she had to fight for recognition for a long time. Despite some successes, she received a real appreciation of her work not during her lifetime, but only long after her death:

“During her lifetime, Frida Kahlo was above all the exotic flower on the buttonhole of the great master Diego Rivera. After her death in 1954, it was quiet around her for a long time, and it was not until the beginning of the 1970s that she was rediscovered as part of the women's movement . Since then, there have been numerous exhibitions of her works and diverse tributes to the woman and artist Frida Kahlo, and her popularity has steadily increased. In terms of its effect, it has long since surpassed Diego Rivera. "

- Karen Genschow : Frida Kahlo. 2007, p. 120.

Reception in art

Frida Kahlo did not found a school in the strict sense of the word, although she was a professor at the “La Esmeralda” academy for a while.

Movie

Frida Kahlo's life has been filmed several times and portrayed in several documentaries.

  • First seen in 1965 in The Life and Death of Frida Kahlo, narrated by Karen and David Crommie. When the film was shown at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 1966, Frida Kahlo was still largely unknown to the cinema audience.
  • Frida Kahlo. Documentation, USA, 1983, 62 min., Written and directed by Eila Hershon and Roberto Guerra, distributed by Arthaus Musik , 2007, ISBN 978-3-939873-16-7 ( online video ).
  • Frida Kahlo - Long live life (Frida, naturaleza viva) by the Mexican director Paul Leduc was made in 1986. Ofelia Medina interprets the life and suffering of Frida Kahlo in an authentic way. The narrative is not chronological; Memories, fragments are strung together, many scenes are acoustically accompanied by music and radio programs of the time, the events often take place without a word. Kahlo's world of pain, isolation, loneliness and suffering can be experienced.
  • In 2000, Liz Crow made the experimental short film Frida Kahlo's Corset .
  • Frida , the film adaptation with Salma Hayek as the leading actress, dates from 2002. The film is based on the biography published by Hayden Herrera. The Hollywood production made Frida Kahlo known to a wide audience. In it, Chavela Vargas also appearsbriefly (“La Llorona”) as well as the Mexican singer Lila Downs .
  • Frida Kahlo - Wild days in Coyoacán. Documentary, Germany, 2010, 44 min., Script and director: Angelika Lizius, production: Bayerischer Rundfunk , series: Lido , synopsis by ARD , online video available until April 29, 2020.
  • At home with Frida Kahlo. In Mexico's artist district Coyoacán (alternative title: Plaza Latina: At home with Frida Kahlo. ) TV report, Germany, 2010, 29:10 min., Script and direction: Stefan Schaaf, production: SWR , ARD -Studio Mexico, series: Weltreisen, First broadcast: October 16, 2010 on Das Erste , table of contents by ARD.
  • At Frida Kahlo (OT: Chez Frida Kahlo ). TV documentary, France, 2011, 53 min., Book: Xavier Villetard, Xavier d'Arthuys, director: Xavier Villetard, production: ARTE France , first broadcast: September 29, 2011 on arte, synopsis by ARD
  • Eye candy. Frida Kahlo & Diego Rivera. Still life with fruits (OT: Frida Kahlo et Diego Rivera. Nature morte aux fruits ) Image interpretation on a culinary level, France, 2015, 23:05 min., Script and direction: Chantal Allès, production: arte France, series: Augenschmaus (OT: De l'art et du cochon ), episode 21, first broadcast: October 9, 2016 on arte, eye candy. Frida Kahlo & Diego Rivera - Still life with fruits. In: arte.tv. 2016, archived from the original on January 30, 2018 ; accessed on June 13, 2019 (table of contents). .

theatre

There are numerous plays and productions inspired by Kahlo's life, including Attention peinture fraîche, which was staged at the Avignon Theater Festival in the summer of 2006 and was previously successful in Paris.

There is also the Frida Kahlo dance theater by Johann Kresnik , which premiered in Bremen in 1992.

In 2008 the play FRIDA [KAHLO] - colored ribbon around a bomb was created under the direction of Anja Gronau and artistic collaboration / dramaturgy by Sabrina Glas. Her artistic and political work is brought to the fore.

Music theater: love song to life - Frida Kahlo . Scene for mezzo-soprano and piano by Rainer Rubbert (music) and Tanja Langer (text) from the song cycle Künstlerinnen, premiered 2010 in Berlin.

In 2011, Nora Hecker staged her play Frida. Are you going No! in the Theaterhaus Berlin Mitte . The piece consists of picture descriptions and diary entries by the painter.

Opera

In her chamber opera Las cartas de Frida, the Mexican composer Marcela Rodríguez brings together excerpts from the life of Frida Kahlo. She processes texts by the artist from the estate published in 2002. The opera was premiered on October 26, 2011 at the Heidelberg City Theater , with soprano Sybille Witkowski in the lead role and members of the Philharmonic Orchestra of the City of Heidelberg under the musical direction of Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla . A number of additional performances also confirmed the success of the stage work. The opera Las cartas de Frida was composed for a small orchestra and a soprano . The language of the opera ( libretto ) is Mexican as a dialect of Spanish .

The Finnish composer Kalevi Aho created the four-act, three-hour chamber opera entitled Frida y Diego . The libretto (in Spanish) by Maritza Nuñez is based on the biographies of Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. The world premiere took place in October 2014 at Musiikkitalo (Helsinki Music Center).

Barbie doll

In 2018, Kahlo's great-niece Mara Romeo accused the manufacturer Mattel of stealing image rights to a Kahlo Barbie doll . The US company Frida Kahlo Corporation, which also claims the artist's image rights, has worked closely with Mattel.

The Frida Kahlo Museum

Wall inscription on the Casa Azul

Kahlo's colorful childhood home, called Casa Azul (Blue House) because of its blue exterior walls , is located at 247 Calle Londres in Coyoacán . Frida Kahlo lived here with her husband Diego Rivera between 1929 and her death in 1954. The house has been a museum since 1959. During renovation work, 180 pieces of clothing from the Oaxaca region in the style of her self-portraits were found in a closet , as well as earrings that are said to have come from Picasso , as well as scarves, shoes and indigenous jewelry. Most of these finds were shown in a globally recognized exhibition on the occasion of the artist's hundredth birthday in summer 2007. The museum includes a large part of Kahlo's possessions and her paintings.

Exhibitions

Exhibitions of Frida Kahlo's work are rare and difficult to organize. On the one hand, the complete oeuvre of Frida Kahlo, who was only 47 years old, comprises only 144 oil paintings; on the other hand, her husband Diego Rivera decreed that the exhibits, which are in the Casa Azul Museum in Coyacán, must never leave Mexico. Only the Dolores Olmendo Patiño Collection with around 25 pictures and the Gelmann Collection with 17 pictures comprise an inventory of her work that was also exhibited outside of Mexico in the past.

The American gallery owner Julien Levy showed her first solo exhibition in his New York gallery; it ran from November 1 to 15, 1938. André Breton contributed to the exhibition catalog and initiated an exhibition in Paris in the Renou et Colle gallery in 1939.

The first Frida Kahlo exhibition in Germany was in 1982 and came from London, Whitechapel Gallery. Frida Kahlo and Tina Modotti, curated by Laura Mulvey and Peter Wollen, could first be seen in the Haus am Waldsee in Berlin , then in the Kunstverein Hamburg and Kunstverein Hannover . In 1993 there was a major exhibition at the Schirn Kunsthalle in Frankfurt: The World of Frida Kahlo - The Blue House, curated by Erika Billeter; 2006 at the Bucerius Kunst Forum in Hamburg , curated by Ortrud Westheider.

Since Frida Kahlo's works are scattered around the world, many of them are not allowed to leave Mexico, or are not or only to a limited extent published by private collectors, some museums have turned back to licensed replicas, such as the Gehrke-Remund Art Museum in Baden-Baden for the exhibition Leid and passion. The replicas were painted by trained artists in the original sizes, with original material (oil on canvas, oil on wood or metal plate) and in the original style. In addition to the works of art and photos, the exhibition (2009-2013) included the cultural and historical environment of Frida Kahlo's life and her time in Mexico: Tehuana Huipiles (blouses) and dresses, jewelry, pre-Columbian sculptures, Mexican votive pictures and the entire environment in which the artist lived and worked. The Frida Kahlo painting replicas are currently on an international tour. The art museum Gehrke-Remund shows in the photo exhibition Frida's photos over 150 photographs by Frida Kahlo.

The Frida Kahlo retrospective took place in the Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin in 2010 . The exhibition, curated by Helga Prignitz-Poda, ran from April 30 to August 9, 2010 and recorded a record number of 235,000 visitors. It was then on view from September 1 to December 5, 2010 at the Bank Austria Kunstforum in Vienna; there, too, the exhibition recorded a visitor record of over 300,000 visitors. From April 28 to September 16, 2012, pictures by Frida Kahlo and other Mexican artists were on view in the Kunsthalle Würth in Schwäbisch Hall under the title MEXICANIDAD . In 2013/2014 the exhibition Frida Kahlo / Diego Rivera-L'art en fusion ran at the Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris.

The Detroit Institute of Arts showed the Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo exhibition in Detroit from March 15 to July 12, 2015 with 23 works by Kahlo.

The largest private collection is shown in a permanent exhibition in the Museo Dolores Olmedo (Mexico City).

literature

  • Ansel Adams , Elena Poniatowska , Carla Stellweg: Frida Kahlo. The seduced camera - a photographic portrait of Frida Kahlo. Wiese, Basel 1992, ISBN 3-909158-71-4 .
  • Isabel Alcántara, Sandra Egnolff: Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Pegasus Library. Prestel, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3244-9 .
  • Bilkis Brahe: "Tragedies are silly". Frida Kahlo (1907-1954). An American painter (= Resistant Women. Volume 4). Edition AV, Lich / Hessen 2007, ISBN 3-936049-80-7 .
  • Pierre Clavilier: Frida Kahlo, les ailes froissées. Jasmin, Clichy 2006, ISBN 2-912080-53-3 .
  • Gérard de Cortanze, Lorraine Audric: Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Seen by Gisèle Freund. Publishing house Jacoby & Stuart, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-942787-32-1 .
  • Reinhild Feldhaus: The place of women artists in the discourse of the avant-garde: on the reception of Paula Modersohn-Becker, Frida Kahlo and Eva Hesse (= Dissertation.de. Volume 1565). Dissertation.de, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86624-465-8 (Dissertation, Uni Oldenburg, 2002, 223 pages).
  • Uta Felten; Tanja Schwan (Ed.): Frida Kahlo (= Tranvía sur. Volume 18). Body, gender, performance. Edition Tranvía, Frey, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-938944-15-8 (German and Spanish).
  • Christine Fischer-Defoy (Ed.): Frida Kahlo. The private address book. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-7338-0367-4 .
  • Maren Gottschalk : The colors of my soul. The life story of Frida Kahlo. Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-407-81060-1 .
  • Karen Genschow: Frida Kahlo. Life, work, effect (= Suhrkamp basic biography. Volume 22). Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-518-18222-2
  • Salomon Grimberg: I will never forget you ... - Frida Kahlo and Nickolas Muray. Unpublished photographs and letters. Translated by Christian Quatmann. Schirmer / Mosel Verlag, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-8296-0120-4 (original title: I Will Never Forget You… ).
  • Salomon Grimberg: Frida Kahlo. Confessions. Translation by Christiane Court. Prestel, Munich [u. a.] 2009, ISBN 978-3-7913-4188-0 (original title: Song of herself ).
  • Francisco Haghenbeck: The secret book of Frida Kahlo (= island paperback. Volume 4001). Translated by Maria Hoffmann-Darteville. Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-458-35701-8 (novel; original title: Hierba Santa ).
  • Hayden Herrera: Frida Kahlo, painter of pain, rebel against the immutable. Scherz, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-502-18309-0 .
  • Hayden Herrera: Frida Kahlo. A passionate life. Translated by Dieter Mulch . Foreword by Erika Billeter. Scherz, Bern / Munich / Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-502-18311-2 .
  • Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biographie de Frida Kahlo (= Livre de poche. Volume 14573). Translated from English by Philippe Beaudoin. Editions Anne Carrière, Paris 1996, ISBN 2-253-14573-4 (French; 730 pages).
  • María Hesse: Frida Kahlo. A biography. Insel, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-458-36347-7 .
  • Frida Kahlo: Painted Diary. Kindler, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-463-40276-9 .
  • Frida Kahlo and Tina Modotti. Catalog of the Whitechapel Gallery, London 1982; New Critique, Frankfurt 1982, ISBN 3-8015-0180-9 (German).
  • Helga Prignitz-Poda, Salomon Grimberg and Andrea Kettenmann (eds.): Frida Kahlo. The complete work. From the American by Bodo Schulze, Spanish texts translated by Gabriela Walterspiel and Veronica Reisenegger. New Critique, Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-8015-0215-5 .
  • Helga Prignitz-Poda: Frida Kahlo - retrospective. Exhibition catalog Martin-Gropius-Bau. Prestel, Munich 2010, ISBN 3-7913-5009-9 .
  • Helga Prignitz-Poda: Frida Kahlo. The painter and her work. Schirmer / Mosel Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-8296-0067-4 .
  • Guadalupe Rivera, Marie-Pierre Colle, Ignacio Urquiza: Mexican festivals. The Frida Kahlo fiestas. Christian, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-88472-398-7 .
  • Juan Coronel Rivera, Rainer Huhle, Gaby Franger (eds.): Frida's father. The photographer Wilhelm Kahlo. From Pforzheim to Mexico. Schirmer / Mosel Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8296-0197-2 .
  • Laura Rodrigues Nöhles: Frida Kahlo in Germany. A reception story. Reimer, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-496-01536-9 (dissertation, University of Freiburg im Breisgau, 2014; 268 pages).
  • Linde Salber: Frida Kahlo. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1997, ISBN 3-499-50534-7 .
  • Dieter Wunderlich: Frida Kahlo. Your work. Audiobook with Vera Müller, CD, 42 min., Hoerwerk, Leipzig 2005, ISBN 3-86189-906-X .
Fiction
  • Caroline Bernard: Frida Kahlo and the colors of life. Structure, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-7466-3591-0 (with references).

Web links

Commons : Frida Kahlo  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gaby Franger, Rainer Huhle: Frida's father: The photographer Guillermo Kahlo. From Pforzheim to Mexico. 2nd Edition. Schirmer / Mosel Verlag, December 2009, ISBN 3-8296-0197-2 .
  2. ↑ Michael Wuliger : The conceited Semitic woman. In: Jüdische Allgemeine . July 15, 2010.
  3. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Editions Anne Carrière, Paris 1996, p. 20.
  4. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, p. 29.
  5. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, p. 30.
  6. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, pp. 31-32.
  7. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, pp. 39-40.
  8. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, p. 34.
  9. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, p. 43.
  10. ↑ Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, p. 50.
  11. ^ Jacqueline Lamba ( Memento from January 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: jacqueline-lamba.com, accessed March 10, 2014.
  12. ↑ Maev Kennedy: Frida Kahlo's love letters to Jose Bartoli to be auctioned in New York . In: The Guardian . April 9, 2015, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed July 6, 2020]).
  13. ^ A b Hayden Herrera: Frida. Biography of Frida Kahlo. Paris 1996, p. 9.
  14. ↑ Hayden Herrera: A Biography of Frida Kahlo. HarperCollins, New York 1983, ISBN 0-06-008589-4 .
  15. ↑ Mexico - the only sound recording of Frida Kahlo surfaced. (No longer available online.) In: Deutschlandfunk . June 14, 2019, archived from the original on June 14, 2019 ; accessed on September 26, 2019 .
  16. ↑ El audio inédito de Frida. In: Twitter account of EL PAÍS América , tweet , June 12, 2019, 11:59 a.m., accessed on June 13, 2019 (1:29 min .; Spanish).
  17. ↑ The sound of Frida Kahlo. In: Tagesschau . June 15, 2019, accessed June 15, 2019.
  18. ^ Raquel Tibol: Frida Kahlo. An open life. P. 88.
  19. ↑ Frida Kahlo. The complete work. Edited by Helga Prignitz-Poda, Salomón Grimberg and Andrea Kettenmann. Frankfurt am Main 1988.
  20. ↑ Helga Prignitz-Poda: Frida Kahlo. The painter and her work. Munich 2003.
  21. ^ Diary, The Diary of Frida Kahlo. Mexico / New York 1995.
  22. ↑ Program of the Heidelberg Municipal Theater: Las cartas de Frida ( Memento from December 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: heidelberger-philharmoniker.de, October 2011, accessed on February 8, 2013.
  23. ↑ Frida y Diego. In: musiikkitalo.fi, June 13, 2014, accessed December 7, 2015.
  24. ↑ The family threatens to file a lawsuit over Frida-Kahlo-Barbie. In: orf.at, March 9, 2018, accessed on March 9, 2018.
  25. ↑ A Close Look: Frida Kahlo's Fulang-Chang and I. In: moma.org, Museum of Modern Art , New York, December 3, 2009, accessed on March 11, 2014. - About an exhibition showing her self-portrait with the Showed monkey Fulang-chan and next to it a mirror.
  26. ^ Foreword by Erika Billeter in the German edition of Hayden Herrera: Frida Kahlo - A passionate life.
  27. ↑ Frida Kahlo retrospective. In: kunstforumwien.at, accessed on June 13, 2019.
personal data
SURNAME Kahlo, Frida
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kahlo de Rivera, Frida; Kahlo y Calderón, Magdalena Carmen Frieda (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Mexican painter
DATE OF BIRTH July 6, 1907
PLACE OF BIRTH Coyoacan , Mexico City , Mexico
DATE OF DEATH July 13, 1954
Place of death Mexico City , Mexico