Geismar (Göttingen)

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Geismar
City of Göttingen
Geismar coat of arms
Coordinates: 51 ° 31 ′ 0 ″  N , 9 ° 57 ′ 13 ″  E
Height : 150-320 m above sea level NN
Area : 14.21 km²
Residents : 19.305  (Dec. 31, 2018)
Population density : 1,359 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : 4th July 1964
Postcodes : 37083, 37085
Area code : 0551
map
Geismar in the urban area of ​​Göttingen

Geismar is the southernmost and most populous district of the Lower Saxony university city of Göttingen .

The origin of the place name is in the dark. Jakob Grimm traced the meaning of the two syllables back to Old High German and Celtic origins, which resulted in a translation as “Place of the gushing springs”. That made sense since Geismar has multiple sources flowing through it. In addition, the other places with the name Geismar or Hofgeismar are also located on a terrain with a water-bearing spring. According to recent research, the front syllable comes from Indo-European with the meaning "quake" or "wobble". The rear one can be traced back to the Old Frisian and is called "Niederung" or "Swamp". This means that the location could be translated as “swirling swamp”, which is very similar to the earlier, more poetic interpretation.

geography

Today Geismar merges into the districts of Südstadt and Oststadt in the north without any recognizable border . The neighboring communities are Rosdorf in the west, Friedland in the south and Gleichen in the southeast.

population

year Residents of which main residence
1896 1325
1939 3286
1950 4708
1961 8552
1970 14,475
1980 16,889
1990 16,665 15,632
1995 16,656 15,689
2002 17,289 16,498
2006 17,705 16.802
2015 18,755 17,879

At the end of 2018, 19,305 people lived in Geismar, of which 18,286 were registered with their main residence there. Among the people registered in Geismar, about 42% belonged to the Protestant Church (7688), while 2756 were of the Catholic faith (15.1%). Of the population entitled to reside, 1662 were foreigners, 1078 had another nationality in addition to German (5.6%). The mean age was 45.7 years. At only around 4.5%, the proportion of students in the population in 2014 was significantly lower than in the core city and in the Weende district. 7.4% of the population were dependent on social benefits in 2014 , the number of social housing had fallen to 5.1%.

history

Geismar was first mentioned in a document in 1055 in a letter of foundation from the Petersstift zu Nörten . Also in the time of the Middle Ages the appearance of the extinct noble family of those von Geismar, who owned several fiefs in the place. For the first time, a representative of that gender appears in the documents in 1184 with Konrad de Geismare, who is ministerial and afterlehn vassal of the Mainz church. As a vassal of the noble lord Konrad von Schöneberg , he held the tithe at Deiderode, which he sold to the Reinhausen monastery . In 1209, the knight Bartoldus de Geismaria became a further supporter of those of Geismar; he sold the tithing of Radolfshausen to the Pöhlde monastery for 88 marks with the consent of his liege, Count Albert von Everstein . When the noble family died out is uncertain, in the later centuries numerous fiefs in Geismar passed to the von Hanstein family .

Geismar was owned by the Archbishop of Mainz until 1744 . In 1326 he pledged the Fronhof von Geismar and thus the tithing of the village to the Lords of Hardenberg . The archbishop never paid his debt again and Geismar remained under the influence of the Counts of Hardenberg until 1801. However, Elector Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg terminated the feudal relationship with the brothers Friedrich and Jobst Philipp von Hardenberg in 1607, whereupon a dispute arose because the Hardenbergers refused to cede the long-owned property. The matter came before the Imperial Court of Justice, and soon afterwards Duke Heinrich Julius von Braunschweig even intervened and claimed sovereignty over the court in Hardenberg, which he denied that of Hardenberg. That dispute is related to the dispute that arose at the time between the Braunschweig and Mainz and dealt with the jurisdiction of the village. The Hardenbergers first defended their claim to the higher court and pointed to examples in which they held it. So they held judgment over Klaus von Schehen's illegitimate sons Hermann and Franz, when they had set fire to Geismar, as well as over the wife Andreas Hoffmans, who had killed her husband. Another quarrel broke out when the Hardenbergers hung a farmer who had been shot in the forest for stealing wood on the gallows. Shortly before, this gallows was moved from the southern slope of the Lohberg to the road to Göttingen. The Friedländer bailiff moved on the orders of the councilors Hann. Mündens advanced on May 20, 1580 with 500 armed peasants, tore off the gallows and buried the dead. In the following years, however, the Hardenbergers approached the Braunschweig family. While they had objected to Braunschweig's visit on November 28, 1589 , since the village of Geismar was undoubtedly under the electoral protection of the Archbishop of Mainz, the Hardenberg bailiffs Ernst Grusenberg and Jobst Pleßmann praised the new Duke Friedrich Ulrich von on August 8, 1613 Braunschweig without any reservation the loyalty, whereupon the Braunschweig coat of arms was struck. From 1744 Geismar belonged to the Kingdom of Hanover .

In 1897 Geismar was connected to the newly built Göttingen Kleinbahn , a narrow-gauge railway . This route, known as the Gartetalbahn, ran from Göttingen Central Station to Rittmarshausen and Duderstadt . The route came from the city as an extension of Lotzestrasse on Geismarer territory. At today's Kiesseestrasse (before 1964: Mühlenweg) it turned east, crossed Reinhäuser Landstrasse and then ran parallel to it on the east side in the direction of the garden . It followed the course of the river on the south side via Diemarden to the east. In Geismar there were two stations with the Landwehrschenke and the Garteschenke on Reinhäuser Landstrasse, as well as a quarry connection in the Gartetal. In the mid-fifties, first passenger traffic and in 1959 also freight traffic were stopped and the route was broken off (see also Göttingen Kleinbahn).

On August 1, 1914, the community of Geismar had about 1,600 inhabitants. Of these, around 300 men were drafted into the army during the entire First World War. The farmers also had to hand over horses for warfare. The large hall in what was then the Drei Kronen inn was converted into a hospital and the newly founded Patriotic Women's Association collected gifts of love for the wounded who were housed there. Regular war prayers began to be held in the church. The parish signed several war bonds in considerable amounts. Since the second year of the war, prisoners of war had to work in agriculture. Towards the end of the war, the bells of St. Martin's Church were melted down because of their metal. After the armistice, the surviving soldiers returned and a welcome service was held for them. Almost 70 of the draftees lost their lives in this war.

One year after losing the First World War, Geismar was connected to the Göttingen power grid. In 1923 the municipal administration got a telephone connection for the first time. Due to the inflation in the empire, the income of the community rose this year to the astronomical sum of 4,602,106 marks, all community work was temporarily suspended. After the inflation ended, the wages and salaries of community employees were reorganized. When the city of Göttingen set up a bus network in 1927, Geismar was also integrated. In the following years, the first private individuals acquired modern technology, such as radio or cars. A taxi company opened its doors. After the Great Depression of 1930, the municipality's income sank to the extremely low sum of 120,000 marks. The unemployment rate in the village was becoming alarming. The local group of the NSDAP, which was probably founded in 1928, became increasingly present. A mass brawl broke out during one of their events in the “Drei Kronen” inn.

As early as 1920, construction of the first houses for the Treuenhagen settlement began on the east side of Reinhäuser Landstrasse / corner of Kiesseestrasse (then: Mühlenweg). The planning goes back to Pastor Adolf Groscurth (1867-1934), the First World War prevented an earlier start of construction. The houses should create affordable living space for members of the Evangelical Workers' Association. Soon after the National Socialists were in power, a new construction project began on the west side of Reinhäuser Landstrasse. Settlement houses were built for soldiers of the First World War. That is why the area was then called Frontkämpfersiedlung. The five new streets were named after officers from the First World War. The naming took place on April 20, 1936, the then " Führer birthday ". The street names had not been confirmed by the Geismar local council and were renamed after the Second World War.

According to local chronicler Ewald Dawe, the “takeover” of power in Geismar in 1933 took place as follows: The long-time mayor Karl Methe (SPD) had invited to the constituent meeting of the community committee at the beginning of February. After the election, the NSDAP had six and the SPD five seats. The MPs had hardly gathered when SA men entered the room and asked all those present who were not part of the NSDAP to leave. Except for Methe, the SPD MPs also left the room. Thereupon the NSPAP local group leader appointed the businessman Eberhardt as acting mayor. About four weeks later this was then confirmed by election in the community committee. In the following years the organizational structure of the NSDAP was introduced in the place and other associations were dissolved. The local group Geismar of the NSDAP is said to have included 290 party members. After various job creation measures, the place officially had no more unemployed in 1935. In the same year, construction of the Zietenkaserne began on the eastern slope and was completed two years later. In 1936 the municipal administration moved to a specially converted building in Kerllsgasse, where it is still located today. Scrap metal collections were increasingly carried out in the village and an air raid protection group was set up. The population rose to around 3,200 by 1939.

As more and more men were drafted into the war, there was soon a noticeable shortage of workers all over the Reich. To remedy this, prisoners of war were initially used. Because these were insufficient for the steadily growing needs of the German war economy, the Wehrmacht began to forcibly abduct suitable civilians to work in the previously conquered areas. At that time, Geismar was predominantly characterized by agriculture. When the first 45 forced laborers from Poland arrived there in 1940, they were distributed to the farms. Just over a year later, large halls and rooms began to be used in the village to accommodate prisoners of war who had to work in companies in the city of Göttingen. A camp for up to 100 people was built in the “Zur Linde” inn and around 80 Soviet prisoners of war were housed in the Engelhardt inn. More than 130 forced laborers, including 27 children, had to live under terrible hygienic conditions in the so-called Polenkaserne, a building on Heidelbeergasse that no longer exists today. There were also stores in the garden tavern and the Stegemühle. It can be assumed that there were around 450 forced laborers in Geismar during the Second World War. Up to their liberation 10 children were born of them, three of these children died in the village. 30 barracks were built for prisoners of war on the grounds of the Zietenkaserne. Up to 3,000 prisoners had to live there. A large number of them died during this time.

Apart from a single bombing on the Treuenhagen settlement, Geismar got through the war unscathed. On April 8, 1945, a Sunday, a single American observation aircraft circled over the region. While the remaining population had sought protection in temporary bunkers, scattered German soldiers fled through the town and files were burned in front of the administration. At lunchtime the sirens wailed and shortly afterwards some American artillery shells struck the town center. Property damage occurred. After some time of silence, the first US tanks rolled up from Stegemühle up today's Kiesseetraße into the village. The troops belonged to the 2nd US Infantry Division, which had also taken the city of Göttingen. Since they met no resistance, they drove immediately further east.

On July 4, 1964, Geismar was incorporated into the city of Göttingen together with the communities of Grone , Nikolausberg and Weende .

Rode desert

Not far from Geismar, at the foot of the Diemarden mountain, remains of old ceramics from the deserted village of Rode were found. First assumptions were that it was a settlement from the pre-Carolingian era, while more detailed research later came to the conclusion that the place was a row village , which was founded around the year 1207. Geographically, it stretched along the northeastern bank of the garden and thus occupied the area that was later to be opened up by the Gartetalbahn . The former village street formed the northeastern edge of the place, with the farmsteads stretching between that village street and the stream, as is typical of a row settlement. The village fountain was located in the middle of the rows of houses, and the field name Der Brunnen am Röderbruche still indirectly indicates its location. The area where the shards were found stretched over an area of ​​500 m in total, which allows the conclusion that around 17 settler sites can be expected in Rode, assuming the standard size of a homestead of 30 by 30 to 40 by 40 m and one undeveloped area between the homesteads. In a list of goods from 1489 it is reported that the size of the Rodes district was around 17 Hufen , not including the forest that still existed at the time. From the former village street, a path led to Geismar, which is called op deme Geysmere wege in a document from the 15th century and in 1871 under the field name Unter dem Röderweg . When Rode fell into desolation is unknown, but assumptions suggest that this happened in the 15th century.

coat of arms

DEU Geismar (Leine) COA.svg
 Blazon : “Divided by silver (white) and red; above a red armored black boar head with golden (yellow) tusks, below a silver (white) half six-spoke wheel ( Mainz wheel ). "
Justification of the coat of arms: The coat of arms refers to the previous affiliations in the municipality. The boar's head comes from the coat of arms of the Lords of Hardenberg , whose influence lasted until 1801. The lower part represents the affiliation (until 1744) to the diocese of Mainz . The coat of arms in this split form was adopted by the NSDAP-dominated municipal council in 1937. Before it showed the whole Kurmainzer Rad. The new design comes from Otto Rössler von Wildenhain . The heraldist created the coats of arms of numerous communities in the region. He was forbidden to use the addition to his name in 1955.

Culture and sights

St. Martin Church

St. Martin village church

The first church building in Geismar was built by the diocese of Mainz and was first mentioned when Archbishop Luitpold I donated the village and church of Geismar to St. Petri Abbey in Nörten in 1055 . Up until 1690 there was a relic , the cloak of St. Martin , and a three-winged altar shrine by Bartold Kastrop from 1499 until 1894. Today's church was built from 1737 to 1742 according to plans by the consistory in Hanover by master mason Frankenberg from Duderstadt . The construction costs are estimated at 3519 thalers; 1533 thalers came from the patrons at the time , the Lords of Hardenberg , the remainder was raised by the community. The floor plan of the building is drawn after an equal-armed cross, the church tower rests on four oak trunks from the Brackenberg . In the old previous church there were three bells, which hung in a small bell tower east of today's church until 1743 and again from 1777 to 1849 . The church has had an organ since 1777 ; it was paid for by the fact that at that time a regiment of Hessian soldiers was billeted in the village and Geismar received 132 thalers for billeting. Today's organ, however, dates from 1871 and was built by Pius Furtwängler from Elze .

Personalities

  • Bassam Tibi (* 1944), German political scientist of Syrian origin

literature

  • Dawe, Ewald: Geismar. Place of the Gushing Springs; Göttingen 1987; without ISBN
  • Engelhardt, Rudi / Siemon, Claudia (eds.): Geismar. History, poems, stories; Göttingen 1984; ISBN 3-88051-032-6
  • Lenz, Vera: Treuenhagen - The district that doesn't exist ; Göttingen 1984; ISBN 978-3-88051-078-4 .
  • Lenz, Vera: 1000 years of St. Martin Geismar. History and stories of a church; Göttingen 1990; without ISBN
  • Lenz, Vera / Semmelroggen, Karl (ed.): 950 years Geismar 1055–2005. History & stories; Duderstadt 2005; ISBN 978-3-936617-33-7
  • Tütken, Hans: History of the village and the patrimonial court Geismar until the court was dissolved in 1839; Göttingen 1967 (diss.); without ISBN

Web links

Commons : Geismar  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 020.30 City of Göttingen: Eligible population, main and secondary residents in the city districts, districts and localities 2018 . In: GÖSIS - Göttingen Statistical Information System . City of Göttingen - Statistics and Elections Service, March 2019, accessed on December 27, 2019 (PDF)
  2. ↑ Casemir, Kristin; Ohainski, Uwe; Udolph, Jürgen: The place names of the district of Göttingen . In: Udolph, Jürgen (Hrsg.): Niedersächsisches Ortsnamensbuch (NOB) . tape 4 . Publishing house for regional history: Bielefeld, Bielefeld 2003, ISBN 3-89534-494-X , p. 149 ff .
  3. ↑ 020.30 City of Göttingen: Eligible residents, main and secondary residents in the city districts, districts and localities 2018 at GÖSIS
  4. ↑ 027.02 City of Göttingen: Foreign population in the city districts and statistical districts from 2009 to 2018 at GÖSIS
  5. ↑ 027.69 City of Göttingen: Population with dual citizenship in the city districts and statistical districts 2014 to 2018 at GÖSIS
  6. ↑ 021.29 City of Göttingen: Eligible population - average age in the city districts and statistical districts 2009 to 2018 at GÖSIS
  7. ↑ City of Göttingen, profile data for city districts 2014 - city district 08: Geismar. (PDF) In: GÖSIS. City of Göttingen, Statistics and Elections Department, June 2016, archived from the original on September 23, 2018 ; accessed on December 27, 2019 .
  8. ^ Manfred Hamann: Document book of the Reinhausen monastery . No. 13 . Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1991, ISBN 3-7752-5860-4 .
  9. ↑ Heinrich Lücke: On the banks of the garden. History and literature from the southeast corner of the Göttingen region . Mecke, Duderstadt 1927, p. 163 f .
  10. ↑ Ewald Dawe: Geismar. Square of the Gushing Springs. Göttingen 1987, p. 238-244 .
  11. ↑ Ewald Dawe: Geismar. Square of the Gushing Springs . Göttingen 1987, p. 244-274 .
  12. ↑ Vera Lenz: Treuenhagen - The district that does not exist . Göttingen 1984.
  13. ↑ Ewald Dawe: Geismar. Square of the Gushing Springs . Göttingen 1987, p. 274-296 .
  14. ↑ Günther Siedbürger: Forced Labor in the district of Goettingen from 1939 to 1945 . Duderstadt 2005.
  15. ^ Cordula Tollmien: Forced Labor-in-Goettingen. Göttingen City Archives, accessed on August 26, 2020 .
  16. ↑ Ewald Dawe: Geismar. Square of the Gushing Springs . Göttingen 1987, p. 305-309 .
  17. ↑ Göttingen Law ( Memento of February 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 12 kB)
  18. ↑ Erhard Kühlhorn: Investigations into the topography of medieval villages in southern Lower Saxony . Self-published by the Federal Institute for Regional Studies and Spatial Research, Bad Godesberg 1964, p. 13 .
  19. ↑ Heinrich Lücke: On the banks of the garden. History and literature from the southeast corner of the Göttingen region . Mecke, Duderstadt 1927, p. 168 .