Gerberas

Gerberas
	Gerbera jamesonii
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Mutisioideae
Genre :	Gerberas
Scientific name
	Gerberas
	L.

Gerbera is the botanical and also the German name of a plant genus and its varieties. The genus Gerbera belongs to the Asteraceae family. Many varieties are used as cut flowers .

description

Gerbera , blooming and fruiting

Gerbera pollen (400 ×)

Vegetative characteristics

Gerbera species and varieties are perennial herbaceous plants . There are rhizomes designed as Überdauerungsorgane.

The leaves stand together in basal rosettes. The parchment-like to leathery leaf blades are obverse-lanceolate, oblong, obovate, ovate or almost circular and pinnately lobed, pinnate, pinnate or mostly simple. The leaf margins are wavy, serrated to serrated. The leaves can be hairy or bare.

Generative characteristics

For each leaf axil, a single, terminal, cup-shaped inflorescence is formed on a slender inflorescence stem that has no, few or many bracts ; There is rarely more than one flower head in a leaf axil.

The involucre is inverted conical to broadly bell-shaped. There are two to three or more rows of bracts that overlap like roof tiles. There are no leaves of chaff on the flat, bare flower head base . All flowers in the flower head are fertile. There are a number of external flowers that are purely feminine; mostly they have staminodes . The inner flowers are hermaphroditic or functionally masculine. The corolla tube ends with two lobes.

The stem-round or spindle-shaped achenes are four to ten ribbed and bald or finely haired. The pappus consists of rough bristles.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 46 or 50.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Gerbera was established in 1758 by Carl von Linné in Opera Varia in quibus continentur Fundamenta Boatica, Sponsalia Plantarum, et Systema Naturae 247. Synonyms for Gerbera L. nom. cons. are: Gerbera sect. Piloselloides Less. , Atasites Neck. , Berniera DC. , Lasiopus Cass. , Piloselloides (Less.) C. Jeffrey ex Cufod.

The genus Gerbera belongs to the tribe Mutisieae in the subfamily Mutisioideae within the family Asteraceae .

The distribution of the genus Gerbera is purely ancient . The 30 or so species are mainly found in Africa , Madagascar and tropical Asia . Most of the species (18 species) are found in South Africa (only a few species occur only in the Capensis ). There are eight species only in Madagascar and in 2011 around six species are still common in Asia.

Gerbera aurantiaca in the habitat

Gerbera jamesonii

Gerbera viridifolia

There are around 30 types of gerbera :

Gerbera ambigua ( Cass. ) Sch.Bip. (Syn .: Gerbera discolor Harv. , Gerbera elegans Muschl. , Gerbera kraussii Sch.Bip. , Gerbera lynchii Dummer , Gerbera nervosa Sond. ) It is from tropical to southern Africa in Tanzania , in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , in Angola , Malawi , Mozambique , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Lesotho , Swaziland and in the South African provinces Free State , Gauteng , KwaZulu-Natal , Limpopo , Mpumalanga , North West and Eastern Cape .
Gerbera aurantiaca Sch.Bip. This endangered species only thrives in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, Carolina and Badplaas in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.
Gerbera bojeri ( DC. ) Sch.Bip. (Syn .: Gerbera podophylla Baker ): It occurs on island mountains in central Madagascar only in the provinces of Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa .
Gerbera cordata ( Thunb. Less. ) : It occurs only in the Capensis in the South African provinces of the Eastern and Western Cape .
Gerbera crocea ( L. ) Kuntze (Syn .: Gerbera burmanni Cass. , Gerbera integralis Sond. Ex Harv. , Gerbera sinuata (Thunb.) Spreng. ) This endemic occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Gerbera delavayi Franch. : There have been two varieties since 2002:
- Gerbera delavayi Franch. var. delavayi (Syn .: Gerbera uncinata Beauverd ): It occurs in northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .
- Gerbera delavayi var. Henryi (Dunn) CYWu & H.Peng (Syn .: Gerbera henryi Dunn ): It has had the status of a variety since 2002. It thrives on mountain slopes, on the edges of forests and in forests at altitudes of 1,800 to 3,200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan.

Gerbera diversifolia Humbert : It occurs in Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Mahajanga .

Gerbera elliptica Humbert : It occurs in Madagascar in the provinces of Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina and Toliara .

Gerbera emirnensis Baker : It is only known from one site in Madagascar in the province of Antananarivo.

Gerbera galpinii Klatt : It occurs in Swaziland and in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.

Gerbera gossypina ( Royle ) Beauverd : It iswidespreadin Pakistan , northern India and from Kashmir to Nepal .

Gerbera hintonii ( Bullock ) Katinas : It occurs in southern Mexico at altitudes between 1800 and 2160 meters.

Gerbera hypochaeridoides Baker : This endemic is only known from a maximum of five localities in central Madagascar in the province of Antananarivo.

Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Adlam : It occurs in Swaziland and in the South African provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga.

Gerbera leandrii Humbert : It is only known from the type collection in Madagascar in the province of Antananarivo.

Gerbera latiligulata Y.C. Tseng : It was first described in 1986. This endemic thrives in crevices only in Qiaojia in Yunnan.

Gerbera linnaei Cass. (Syn .: Gerbera asplenifolia (Lam.) Spreng. ) This endemic occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.

Gerbera maxima ( D.Don ) Beauverd : It occurs in India, Pakistan, Bhutan , Nepal, Tibet and Thailand .

Gerbera natalensis Sch.Bip. (Syn .: Gerbera tuberosa Klatt , Gerbera viridifolia subsp. Natalensis (Sch.Bip.) HVHansen ): It occurs in Swaziland and in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape.

Gerbera nivea ( Wall. Ex DC.) Sch.Bip. It occurs in India, Bhutan, Nepal, southern Tibet and the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.

Gerbera parva N.E.Br. This endemic occurs only in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal.

Gerbera perrieri Humbert : It occurs in northern Madagascar in the provinces of Antsiranana and Mahajanga .

Gerbera petasitifolia Humbert : It is only known from a maximum of five localities in northern Madagascar in the provinces of Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toliara.

Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. (Syn .: Gerbera aberdarica R.E.Fr. , Gerbera amabilis Hance , Gerbera candollei (DC.) Sch.Bip. , Gerbera hirsuta (Forssk.) Less. , Gerbera humilis Sch.Bip. , Gerbera ovalifolia DC. , Gerbera peregrina Steenis , Gerbera schimperi Sch.Bip. , Gerbera piloselloides var. Concolor Sch.Bip. , Gerbera piloselloides var. Discolor DC. , Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. Var. Piloselloides ): It is from tropical Africa to southern Africa and Madagascar widespread.

Gerbera raphanifolia Franch. This endemic thrives in forests at altitudes of around 2700 meters only in northwestern Yunnan.

Gerbera rupicola T.G.Gao & DJNHind : Since 2011, this name has replaced the name Gerbera macrocephala Y.C.Tseng non Gerbera macrocephala Lessing, which was published invalid in 1986. This endemic thrives on steep rock faces in ravines only in Lijiang and Zhongdian in northwestern Yunnan.

Gerbera serrata (Thunb.) Druce (Syn .: Gerbera asplenifolia var. Linearis Harv. , Gerbera ferruginea DC. , Gerbera ferruginea var. Linearis (Harv.) Dummer ): This endemic occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.

Gerbera tanantii Franch. : It occurs in Yunnan.

Gerbera tomentosa Johnson, NRCrouch & TJEdwards : It was first described in 2014. This endemic occurs only in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal.

Gerbera tomentosa DC. : It occurs only in the Capensis in the South African provinces of the Eastern and Western Cape.

Gerbera viridifolia (DC.) Sch.Bip. (Syn .: Gerbera abyssinica Sch.Bip. , Gerbera burchellii Dummer , Gerbera glandulosa Dummer , Gerbera plantaginea Harv. , Gerbera speciosa S.Moore , Gerbera viridifolia (DC.) Sch.Bip. Subsp. Viridifolia ): It is from tropical Africa widespread as far as southern Africa.

Gerbera wrightii Harv. : This endemic thrives on sandstone only on the Cape Peninsula in the South African province of Western Cape.

The species of the genus Leibnitzia Cass. no longer belong to the genus Gerbera :

Leibnitzia anandria (L.) Turc. (Syn .: Gerbera anandria (L.) Sch.Bip. , Gerbera bellidiastrum Benth. , Gerbera cavaleriei Vaniot & H.Lév. , Gerbera integripetala Hayata , Gerbera laevipes Gand. , Gerbera anandria var. Integripetala Yamamoto )
Leibnitzia cryptogama Cass.
Leibnitzia knorringiana (B.Fedtsch.) Pobed. (Syn .: Gerbera knorringiana B.Fedtsch. )
Leibnitzia lyrata (Sch.Bip.) GLNesom (Syn .: Gerbera lyrata Sch.Bip. , Leibnitzia seemannii (Sch.Bip.) GLNesom )
Leibnitzia nepalensis (Kunze) Kitamura : (Syn .: Gerbera connata Y.C.Tseng , gerberas curvisquama Hand.-Mazz. , Gerbera kunzeana A.Braun & Ascherson , Leibnitzia kunzeana (A.Braun & Ascherson) Pobedimova , Cleistanthium nepalense Kunze )
Leibnitzia occimadrensis G.L.Nesom : It was first described from Mexico.
Leibnitzia phanerogama Cass.
Leibnitzia pusilla (Wall. Ex DC.) S. Gould ex Kitam. & Gould (Syn .: Gerbera anandria var. Bonatiana Beauverd , Gerbera bonatiana (Beauverd) Beauverd , Gerbera lanuginosa var. Pusilla (DC.) Hook. , Gerbera pusilla (DC.) Sch.Bip. , Gerbera saxatilis C.C.Chang ex YCTseng , Gerbera serotina Beauverd , Leibnitzia bonatiana (Beauverd) Kitamura , Leibnitzia serotina (Beauverd) Kitamura , Oreoseris pusilla Wall. Ex DC. )
Leibnitzia ruficoma (Franch.) Kitamura (Syn .: Gerbera ruficoma Franch. )

Also no longer belongs to the genus Gerbera :

Trichocline hieracioides (Kunth) Ferreyra (Syn .: Gerbera hieracioides ( Kunth ) Zardini )

Use as an ornamental plant

Horticultural history of gerberas

Before 1737 the gerbera was known as the African / Ethiopian aster; In 1737 it was described for the first time by the Dutchman Jan Frederik Gronovius and was named "Gerbera" in honor of the medical doctor and botanist Traugott Gerber (1710–1743). A year later, his friend Carl von Linné included the species in his system.

In 1884 Robert James, a plant trader from Durban, South Africa, found the species in the gold fields of Barberton in the Transvaal . He donated the "Barberton Daisy", the Barberton daisy, to the Botanical Gardens in Durban ; whose leader recognized it as the gerbera. In 1886 the first specimen of herbarium was brought to the royal garden at Kew near London. In 1889 the first gerberas were registered, described and presented to the public. This first scientific description is from JD Hooker in Curtis Botanical Magazine . He describes the South African "Barberton Daisy" (today Gerbera jamesonii ).

In 1890, Irwin Lynch made his first attempts at crossbreeding at Cambridge Botanical Gardens. In 1893 the gerberas came to Germany, the first gerbera plant was cultivated by Ferdinand Friedrich Haage in Erfurt .

Gerbera varieties are not hardy.

The gerbera is one of the most popular cut flowers worldwide. Since the 1990s, some varieties have also been offered as indoor plants .

In 2009 dealers began to offer a group of gerbera varieties that are hardy in areas with little frost (Garvinea ®). However, it can only hibernate outdoors at temperatures down to -5 ° C.

The numerous breeds are mostly crosses between Gerbera jamesonii and other South African gerbera species such as Gerbera viridifolia . The intersections are Gerbera - hybrids called.

Use as a cut flower

To stabilize the stem, the stems of the gerbera flowers are wrapped in a spiral with a floral wire that is pierced into the top of the flower head or it is stabilized in another way. Gerbera go well with other cut flowers in vases.

photos

Hybrids, cut varieties:

Close up of the underside of an orange gerbera hybrid
Pink Gerbera Hybrid
Gerberas of different groups of varieties

swell

Entry in the Flora of Zimbabwe . (engl.)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Tiangang Gao, DJ Nicholas Hind: Gerbera Linnaeus , pp. 13-15 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 .
^ Gerbera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 16, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^from Christiana Flann (Ed.), 2009+: Gerbera at Global Compositae Checklist . last accessed April 16, 2018
^ ^A ^b Gerbera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gerbera at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ L. Katinas, J. Pruski, G. Sancho, MC Tellería: The subfamily Mutisioideae (Asteraceae). In: The Botanical Review. Volume 74, 2008, pp. 469-716. doi: 10.1007 / s12229-008-9016-6
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ List of species of gerbera in the Red List of South African Plants
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Swaziland's Flora Database .
^ Gerbera at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Liliana Katinas: The Mexican Chaptalia hintonii is a Gerbera (Asterceae, Mutisieae). In: Novon, vol. 8 (4), p. 380-385,1998.
^ Isabel Marion Johnson, Neil R. Crouch, Trevor J. Edwards: Gerbera sylvicola (Asteraceae: Mutisieae), a new forest species from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 186, Issue 4, 2014. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.186.4.7
↑ Kirsten E. Baird, Vicki A. Funk, Jun Wen, Andrea Weeks: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Leibnitzia Cass. (Asteraceae: Mutisieae: Gerbera complex): An Asian-North American disjunct genus. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 48, 2010, pp. 161-174. doi : 10.1111 / j.1759-6831.2010.00077.x
↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
^ Bert Stankowski: Information at Gartenfreunde.ch : Hardy gerberas, a garden revolution? ( Memento from April 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive )

literature

Hans V. Hansen: A taxonomic revision of the genus Gerbera (Compositae, Mutisieae) sections Gerbera, Parva, Piloselloides (in Africa), and Lasiopus. In: Opera Botanica , Volume 78, 1985, pp. 5-36.
Hans V. Hansen: Notes on Gerbera sect. Pseudoseris (Compositae-Mutisieae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 5, 1985, pp. 451-453.
Hans V. Hansen: Phylogenetic studies in the Gerbera complex (Compositae, tribe Mutisieae, subtribe Mutisiinae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 9, 1990, pp. 469-485.
Liliana Katinas: The Gerbera complex (Asteraceae: Mutisieae): to split or not to split. In: SIDA, Contributions to Botany , Volume 21, 2004, pp. 935-940.
GL Nesom: Response to The Gerbera complex (Asteraceae: Mutisieae): to split or not to split by Liliana Katinas. In: SIDA, Contributions to Botany , Volume 21, 2004, pp. 941-942.
Hans V. Hansen: Comments on the Gerbera complex (Asteraceae: Mutisieae). In: SIDA, Contributions to Botany , Volume 22, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 539-543. JSTOR 41968606
E. Pasini, Vicki A. Funk, TT de Souza-Chies, STS Miotto: New insights into the phylogeny and biogeography of the Gerbera complex (Asteraceae: Mutisieae). In: Taxon , Volume 65, 2016, pp. 547-562. doi : 10.12705 / 653.7
Xiaodan Xu, Wei Zheng, Vicki A. Funk, Jun Wen: Home at Last II: Gerbera hieracioides (Kunth) Zardini (Mutisieae, Asteraceae) is really a Chaptalia. In: PhytoKeys , Volume 95, 2018, pp. 93-106. doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.95.22916
Xiaodan Xu, Wei Zheng, Vicki A. Funk, Kexin Li, Jie Zhang, Jun Wen: Home at last III: Transferring Uechtritzia and Asian Gerbera species into Oreoseris (Compositae, Mutisieae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 96, 2018, pp. 1–19. doi : 10.3897 / phytokeys.96.23142

Web links

Commons : Gerbera - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Gerbera plant society with a wide range of information. (engl.)
Traugott Gerber Museum.
Gerbera at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Gerbera at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Tiangang Gao, DJ Nicholas Hind: Gerbera Linnaeus , pp. 13-15 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 .

[Tropicos-2] Gerbera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 16, 2018.

[GlobalCompositaeChecklist-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^from Christiana Flann (Ed.), 2009+: Gerbera at Global Compositae Checklist . last accessed April 16, 2018

[GRIN-4] A ^b Gerbera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 16, 2018.

[CoVPoMadagascar-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Gerbera at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Katinas_et_al_2008-6] L. Katinas, J. Pruski, G. Sancho, MC Tellería: The subfamily Mutisioideae (Asteraceae). In: The Botanical Review. Volume 74, 2008, pp. 469-716. doi: 10.1007 / s12229-008-9016-6

[RedListSA-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ List of species of gerbera in the Red List of South African Plants

[SwazilandFloraDb-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Swaziland's Flora Database .

[FoPakistan-9] Gerbera at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Katinas1998-10] Liliana Katinas: The Mexican Chaptalia hintonii is a Gerbera (Asterceae, Mutisieae). In: Novon, vol. 8 (4), p. 380-385,1998.

[GerberaSylvicola2014-11] Isabel Marion Johnson, Neil R. Crouch, Trevor J. Edwards: Gerbera sylvicola (Asteraceae: Mutisieae), a new forest species from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 186, Issue 4, 2014. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.186.4.7

[Baird2010-12] Kirsten E. Baird, Vicki A. Funk, Jun Wen, Andrea Weeks: Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Leibnitzia Cass. (Asteraceae: Mutisieae: Gerbera complex): An Asian-North American disjunct genus. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 48, 2010, pp. 161-174. doi : 10.1111 / j.1759-6831.2010.00077.x

[Burkhardt2018-13] Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]

[GartenfreundeCh-14] Bert Stankowski: Information at Gartenfreunde.ch : Hardy gerberas, a garden revolution? ( Memento from April 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive )