Grand Paris

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Satellite image of the greater Paris area
Location of the research and economic clusters in the greater Paris area

Grand Paris ( French ; German: Greater Paris ) is a project to reform the structure of the Paris metropolitan area , which extends beyond the city of Paris over seven other departments and numerous municipalities. The reform aims to "improve the living environment of the inhabitants, correct territorial inequalities and create a sustainable city". In its largest expansion zone, the urban area has over 10 million inhabitants.

The project was started by the government of François Fillon under the responsibility of the State Secretary for the Development of the Capital Region Christian Blanc , with whose name the project was publicly linked . It proposed the creation of economic centers around Paris, as well as the creation of a local transport network for Grand Paris, connecting these centers with the airports and TGV stations. The Société du Grand Paris was created as a public company to plan and build this network . The aim is to create a connected greater area, similar to Greater London , since the core city can no longer be seen solely in terms of its functions, since the population center and also a large part of the jobs and many public facilities are in the highly urbanized suburb to increase international competitiveness. Many sectors of the economy, such as the banking and insurance industry in La Défense or the logistics industry around Charles-de-Gaulle airport , already have their clusters around the core city and should be better connected with each other by the Grand Paris Express . The three Paris airports are also to be better connected and connected to one another. These lines should also create time-saving tangential connections, relieve traffic in the center, make the local public transport network less susceptible to disruption, better connect previously disadvantaged suburbs to public transport and better connect residential areas with areas with many jobs. In addition, it was decided in 2010 to build at least 70,000 new apartments a year and anchored it in the regional urban development plan. Compared to the previous regional plan, which provided for 54,000 apartments per year, that is 16,000 additional apartments per year. The aim is to be able to better meet the housing shortage in the greater Paris area. While the old goal of 54,000 new apartments per year was not achieved, as the number of apartments completed annually fluctuated between 35,000 and 45,000, by raising the plan and simplifying the building laws, reducing the bureaucratic hurdles and making efforts of many mayors who are now allowed to make decisions where construction is allowed and where not, the number of new apartments is continuously increasing, so that between 2013 and 2017 an average of 79,000 new apartments were built in the greater Paris area. Which puts Greater London, which only builds around 30,000 new apartments per year, far behind in second place in terms of residential construction activity in major European cities. For 2017, 82,900 new apartments were set up, a record that has not been seen since the 1970s. That corresponds almost exactly to the number of apartments in the whole of Regensburg that were added in the greater Paris area in 2017 alone. The areas around the new stations of the Grand Paris Express are to be heavily densified, partly with high-rise buildings, in order to create urgently needed apartments and offices, whereby a special tax for new construction projects that benefit from the Grand Paris Express has been introduced for these areas of which to co-finance part of the Grand Paris Express. The cost of building the Grand Paris Express alone is estimated at at least 35 billion. Together with further investments, especially by private real estate developers, the total volume of the Grand Paris project is likely to be around 70 to 80 billion euros.

The Grand Paris project also includes several projects and competitions, such as Reinventer Paris , Habiter le Grand Paris , Inventons la Métropole du Grand Paris , Les Hubs du Grand Paris , Dessine-moi le Grand Paris de demain , Reinventer la Seine , Arc d'innovation and Les sous-sols du Grand Paris , who are committed to innovative and sustainable projects for the design of Grand Paris.

In addition to the infrastructure, the administration is also to be reformed. For this purpose, the "Law on the modernization of territorial administration" with the metropole created a new administrative unit will connect the cities with their metropolitan area. The metropolis should include Paris, the municipalities of the departments of Hauts-de-Seine , Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, as well as some municipalities from the other departments of the Île de France . The Métropole du Grand Paris sparked on 1 January 2016, all existing local government associations from in their field.

History of the idea of ​​a Grand Paris

The idea of ​​a Greater Paris is old. Already Napoléon III. planned under this name an expansion of the capital from Saint-Germain-en-Laye in the west to Marne-la-Vallée in the east.

The name was given in 1932 by André Morizet, then mayor of Boulogne-Billancourt and member of the Commission du Vieux Paris , in his book Du vieux Paris au Paris moderne, Haussmann et ses prédécesseurs (French: From old Paris to modern Paris, Haussmann and his predecessors ) picked up. Together with Henri Sellier, Minister of Health and Mayor of Suresnes , he was commissioned to modernize the administrative structure of the greater Paris area during the government of the Popular Front . The reform should follow the following principles: The political independence of the arrondissements of Paris should be strengthened, and a council should be set up to represent the interests of the entire agglomeration. This should be given the rank of High Commissioner or State Secretary and be supported by three prefects .

Morizet and Sellier's project was published in 1937 in the book Paris, sa vie municipale “Vers le Plus Grand Paris” (“Paris, Its Communal Life - Towards a Greater Paris”) by the President of the Paris City Council, Jean Raymond-Laurent , recorded. In it, he proposes, among other things, the merger of Paris with 80 municipalities of the then Seine department and the creation of a 100-member council of this "larger Paris".

Map of the Île de France with the boundaries of the departments and the unité urbaine.

The geographer Jean-François Gravier took up the expression Greater Paris and the ideas associated with it in his 1949 book La Mise en valeur de la France (“The development of France”), in which he made suggestions on how the imbalances in the territorial structure France, which he had analyzed two years earlier in Paris et le désert français (“Paris and the French desert”). One of his proposals is a Greater Paris with over five million inhabitants.

Today four zones can be specified for the greater Paris area:

  • The first zone is the city of Paris itself, whose inhabitants make up 2.25 million, less than a quarter of the agglomeration's population.
  • The second zone includes Paris and the petite couronne (small wreath), i.e. H. Paris and the three surrounding departments of Hauts-de-Seine , Val-de-Marne and Seine-Saint-Denis (755 km² and 6.1 million inhabitants). This region is densely built up and characterized by urban areas and the police and the Chamber of Commerce are already organized at this level . However, the agglomeration also extends beyond its borders.
  • The third zone is the Paris Métropole (2546 km² and 9,320,000 inhabitants), an association of Paris, the Region Ile-de-France and of cities and communities that see themselves as part of the agglomeration. This group forms around 90% of the metropolitan area and must be heard about any changes in the structure of the greater Paris area. However, it is little known to the public.
  • The fourth zone, the Unité urbaine de Paris (Urban Unit Paris) (2723 km² and 10.2 million inhabitants), covers the entire agglomeration, but is only a statistical unit of the INSEE and has no practical significance.

History of the project

The Le Grand Pari (s) ideas competition

Exhibition “Le Grand Paris de l'agglomération parisienne” in the Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine April 30 to November 22, 2009.

During his speech at the opening of the Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine , President Nicolas Sarkozy announced an international architectural competition on September 17, 2007, in which a future-oriented urban development, landscape planning project for Greater Paris with a time horizon of 20 to 40 years would be created .

In June 2008, ten international architecture firms were commissioned by Sarkozy to work out an “extraordinary project” for the future of Paris. The competition was named "Le Grand Pari de l'agglomération parisienne" (The big bet on the Parisian agglomeration, the title is a play on words in French, grand pari is pronounced just like Grand Paris ). The ten architectural firms invited to participate were Richard Rogers , Yves Lion, Djamel Klouche, Christian de Portzamparc , Antoine Grumbach, Jean Nouvel , Studio 08, Roland Castro, LIN Finn Geipel , Giulia Andi and MVRDV . The competition was led by a “steering committee” made up of 14 representatives from ministries, the Île-de-France region, the city of Paris and other Ile-de-France municipalities.

The proposals of the various architects were presented to the public at an exhibition from April 30th to November 22nd, 2009 in the Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine.

L'Atelier international du Grand Paris

In order to continue work on the plans for Greater Paris after the end of the architectural competition, the Atelier international du Grand Paris was founded on February 10, 2010 . The architect Bertrand Lemoine was appointed its director . The Atelier international du Grand Paris is supposed to come up with ideas and suggestions on Greater Paris, to simplify the cooperation between the actors involved and to promote public debate. The scientific council (conseil scientifique) of the studio originally consisted of the ten architectural firms that took part in the 2008 competition Le Grand Pari de l'agglomération parisienne . Today its members are 15 teams of architects and urban planners who were selected in another competition in 2012.

Since 2011, its board of directors has consisted of representatives from the French government (Ministry of Territorial Equality and Housing Policy, Ministry of Culture and Communication and the Prefect of Paris and Île-de-France), the City of Paris, the region, the Association of Mayors of the Île -de-France and from Paris Métropole. The Chairman of the Board of Directors is Pierre Mansat , Vice Mayor of Paris and responsible for Paris Métropole and relations with the local authorities of the Île-de-France.

The Atelier international du Grand Paris deals with a wide range of tasks in the development of Greater Paris: spatial planning, transport, culture, energy, open and green spaces, agriculture and others. The solutions should not only be found by the members of the studio, but a dialogue between experts and representatives of the affected cities, the region and the state should be promoted. For example, it was involved in the public hearings in autumn 2010 on the plans for public transport in Greater Paris. The work of the Scientific Council comes under two main headings: "Habiter le Grand Paris" (living in Greater Paris) and "Systèmes métropolitains" (systems of the city).

Christian Blanc's project

Lines of the planned local transport network

In March 2008, Christian Blanc was appointed State Secretary for Development in the Capital Region by Nicolas Sarkozy. He proposed the development of new economic centers around Paris, as well as the creation of an efficient local transport network that would connect these centers with the airports, the center of Paris and the TGV train stations. This project was in competition with the Arc Express concept, developed simultaneously by STIF and the Île-de-France region , which envisaged the creation of a metro ring around Paris.

The plans for Greater Paris were set out in a law in June 2010. It laid down the guidelines for a transport network for Greater Paris, to which an “automatic, high-capacity ring metro […] that connects the center of the Parisian agglomeration, the most important city, science, technology, economic, sports and cultural centers of the Region connects and contributes "should belong.

The law also created a public company, Société du Grand Paris , which, together with the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF), is to manage the planning and construction of the metro network for Greater Paris. Finally, two zones were designated for urban development: the creation of a “science cluster” on the Saclay plateau and the region of Massy (Essonne) , Palaiseau , Saclay , Versailles and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines .

Grand Paris Express

The planned network of the Grand Paris Express

After public hearings in 2011, the plans for the expansion of the local transport network in the region from the Grand Paris and Arc Express projects were combined, the joint project is called Grand Paris Express . The planned lines include a ring line around Paris, which is to run at a distance of about 5 kilometers from the city limits, two lines that open up the north and northeast of the metropolitan area, as well as extensions of the existing lines 11 and 14 . The first extensions are scheduled to go into operation in 2017, the first part of the ring line in 2020, and the entire project is expected to be completed by 2030. A line that opens up the south-west of the metropolitan area between Versailles and Orly Airport will later complete the network. A total of 200 kilometers of new lines and 72 train stations are to be built.

In addition, the existing networks are to be modernized and expanded. These include, above all, the extension of the RER E and the expansion of the network of trams and busway lines . A total of 34 billion euros are to be invested in all local transport projects within the framework of Greater Paris.

Administrative structure of Greater Paris

Formation of community associations in the conurbation

In the 2000s , numerous cities and municipalities in Île-de-France began to group together in large communautés d'agglomérations (associations of municipalities) to coordinate urban development in the region across municipal boundaries.

Plaine Commune

The Communauté d'agglomération Plaine Commune emerged in 2001 from a communauté de communes , in which Aubervilliers , Épinay-sur-Seine , Pierrefitte-sur-Seine and Saint-Denis merged on January 1, 2000.

On January 1, 2003, Stains and L'Île-Saint-Denis joined this association after referendums. On January 1, 2005, La Courneuve followed as the eighth member parish and on January 1, 2013 Saint-Ouen as the ninth. Plaine Commune is the largest association of municipalities in Île-de-France with 403,833 inhabitants.

On November 26th, 2008 the “Development Council” of Plaine Commune presented a “contribution” to the development of Greater Paris in its field, in which current problems are identified that would have to be solved in the context of the development of Greater Paris. Social housing, local public transport, sustainable development and the distribution of income and assets in the region were named as points that should be in the focus of development.

Est ensemble

After years of preliminary planning, in which various expansions had been considered, Bagnolet , Bobigny , Bondy , Les Lilas , Montreuil , Noisy-le-Sec , Le Pré-Saint-Gervais , Pantin and Romainville joined the Communauté d ' on January 1, 2010 agglomération Est ensemble together. With almost 400,000 inhabitants, it was the largest in the region when it was founded.

Grand Paris Seine Ouest

The Communauté d'agglomération Grand Paris Seine Ouest created by a merger of the existing communautés d'agglomération Val de Seine and the Arc de Seine on 1 January 2010. It includes Boulogne-Billancourt , Sèvres , Issy-les-Moulineaux , Vanves , Meudon , Chaville and Ville-d'Avray and was the first official structure to bear the name Grand Paris .

literature

  • Günter Liehr: Grand Paris. A city goes beyond its limits . Rotpunktverlag, Zurich 2017, ISBN 978-3-85869-729-5 .
  • Jean-Marc Offner: Le Grand Paris. In: Problèmes politiques et sociaux. No. 942, La Documentation française
  • Philippe Panerai: Paris Métropole, formes et échelles du Grand-Paris. coll. «SC», éd. de la Villette, ISBN 978-2-915456-39-4 .
  • Frédéric Gilli, Jean-Marc Offner: Paris, metropole hors-les-murs; aménager et gouverner un Grand Paris. coll. "Nouveaux débats", Presses de Sciences-Po, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-7246-1092-5 .
  • Alessandro Giacone: Les Grands Paris de Paul Delouvrier. éd. Descartes, Paris 2009.
  • Annie Fourcaut, Emmanuel Bellanger, Mathieu Flonneau: Paris banlieues: conflits et solidarités. Creaphis, 2007.
  • Michèle Leloup: Le Grand Paris. Les coulisses de la consultation. archibooks, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-35733-055-9 .
  • Denis Bocquet: Gouvernance territoriale et enjeux du Grand Paris: la métropole capitale entre inerties et reformes . (PDF) on HAL-SNS. In: Sabine Bastian , Franck Trouilloud (Ed.): France and Francophonie: Culture - Language - Media. Martin Meidenbauer Verlag, Munich 2009, pp. 25–48.
  • Marc Wiel: Le Grand Paris - Premier conflit né de la decentralization. coll. «Questions contemporaines», éd. L'Harmattan, 2010, ISBN 978-2-296-13180-4 .
  • Jean-Pierre Orfeuil, Marc Wiel: Grand Paris - Sortir des illusions, approfondir les ambitions. coll. «Mode de ville», éd. Scrineo, 2012, ISBN 978-2-919755-76-9 .
  • Philippe Subra: Le Grand Paris - Géopolitique d'une ville mondiale. Armand Colin, Paris 2012, ISBN 978-2-200-24614-3 .
  • Bertrand Delanoë : Une petite synthèse du Grand Paris. Atelier parisien d'urbanisme, Paris 2009, ISBN 978-2-900222-93-5 .
  • Christian Blanc : Le grand Paris du XXIe siècle. Le cherche midi, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-7491-1615-0 .
  • Frédéric Gilli: Grand Paris - L'émergence d'une métropole. coll. “Nouveaux débats”, Presses de Sciences-Po, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-2-7246-1516-6 .
  • Philippe Subra: Le Grand Paris - 25 questions décisives. Armand Colin, Paris 2010, ISBN 978-2-200-24294-7 .
  • Paul Hervé-Lavessière: La révolution de Paris. wildproject, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-2-918490-28-9 .
  • Agence d'urbanisme et de paysage: Nouveaux paysages construits du Grand Paris , Archibooks, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-2-35733-316-1 .
  • Atelier international du Grand Paris: Habiter le Grand Paris. Archibooks, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2-35733-273-7 .
  • Algoé Consultants, Laure Cardinal, Nicolas Ledoux, Julia Watson: La rénovation urbaine au coeur du Grand Paris. La documentation Fraçaise, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2-11-009470-4 .
  • François Ascher et al .: Les chantiers du Grand Paris. coll. Esprit, Paris 2008, ISBN 978-2-909210-70-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Original: "  améliorer le cadre de vie des habitants, à corriger les inégalités territoriales et à construire une ville durable  ", cf. Presentation du Grand Paris. (No longer available online.) Société du Grand Paris, archived from the original on July 1, 2014 ; Retrieved June 2, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.territoires.gouv.fr
  2. ↑ Décret n ° 2011-1011 du 24 août 2011 portant approbation du schéma d'ensemble du réseau de transport public du Grand Paris. Retrieved June 15, 2014 .
  3. ↑ Big, Bigger, Grand Paris. Retrieved August 27, 2019 .
  4. ↑ French: "modernization de l'action publique territoriale et d'affirmation des metropoles ", original text on the website of the Assemblée nationale, compare also decentralization: France strengthens the metropolitan region. French Embassy in Germany, accessed June 2, 2014 .
  5. ↑ Le Grand Paris? Une idée de Napoléon III. L'Express , May 10, 2009, accessed June 2, 2014 .
  6. ^ Société française de librairie et d'éditions, Paris, 272 pages
  7. ↑ quoted from: Vincent Adoumié u. a .: Les Régions françaises. Hachette, 2010, p. 31.
  8. ↑ 203 collectivités membres au 30 avril 2014. Paris Métropole, accessed on June 2, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Original “travailler sur un diagnostic prospectif, urbanistique et paysager, sur le“ Grand Paris ”à l'horizon de vingt, trente voire quarante ans”, cf. the excerpt from the speech on the website of the French Senate: Le Grand Paris: un vrai projet pour un enjeu capital. Retrieved June 2, 2014 .
  10. ↑ Le grand pari de l'agglomération parisienne: Consultation Internationale. Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, accessed June 2, 2014 .
  11. ^ Bertrand Lemoine directeur de l'atelier international du Grand Paris. journaldesarts.fr, October 12, 2010, accessed June 3, 2014 .
  12. ^ List of members of the Conseil Scientifique on the official homepage of the AIGP.
  13. ↑ Original: “[…] au moyen d'un métro automatique de grande capacité en rocade qui, en participant au désenclavement de certains territoires, relie le center de l'agglomération parisienne, les principaux pôles urbains, scientifiques, technologiques, économiques, sportifs et culturels de la région d'Île-de-France, le réseau ferroviaire à grande vitesse et les aéroports internationaux, […] », cf. LOI no 2010-597 du 3 juin 2010. Accessed June 14, 2014 (French).
  14. ↑ a b Un réseau de transport modern et étendu. Société du Grand Paris, accessed June 15, 2014 .
  15. ^ Conseil de développement de Plaine Commune: Projet du "Grand Paris" et de l'avenir de la metropole francilienne. (PDF) Archived from the original ; accessed on June 15, 2014 .