Hurricane Isabel

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Hurricane Isabel
Category 5 hurricane ( SSHWS )
Hurricane Isabel as it approaches the Outer Banks in North Carolina.
Hurricane Isabel as it approaches the Outer Banks in North Carolina.
Emergence September 6, 2003
resolution September 20, 2003
Peak wind
speed
165  mph (270  km / h ) (sustained for 1 minute)
Lowest air pressure 915  mbar ( hPa ; 27  inHg )
dead 16 direct, 35 indirect
Property damage US $ 3.6 billion (2003)
Affected
areas 		Greater Antilles , Bahamas , North Carolina , Virginia , Maryland , South Carolina , West Virginia , Delaware , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Ontario , Washington, DC
Season overview:
2003 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Isabel was the most momentous hurricane of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season . The ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season formed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean on September 6th . The storm moved northwestward and steadily intensified in an environment with low wind shear and warm water surface, peaking on September 11 with a wind speed of 265 km / h. The hurricane fluctuated in intensity for four days before Isabel steadily lost strength and swept across the Outer Banks of North Carolina at a wind speed of 165 km / h on September 18 . Overland, the storm quickly subsided and lost tropical features over western Pennsylvania the next day .

In North Carolina, the Isabel-induced storm surge washed away part of Hatteras Island , creating a canal that was unofficially named Isabel Inlet . The greatest damage occurred along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed, and in Virginia , especially around Hampton Roads and on the banks of the James River up to Richmond . Around two-thirds of the casualties and property damage were reported from Virginia.

The zone of moderate to severe damage extended inland to West Virginia . Around six million residents were affected by power outages caused by the storm. The rainfall area stretched from South Carolina to Maine and west to Michigan . Property damage along the hurricane's track totaled 3.6 billion US dollars (2003). Seven states reported 16 direct casualties and 35 people were indirectly killed.

Storm course

Isabel's train track

On September 1st, a tropical wave broke off the coast of West Africa . A low pressure area slowly migrated westward with the wave and the convection initially looked like better organization. On September 3, the system passed south of Cape Verde when the convection initially decreased; however, it increased again the next day. The system organized itself steadily better and in the early morning of September 5th, the observations were made with the Dvorak technique . Due to the development of a near-surface closed circulation , it is assumed that the system developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen early on September 6th, which intensified a few hours later into Tropical Storm Isabel, although the National Hurricane Center was in operation with the release of Storm warnings didn't start until 13 hours later.

Located within a zone of light wind shear and over warm water, Isabel developed continuously and organized band structures around a circular area of ​​deep convection near its center. Isabel steadily intensified and migrated in a west-northwest direction. On September 7th, Isabel reached hurricane strength and formed a large eye near its strongest convection . Eye, the convective patterns and the discharge further improved their condition, the deep convection quickly gathered around the eye, the diameter of which soon reached 65 km. Isabel intensified into a severe hurricane on September 8, when the center was located 2100 km east-northeast of Barbuda . On September 9, Isabel reached a summit for the first time with sustained winds of 215 km / h. The hurricane remained at this strength for about 24 hours, the minimum Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale .

Hurricane Isabel on September 12, 2003 as a Category 5 hurricane.

By early September 10th, the hurricane's eyewall appeared less well defined, convection subsided, and outflow was limited. As a result, Isabel weakened slightly to a Category 3 hurricane. Under the influence of a subtropical ridge between Bermuda and the Azores, Isabel was pushed westward. During the course of the day, the hurricane re-intensified and again reached Category 4 as the convection increased near the eyewall. The hurricane intensified further and, with wind speeds of 270 km / h, reached the greatest strength in category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale on September 11th. Isabel weakened slightly due to cyclical new eyewall formation , but was able to hold the highest category for 24 hours. With another new eyewall formation, the discharge appeared weakened and the convection around the eye decreased. Early on September 13, Isabel weakened into a strong Category 4 hurricane. A weakness in the high pressure ridge to the north allowed the hurricane to assume a west-northwest direction. With the completion of the new eyewall formation, the 65 km diameter eye was better defined and late that day Isabel again achieved the fifth category. A weather probe dropped by a NOAA reconnaissance aircraft in the hurricane reported an instantaneous wind speed of 375 km / h. The cloud cover warmed up shortly thereafter and Isabel weakened into a strong Category 4 hurricane on the morning of September 14th. A little later, the cyclone reorganized and reached Category 5 for the third time, about 650 km north of San Juan , Puerto Rico.

In the early hours of September 15, Isabel weakened to a Category 4 hurricane. As the day progressed, the inner core began to suffer from deep convection and the eye began to disintegrate. When a ridge in the northwest developed southeast, this slowed the speed of the train and caused a change of course to the north-northwest. Increasing vertical wind shear contributed to further weakening of the hurricane. By the time Isabel was 1035 km southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina on September 16, the storm system had weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. The convection was minimal, but the discharge retained its excellent organization. Isabel maintained the intensity as a Category 2 hurricane until landfall on September 18 between Cape Lookout and Ocracoke Island with sustained winds of 165 km / h. Isabel weakened overland, but remained a hurricane until reaching western Virginia in the early September 19th. Isabel passed over West Virginia as a tropical storm and became extra- tropical over western Pennsylvania . During the day, the storm crossed Lake Erie and reached Canada , where Isabel was absorbed into a larger extra-tropical system over the Cochrane District in Ontario .

Preparations

The Eye of the Hurricane as seen from the International Space Station (taken on September 15, 2003).

Fifty hours before Isabel landed, the National Hurricane Center issued hurricane warnings for the east coast of the United States between Little River and Chincoteague , including the Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds and the outer section of Chesapeake Bay . The NHC issued storm warnings for the coast south from Little River to the mouth of the Santee River and from Chincoteague north to Little Egg Inlet , New Jersey . The sections for which warnings were issued were adapted by the NHC to the development. At the time of landfall, the hurricane warning was between Chincoteague and Cape Fear , North Carolina and storm warnings were between Chincoteague, Virginia and Fire Island , New York and between Cape Fear and the mouth of the Santee River. The prediction of the landfall was very accurate - before reaching the coastline, the actual train path had deviated less than 60 km from the course calculated over 72 hours, and the deviation from the 48-hour calculation was only 29 km.

The authorities ordered mandatory evacuations for 24 counties in North Carolina , Virginia and Maryland , but these were generally poorly followed. Research by the United States Department of Commerce found that 45% of those affected by these mandatory evacuations in the Outer Banks , 23% in the Pamlico Sound area , 23% in Virginia and about 15% in Maryland followed orders. The danger posed by Isabel nevertheless resulted in the evacuation of several 100,000 residents on the east coast, especially in North Carolina and Virginia, and more than 12,000 residents sought emergency shelters.

19 major commercial airports on the east coast of the United States were closed and more than 1,500 flights were canceled. In Washington, the Metrorail and Metrobus systems ceased operations before the storm hit, and Amtrak canceled almost all trains south of the capital. Schools, shops and businesses closed prior to Isabel's arrival to allow time to prepare for the storm; Hardware stores and tool dealers reported brisk sales from the sale of pressboard, flashlights, batteries and emergency power generators. Federal agencies were closed and only emergency personnel remained on duty. The United States Navy ordered the relocation of 40 ships and submarines and dozens of aircraft from naval bases near Norfolk , Virginia.

Effects

Victims and property damage by region
region Victim Damage
(2003 USD )
directly indirectly
Florida 1 0 0
North Carolina 1 2 $ 450 million
Virginia 10 22nd $ 1.85 billion
West Virginia 0 0 $ 20 million
Washington, DC 0 1 $ 125 million
Maryland 1 6th $ 820 million
Delaware 0 0 $ 40 million
Pennsylvania 0 2 $ 160 million
New Jersey 1 1 $ 50 million
new York 1 0 $ 90 million
Rhode Island 1 0 0
Ontario 0 1 ?
total 16 35 $ 3.6 billion

Isabel's gale winds stretched along the coast from North Carolina to New England and westward to West Virginia. The wind, in conjunction with the previous rain, which softened the soil, uprooted many trees and tore down numerous power lines along its track. Around six million customers were temporarily affected by power outages. In some coastal areas in Virginia - notably Hampton Roads - and northeast North Carolina, it took nearly a month to restore power. The coast suffered from the waves and storm surge, especially in eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. Along the cyclone track Isabel caused damage amounting to 3.6 billion US dollars (2003 USD), 51 people were killed by the hurricane, 16 of them died by the direct effects of the storm.

The governors of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey and Delaware declared a state of emergency . Isabel was the first major hurricane to threaten the central states on the east coast of the United States since Hurricane Floyd in September 1999 . Isabel had the greatest impact from flood damage, which in some parts of Virginia was the worst since Hurricane Agnes in 1972. More than 60 million people were more or less affected by the storm. Such a crowd was not affected by any other hurricane other than Hurricane Floyd.

Caribbean and Southeastern United States

A powerful surf was observed on the northern coastlines of the Greater Antilles . Heavy waves also had an impact on the Bahamas . During most hurricanes, the location of the Bahamas prevents heavy swell on the southeastern coast of Florida - the combination of location, strength and forward speed, however, resulted in strong waves breaking through the Providence Channel onto a narrow, roughly ten miles wide strip of the coast. Waves 4.3 m high have been observed at Delray Beach . The waves capsized a boat at Boynton Beach and the two people on board were injured. A swimmer at Juno Beach had to be rescued. Slight damage from coastal erosion was recorded in Palm Beach County . In the north of the state, the waves reached heights of up to 4.5 m in Flagler Beach , which damaged the flood gates at the pier and the port had to be closed. A surfer was killed in a suction current from Isabel on an unsupervised beach in Nassau County , and another six people had to be rescued. The beaches were later closed at the height of the rough surf.

In the area of ​​the outer rainbands in northeastern South Carolina , winds of 70 km / h were recorded in Myrtle Beach . The rain was light and reached its highest value in the state in Loris at 34 mm. There was no report of storm damage in South Carolina.

North Carolina

Damage to the Barrier Islands from Hurricane Isabel (USGS)

Isabel caused moderate to severe damage in eastern North Carolina for a total of 450 million US dollars (2003). The damage was greatest in Dare County , where the storm surge and high winds damaged thousands of homes. One result of the storm surge was the formation of an approximately 600 m wide culvert in the middle of Hatteras Island , which cut off Hatteras from traffic for two months. Hundreds of thousands of trees in the state were uprooted, and around 700,000 residents were affected by power outages. In most areas, power was restored within a few days. One person was killed directly by the hurricane and two other victims were indirectly caused by Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina.

Middle Atlantic coast

Storm surge at Langley AFB in Hampton , Virginia.

The storm surge affected much of the southeastern part of Virginia ais; it reached its highest level with 2.7 m above normal in Richmond on the lower reaches of the James River ; the storm surge caused significant damage to the rivers, especially the central reaches of the rivers in the James River basin . The storm surge washed over the flood gates of the Midtown Tunnel while the workers were still busy closing the gates. They found it difficult to escape when 165,000 cubic meters of water spilled into the tunnel within 40 minutes. Heavy rain was observed further inland, the highest value of which was recorded in Sherando at 513 mm, the rain caused damage by heavy flash floods . The winds of the hurricane destroyed more than 1,000 homes, damaged 9,000 more, and property damage in that state finally added up to $ 1.85 billion in 2003. Isabel is one of the most expensive tropical cyclones in Virginia's history. Isabel's passage led to the deaths of 32 people in Virginia, ten of whom were direct victims, and 22 were indirectly caused by the hurricane.

Approximately 1.24 million residents in Maryland and Washington, DC lost electrical power. The storm surge caused significant coastal erosion. Hundreds of buildings have been damaged or destroyed on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, mostly in Queen Anne's County . Thousands of homes were damaged by the storm surge in central Maryland, particularly in Baltimore and Annapolis . Washington, DC saw moderate damage, mainly from the high winds. In Maryland and Washington the damage totaled 945 million US dollars (2003), one person was killed directly by the floods.

The effects of the hurricane in Delaware were compounded by flooding from the residual depth of Tropical Storm Henri just days earlier. Moderate winds of up to 100 km / h were measured in Lewes . They uprooted numerous trees and tore down power lines across the state, leaving at least 15,300 residents without electricity. Numerous low-lying areas were flooded or flooded by the storm surge. In Delaware, the hurricane caused property damage of 40 million US dollars (2003).

Northeast United States

Rainfall levels associated with Hurricane Isabel.

Isabel damaged hundreds of power lines in New Jersey, cutting off hundreds of thousands of electrical power. A falling tree killed one person. On the coast, high waves and a moderate storm surge caused moderate to severe coastal erosion ; another person was killed as a result of the swell. Property damage in New Jersey reached $ 50 million (2003).

Hurricane Isabel's passage through Pennsylvania resulted in damage of US $ 160 million (2003) and two indirect casualties. One person died of carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated emergency generator. The moderate wind causes blackouts for about 1.4 million customers in this state. Falling trees not only tore down cables, but damaged dozens of homes and cars.

The damage totaled US $ 90 million in New York (2003) and US $ 100,000 in Vermont (2003). Overturning trees as a result of the moderately strong wind tore power lines with them in the region, causing the power to fail sporadically. Two people were killed by the hurricane in the area, both in connection with the high surf.

Canada

The impact from Isabel in Canada was quite minor. The wind uprooted trees and power lines in southern Ontario, causing blackouts. The rain associated with the storm set in in Ontario early on September 19th. Isabel was responsible for two indirect road accident victims in Canada.

American midwest

In the state of West Virginia, gusts of 50 to 100 km / h uprooted hundreds of thousands of trees; Heavy precipitation that had already fallen had moistened the soil and made the tree roots less resistant. The fallen trees damaged dozens of homes and caused blackouts for more than 1.4 million people. The rains caused flooding on the rivers in the east of the state. In West Virginia, property damage totaled US $ 20 million (2003).

Isabel dumped light to moderate rainfall in the eastern half of Ohio, with precipitation exceeding 75mm in some areas. Over eastern Michigan, rainfall from Isabel was light, reaching 39 mm in Mount Clemens and approximately 64 mm in St. Clair County, Michigan, based on Doppler radar evaluations . No damage from Isabel has been reported in this state.

consequences

Hatteras Island before and after Isabel's passage.

About a week after the hurricane broke through, US President George W. Bush declared 36 counties in North Carolina , 77 counties in Virginia , the states of Maryland and Delaware and six counties in West Virginia to be disaster areas. This enabled the use of federal funds and aid to rebuild and repair the damage caused by Isabel. Within four months of the hurricane's passage, $ 516 million in federal aid was disbursed, mostly in North Carolina and Virginia. More than 166,000 residents had requested individual assistance and US $ 117 million was paid to repair homes and provide temporary replacement housing. Approximately 50,000 traders received loans totaling US $ 178 million.

In North Carolina, hundreds of residents in Hatteras were cut off when the storm surge created what is now popularly known as Isabel Inlet . Non-residents were not allowed to drive to the Outer Banks for two weeks because the condition of the roads did not allow them. When visitors were given free access again, many wanted to see the newly formed canal, even though it was a walk. At first the construction of a bridge or the commissioning of a ferry to cross the canal was considered, and finally the decision was made in favor of backfilling with sand. Coastal geologists opposed this solution, arguing that the development of the Outer Banks was dependent on storm erosion . The dredging began on October 17th, about a month after the hurricane hit the island chain. Sand from the ferry's fairway southwest of Hatteras Island was used to minimize the impact on the underwater vegetation and because the fairway was washed up somewhat as a result of the hurricane. On November 22, about two months after Isabel passed through, North Carolina State Route 12 and Hatteras Island were reopened to the general public; the same day the ferry between Hatteras and Ocracoke resumed operations.

Deletion of the name

Due to the severe damage to property and people that Isabel brought over large areas, the name Isabel was removed from the list of tropical cyclone names after the 2003 hurricane season and will therefore no longer be used to name tropical storms in the Atlantic Ocean. Isabel has been replaced with the name Ida , which was first intended for use in the 2009 season . The World Meteorological Organization preferred the name to the other suggested names Ina and Ivy .

Isabel was one of only five Cape Verde-type hurricanes that formed east of longitude 35 degrees west and hit the mainland of the United States. The others were Hurricane Donna in 1960 , Hurricane Hugo in 1989 , Hurricane Georges in 1998, and Hurricane Ivan in 2004 .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Jack Beven & Hugh Cobb: Hurricane Isabel Tropical Cyclone Report ( English ) National Hurricane Center . 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  2. ^ Franklin: September 2 Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) NHC. 2003. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  3. ↑ Avila: September 3 Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) NHC. 2003. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  4. ^ Pasch: September 4 Tropical Weather Outlook ( English ) NHC. 2003. Archived from the original on February 17, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  5. ↑ Avila: Tropical Storm Isabel Discussion One ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  6. ↑ Avila: Tropical Storm Isabel Discussion Two ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  7. ↑ Stewart: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Six ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  8. ↑ Stewart: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Seven ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  9. ↑ Jarvinen: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Eight ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  10. ^ Franklin: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Sixteen ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  11. ↑ Stewart: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Nineteen ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  12. ↑ Beven: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Twenty-Six ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  13. ^ Franklin: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Twenty-Eight ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  14. ↑ Stewart: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Thirty ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  15. ^ A b Richard J. David and Charles H. Paxton: How the Swells of Hurricane Isabel Impacted Southeast Florida . (PDF) In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 2005. doi : 10.1175 / BAMS-86-8-1065 .
  16. ↑ Lawrence: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Thirty-Two ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  17. ^ Franklin: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Thirty-Eight ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  18. ↑ Avila & Pasch: Hurricane Isabel Discussion Forty-Eight ( English ) NHC. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  19. ^ Post, Buckley, Schuh, Jernigan: Hurricane Isabel Assessment, a Review of Hurricane Evacuation Study Products and Other Aspects of the National Hurricane Mitigation and Preparedness Program (NHMPP) in the Context of the Hurricane Isabel Response ( English , PDF; 9.5 MB) NOAA . 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  20. ↑ a b c Scotsman.com: America feels the wrath of Isabel ( English ) 2003. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  21. ↑ CNN.com: Storm Could cause 'extensive damage' ( English ) 2003. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  22. ↑ a b United States Department of Commerce: Service Assessment of Hurricane Isabel ( English , PDF; 1.4 MB) NOAA. 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  23. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Climate of 2003 Comparison of Hurricanes Floyd, Hugo and Isabel ( English ) 2003. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  24. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Florida ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  25. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Florida (2) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  26. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Florida (3) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  27. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Florida (4) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  28. ↑ Wilmington, North Carolina National Weather Service: Hurricane Isabel in South Carolina ( English ) 2003. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  29. ↑ a b National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for North Carolina ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  30. ↑ a b c Fred Hurteau: The Dynamic Landscape of the Outer Banks ( English ) Outer Banks Guidebook. 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  31. ↑ a b c Sunbelt Rentals: Hurricane Isabel Aftermath ( English , PDF) 2003. Archived from the original on March 7, 2005. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  32. ↑ a b c David Roth: Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Isabel ( English ) Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. 2005. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  33. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Virginia ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Accessed January 25 of 2009.
  34. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Eastern Maryland ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  35. ↑ NCDC: Event Report for Central Maryland ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007. Retrieved on January 20 of 2007.
  36. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Western Maryland ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  37. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Washington, DC ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 24, 2007. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  38. ↑ FEMA: Disaster Recovery Centers to Open ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  39. ↑ Gorse & Frugis: Hurricane Isabel Post Tropical Storm Report ( English , TXT) Mount Holly, New Jersey National Weather Service. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  40. ↑ a b National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Delaware ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  41. ^ Joint Information Center: Sporadic Power Outages Being Reported Across State ( English , PDF) Delaware Emergency Management Agency. 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  42. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for New Jersey ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  43. ↑ New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Coastal Storm Survey ( English , PDF) 2003. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  44. ↑ CNN: Isabel death toll creeps higher ( english ) 2003. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  45. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Southeast Pennsylvania ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  46. ↑ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Central Pennsylvania ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Accessed January 25 of 2009.
  47. ^ State College, Pennsylvania National Weather Service: Hurricane Isabel: September 2003 ( English ) 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  48. ^ NCDC: Event Report for Vermont ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  49. ^ NCDC: Event Report for Vermont (2) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  50. ↑ NCDC: Event Report for Vermont (3) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  51. ↑ NCDC: Event Report for Vermont (4) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  52. ↑ NCDC: Event Report for Vermont (5) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  53. ↑ NCDC: Event Report for Vermont (6) ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  54. ↑ Chris Fogarty: Hurricane Isabel Summary in Canada ( English ) Canadian Hurricane Center. 2003. Archived from the original on October 26, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  55. ↑ Parkes: Hurricane Isabel Information Statement on September 19, 2003 ( English ) Canadian Hurricane Center. 2003. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  56. ↑ Canadian Hurricane Center: Atlantic hurricane season 2004 Outlook ( English ) 2004. Archived from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  57. ^ National Climatic Data Center: Event Report for Hurricane Isabel ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  58. ↑ Detroit National Weather Service: Remnants of Isabel Bring Rain Fall to Southeast Michigan Friday Morning ( English ) 2003. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  59. ↑ FEMA: State / Federal Disaster Aid Tops $ 155 million in North Carolina ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  60. ↑ FEMA: Commonwealth of Virginia Receives Nearly $ 257 million in Disaster Assistance ( English ) 2004. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  61. ↑ FEMA: Maryland Disaster Aid Nearing $ 100 million ( english ) 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  62. ↑ FEMA: Disaster Victims in Delaware Receive Over $ 3.5 Million In Assistance So Far ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  63. ↑ FEMA: Disaster Aid in Pennsylvania Surpasses Half Million Dollars ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  64. ↑ John Roach: Shoring Up N. Carolina Islands: A Losing Battle? ( English ) National Geographic News. November 1, 2003. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  65. ↑ Federal Emergency Management Agency: Dredging Operations Begin ( English ) 2003. Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved on January 25 of 2009.
  66. ↑ World Meteorological Organization: Final Report of the 2003 Hurricane Season ( English , PDF) 2004. Archived from the original on October 29, 2005. Retrieved on January 25, 2009.
  67. ↑ World Meteorological Organization: Replacement Names for 2003 Atlantic Hurricanes (Fabian, Isabel, and Juan) and 2002 Hurricane Lili ( English , DOC) 2004. Archived from the original on November 9, 2004. Retrieved January 25, 2009.

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