Intel Xeon (Skylake)
<< Intel Xeon >> | |
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Production: | since 2015 |
Producer: | Intel |
Processor clock: | 1.9 GHz to 3.7 GHz |
UPI cycle: | 4.8 GT / s to 10.4 GT / s |
L3 cache size: | 8 MiB to 38.5 MiB |
Instruction set : | x86 / Intel 64 ( AMD64 ) |
Microarchitecture : | Intel Skylake microarchitecture |
Base: | |
Names of the processor cores:
|
The Intel Xeon series based on the Intel Skylake microarchitecture is a family of 64-bit microprocessors for servers and workstations from Intel . These multi-core processors with four (E3) to 28 (SP) cores represent the successors of the Intel Broadwell microarchitecture- based Intel Xeon Broadwell processors.
The Xeons of the Skylake generation were only available in the single-socket workstation variant (called E3-v5) until June 2016. These models differ from the core CPUs of the Skylake generation mainly in that they support ECC main memory.
The NUMA server processors of the "Scalable Processor" series were released in July 2017 and differ from the E3-v5 in terms of the internal structure of the cores (including AVX-512 support), number of memory channels, sockets and other points. A modification of this server series for the desktop market with four main memory channels is the Intel Core i9-7xxx series, which, contrary to the leading “7” in the model number, does not belong to the Intel Kaby Lake micro-architecture and is also called Skylake-X becomes.
Model parameters
A variety of models exist. The main parameters are:
- The first digit of the four-digit product code indicates how many processors of this type can be used in parallel on a motherboard (number of sockets as opposed to number of cores).
- Clock frequency (goes directly into the single-task performance and determines the performance of many programs)
- Cache size (increases data throughput)
- Number of cores (increases the number of tasks that can be processed simultaneously)
- Thermal Design Power: Power loss, limits the intended use, the higher the size, the larger the cooling system and power supply must be, increases with the clock frequency, the number of cores and the size of the cache. The models with an "L" after the four-digit product code are low power versions with lower energy consumption for micro servers
- Integrated GPU: only interesting for workstations with low 3D graphics performance (see also Intel HD Graphics )
E3 models
The available Intel chipsets C236, C234 and C232 for Xeon E3-12xx v5 offer eight * SATA -6G ports and up to 20 PCI-E 3.0 lanes. The connection between the chipset and the CPU is formed by a DMI , which here in version 3.0 with 8 GT / s per lane and four lanes has a transmission rate of 4 GB / sec.
For the first time in the Xeon series, E3-15xx-v5 models for so-called "mobile workstations" (mobile computers) with the solder base BGA1440 appear.
Product Code | L3 cache | Freq. | Release | Cores | TDP | integrated GPU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E3-1280 v5 | 8 MB | 3.7 GHz | Q4'15 | 4th | 80 W | - |
E3-1270 v5 | 3.6 GHz | Q4'15 | 80 W | |||
E3-1240 v5 | 3.5 GHz | Q4'15 | 80 W | |||
E3-1230 v5 | 3.4 GHz | Q4'15 | 80 W | |||
E3-1220 v5 | 3.0 GHz | Q4'15 | 80 W | |||
E3-1260L v5 | 2.9 GHz | Q4'15 | 45 W | |||
E3-1240L v5 | 2.1 GHz | Q4'15 | 25 W | |||
E3-1275 v5 | 3.6 GHz | Q4'15 | 80 W | Intel® HD Graphics P530 |
||
E3-1245 v5 | 3.5 GHz | Q4'15 | 80 W | |||
E3-1225 v5 | 3.3 GHz | Q4'15 | 80 W | |||
E3-1535M v5 | 2.9 GHz | Q3'15 | 45 W | |||
E3-1505M v5 | 2.8 GHz | Q3'15 | 45 W | |||
E3-1268L v5 | 2.4 GHz | Q4'15 | 35 W | |||
E3-1235L v5 | 2.0 GHz | Q4'15 | 25 W | |||
E3-1505L v5 | 2.0 GHz | Q4'15 | 25 W | |||
E3-1585 v5 | 3.5 GHz | Q2'16 | 65 W | Intel® Iris ™ Pro Graphics P580 |
||
E3-1575M v5 | 3.0 GHz | Q1'16 | 45 W | |||
E3-1585L v5 | 3.0 GHz | Q2'16 | 45 W | |||
E3-1545M v5 | 2.9 GHz | Q1'16 | 45 W | |||
E3-1515M v5 | 2.8 GHz | Q1'16 | 45 W | |||
E3-1565L v5 | 2.5 GHz | Q2'16 | 35 W | |||
E3-1578L v5 | 2.0 GHz | Q2'16 | 45 W | |||
E3-1558L v5 | 1.9 GHz | Q2'16 | 45 W |
Xeon Scalable Processor
Xeon Scalable Processors | bronze | Silver | gold | Platinum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3xxx | 4xxx | 5xxx | 6xxx | 8xxx | |
Maximum number of cores | 8th | 12 | 14th | 22nd | 28 |
Highest frequency @ cores / power loss |
1700 MHz 8C / 85 W. |
2200 MHz 10C / 85W |
3600 MHz 4C / 105 W |
3400 MHz 6C / 115 W |
3600 MHz 4C / 105 W |
Max. Number of bases | 2 | 4th | 8th | ||
Number Ultra Path Interconnect (UPI) | 2 | 3 | |||
UPI speed | 9.6 GT / s | 10.4 GT / s | |||
AVX-512 | 1 FMA | 2 FMA | |||
Main memory clock (DDR4) | 2133 MHz | 2400 MHz | 2666 MHz | ||
Max. Memory expansion per socket | 768 GB | 768/1536 GB | |||
Others | No Hyper Threading |
with Omni-Path |
The models called Xeon Scalable Processor ( SP ), together with suitable motherboards, form Intel's so-called Purley server platform . Prior to their official release, these models were known as Skylake EP / EX processors.
Corresponding system boards were already shown at Computex 2016. Corresponding CPU appeared in summer 2017.
This server platform will probably also be able to accommodate the subsequent Xeon generation of the Cascade Lake series (socket compatibility).
Intel starts the new generation of NUMA server processors in July 2017, a new naming scheme will be introduced, the previous designations E5 and E7 no longer exist, instead "precious metal classes" platinum, gold, silver and bronze:
- The four-digit product code correlates with the “precious metal classes” in the first digit: Platinum = 8, Gold = 6 or 5, Silver = 4, Bronze = 3
- The second digit stands for the processor generation and is therefore always "1" for Xeon Skylake!
- The third and fourth digits identify the variant
- Markings with T, M and F can also follow, whereby T stands for ten years of availability, M for increased memory expansion to 1536 GB (128 GB DIMMs) per socket and F for integrated omni-path interface.
As with previous generations, there are three "die" or chip manufacturing variants:
- Extreme Core Count (XCC): Cores in a 5 × 6 arrangement, max. 28 cores, three UPI connections
- High Core Count (HCC): Cores in a 4 × 5 arrangement, max. 18 cores, two UPI connections
- Low Core Count (LCC): cores in 3 × 4 arrangement, max. ten cores, two UPI connections
The sales variants are obtained from these variants through testing and selection, defective cores if necessary. switched off.
The following are specified as the essential properties of the Purley server platform:
- Six DDR4 memory channels with ECC support and higher frequencies (DDR4-2667), the memory bandwidth increases by around 50%, the maximum memory expansion with 128 GB DIMM modules also to 768 GB or 1536 GB for the M variants .
- Due to the increased number of memory channels, a new socket is required, which is also used in the Xeon Phi : Socket 3647 , also known as P3.
- The connection between the CPUs is realized through UPI connections, presumably an extended version of QPI with 9.6 and 10.4 GT / s
- The number of PCI-E channels per CPU is increased: 48 × PCI-E 3.0
- the periphery is connected via a faster version of the direct media interface, DMI version 3
- The periphery, connected via the code-named Lewisburg PCH (Platform Controller Hub), is to contain four 10 GBit Ethernet links and 20 PCI-E 3.0 lanes (chipsets C622-C628, see platform letter)
- In contrast to the earlier Xeon architectures with ring bus, the cores are connected with bus connections in a network or mesh arrangement; the further the cores are apart, the longer the waiting times.
- The cache sizes have changed significantly compared to the Broadwell generation: While the level 2 cache has been quadrupled to 1 MB / core compared to Broadwell, only 1.375 MB level 3 cache / core are now installed (Broadwell: 2.5 MB ), part of the cache has moved from the shared area (called "Uncore") to the core area (2nd level cache).
- The processor cores support the command extension AVX-512 , but with different partial command sets than the only CPU with AVX-512, Xeon Phi x200 (this supports Intel AVX-512 Foundational Instructions (AVX-512F), Conflict Detection Instructions (AVX-512CD), Exponential and Reciprocal Instructions (AVX-512ER) and Prefetch Instructions (AVX-512PF)), Xeon SP Skylake supports AVX-512F, AVX-512CD, AVX-512PF, AVX-512BW, so there is no code compatibility between these processors go out
- Variants with integrated omni-path connections are available.
Figure: Block diagram of a Xeon SP 2 socket system.
Surname | Release | Number of cores |
Max. Turbo Freq. |
Base Freq. |
Last level cache |
TDP (W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xeon® Platinum 8180M Processor | Q3'17 | 28 | 3.80 GHz | 2.50 GHz | 38.5 MB L3 | 205 |
Xeon® Platinum 8180 Processor | 3.80 GHz | 2.50 GHz | 205 | |||
Xeon® Platinum 8176M Processor | 3.80 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 165 | |||
Xeon® Platinum 8176F Processor | 3.80 GHz | 2.10 GHz | ||||
Xeon® Platinum 8176 Processor | 3.80 GHz | 2.10 GHz | ||||
Xeon® Platinum 8170M Processor | 26th | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 35.75 MB L3 | ||
Xeon® Platinum 8170 Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | ||||
Xeon® Platinum 8168 Processor | 24 | 3.70 GHz | 2.70 GHz | 33 MB L3 | 205 | |
Xeon® Platinum 8164 Processor | 26th | 3.70 GHz | 2.00 GHz | 35.75 MB L3 | 150 | |
Xeon® Platinum 8160T Processor | 24 | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 33 MB L3 | ||
Xeon® Platinum 8160M Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | ||||
Xeon® Platinum 8160F Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | ||||
Xeon® Platinum 8160 Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | ||||
Xeon® Platinum 8158 Processor | 12 | 3.70 GHz | 3.00 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | ||
Xeon® Platinum 8156 Processor | 4th | 3.70 GHz | 3.60 GHz | 16.5 MB L3 | 105 | |
Xeon® Platinum 8153 Processor | 16 | 2.80 GHz | 2.00 GHz | 22 MB L3 | 125 | |
Xeon® Gold 6154 Processor | 18th | 3.70 GHz | 3.00 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 200 | |
Xeon® Gold 6152 Processor | 22nd | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 30.25 MB L3 | 140 | |
Xeon® Gold 6150 Processor | 18th | 3.70 GHz | 2.70 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 165 | |
Xeon® Gold 6148F Processor | 20th | 3.70 GHz | 2.40 GHz | 27.5 MB L3 | 160 | |
Xeon® Gold 6148 Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.40 GHz | ||||
Xeon® Gold 6146 Processor | 12 | 4.20 GHz | 3.20 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 165 | |
Xeon® Gold 6144 Processor | 8th | 4.20 GHz | 3.50 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 150 | |
Xeon® Gold 6142M Processor | 16 | 3.70 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 22 MB L3 | 160 | |
Xeon® Gold 6142F Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 160 | |||
Xeon® Gold 6142 Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 150 | |||
Xeon® Gold 6140M Processor | 18th | 3.70 GHz | 2.30 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 140 | |
Xeon® Gold 6140 Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.30 GHz | 140 | |||
Xeon® Gold 6138T Processor | 20th | 3.70 GHz | 2.00 GHz | 27.5 MB L3 | 125 | |
Xeon® Gold 6138F Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.00 GHz | 135 | |||
Xeon® Gold 6138 Processor | 3.70 GHz | 2.00 GHz | 125 | |||
Xeon® Gold 6136 Processor | 12 | 3.70 GHz | 3.00 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 150 | |
Xeon® Gold 6134M Processor | 8th | 3.70 GHz | 3.20 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 130 | |
Xeon® Gold 6134 Processor | 8th | 3.70 GHz | 3.20 GHz | 24.75 MB L3 | 130 | |
Xeon® Gold 6132 Processor | 14th | 3.70 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 140 | |
Xeon® Gold 6130T Processor | 16 | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 22 MB L3 | 125 | |
Xeon® Gold 6130F Processor | 16 | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 22 MB L3 | 135 | |
Xeon® Gold 6130 Processor | 16 | 3.70 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 22 MB L3 | 125 | |
Xeon® Gold 6128 Processor | 6th | 3.70 GHz | 3.40 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 115 | |
Xeon® Gold 6126T Processor | 12 | 3.70 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 130 | |
Xeon® Gold 6126F Processor | 12 | 3.70 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 135 | |
Xeon® Gold 6126 Processor | 12 | 3.70 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 130 | |
Xeon® Gold 5122 Processor | 4th | 3.70 GHz | 3.60 GHz | 16.5 MB L3 | 105 | |
Xeon® Gold 5120T Processor | 14th | 3.20 GHz | 2.20 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 105 | |
Xeon® Gold 5120 Processor | 14th | 3.20 GHz | 2.20 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 105 | |
Xeon® Gold 5119T Processor | 14th | 3.20 GHz | 1.90 GHz | 19.25 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Gold 5118 Processor | 12 | 3.20 GHz | 2.30 GHz | 16.5 MB L3 | 105 | |
Xeon® Gold 5115 Processor | 10 | 3.20 GHz | 2.40 GHz | 13.75 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Silver 4116T Processor | 12 | 3.00 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 16.5 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Silver 4116 Processor | 12 | 3.00 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 16.5 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Silver 4114T Processor | 10 | 3.00 GHz | 2.20 GHz | 14 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Silver 4114 Processor | 10 | 3.00 GHz | 2.20 GHz | 13.75 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Silver 4112 Processor | 4th | 3.00 GHz | 2.60 GHz | 8.25 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Silver 4110 Processor | 8th | 3.00 GHz | 2.10 GHz | 11 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Silver 4109T Processor | 8th | 3.00 GHz | 2.00 GHz | 11 MB L3 | 70 | |
Xeon® Silver 4108 Processor | 8th | 3.00 GHz | 1.80 GHz | 11 MB L3 | 85 | |
Xeon® Bronze 3106 Processor | 8th | 1.70 GHz | 11 MB L3 | 85 | ||
Xeon® Bronze 3104 Processor | 6th | 1.70 GHz | 8.25 MB L3 | 85 |
Xeon W
In August 2017, Intel announced another derivative of the Scalable Processor family (after Skylake-X, alias Core-i9): Processor variants for single-socket systems with four to 18 cores without UPI connections. Like the Core i9-7xxx variants (Skylake-X), these processors have four DDR-4 main memory channels and socket 2066 , but support up to 512 GB of ECC memory. They are positioned as processors for high-performance workstations. A new chipset “C422” is being presented for these processors, which in turn is almost identical to the chipset X299 for the Core i9-7xxx processors: the main difference is a newer Intel Management Engine 11.10.
Product name |
Release | Cores | Max. Turbo Freq. |
Base Freq. | TDP | Cache | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W-2102 | ? | 4th | 120 W | no hyperthreading | |||
W-2104 | ? | no hyperthreading | |||||
W-2123 | Q3'17 | 3.90 GHz | 3.60 GHz | 8.25 MB | |||
W-2125 | 4.50 GHz | 4.00 GHz | |||||
W-2133 | 6th | 3.90 GHz | 3.60 GHz | 140 W | |||
W-2135 | 4.50 GHz | 3.70 GHz | |||||
W-2145 | 8th | 4.50 GHz | 3.70 GHz | 11 MB | |||
W-2155 | 10 | 4.50 GHz | 3.30 GHz | 13.75 MB | up to here based on the low core count - "Die" | ||
W-2175 | ? | 14th | ? | ? | 19.25 MB | from here based on the high core count - "Die" | |
W-2195 | Q3'17 | 18th | 4.30 GHz | 2.30 GHz | 24.75 MB |
A Xeon W-3175-X processor will be released at the end of January 2019 . This largely corresponds to the top models from the Xeon Scalable Processors series with 28 cores. It has no UPI links and is therefore limited to 1-socket machines, but like the Scalable Processors has 6 DDR4 main memory channels and socket 3647 , which is why it does not fit on motherboards of the previous Xeon W series. In contrast to the same name as "Xeon W", it is starting a new series, the third series derived from the scalable processors. Clock frequency and TDP are higher than that of scalable processors .
The main reason for its existence is likely to be the AMD Ryzen Threadripper 2990WX processor, which it easily surpasses in performance.
Xeon D 21xx
In February 2018, Intel brings an update of the first Xeon D 15xx series, which was based on the Broadwell architecture. These models called Xeon D21xx have a (new) solder base (BGA2518) and a chipset integrated in the processor package (the performance data according to various Lewisburg variants (C62x)), but this time four DDR4 main memory channels with up to eight DIMM modules and support up to 512 GB RAM, which means that apart from the socket and chipset, these are identical in construction to the Xeon W variants and the third reuse of the Skylake Scalable processor series.
The Xeon D-21xx variants are well above the first generation in terms of their equipment and performance, which is why the classification for "micro servers" or smaller machines now called "edge servers" is questionable. The intended use is mainly limited by the expandability of the main boards and, in addition to small main boards in Flex ATX and Mini-ITX format from Supermicro, there are also larger ones in ATX format from Gigabyte at the time of publication .
Meaning of the code letters in the model names:
- I = Integrated Ethernet
- T = High Temperature up to 90 degrees Celsius
- N = Integrated Ethernet and QuickAssist
Model name | Release | Cores | Turbo Freq. | Base Freq. | L3 cache | TDP | Ethernet |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xeon® D-2191 | ? | 18th | 2.20 GHz | 1.60 GHz | 25 MB | 86 W | - |
Xeon® D-2161I | Q1'18 | 12 | 3.00 GHz | 2.20 GHz | 16.5 MB | 90 W | 4 × 10 GB |
Xeon® D-2141I | 8th | 2.20 GHz | 11 MB | 65 W | |||
Xeon® D-2187NT | 16 | 2.00 GHz | 22 MB | 110 W | |||
Xeon® D-2177NT | 14th | 1.90 GHz | 19 MB | 105 W | |||
Xeon® D-2166NT | 12 | 2.00 GHz | 17 MB | 85 W | |||
Xeon® D-2146NT | 8th | 2.30 GHz | 11 MB | 80 W | |||
Xeon® D-2145NT | 8th | 1.90 GHz | 11 MB | 65 W | |||
Xeon® D-2183IT | 16 | 2.20 GHz | 22 MB | 100 W | |||
Xeon® D-2173IT | 14th | 1.70 GHz | 19 MB | 70 W | |||
Xeon® D-2163IT | 12 | 2.10 GHz | 17 MB | 75 W | |||
Xeon® D-2143IT | 8th | 2.20 GHz | 11 MB | 65 W | |||
Xeon® D-2142IT | 8th | 1.90 GHz | 11 MB | 65 W | |||
Xeon® D-2123IT | 4th | 2.20 GHz | 8 MB | 60 W |
Comparison of Xeon D - Xeon W - Core-X - Scalable Processors
Intel | AMD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xeon SP | Xeon W | Core-X (Skylake) | Xeon D-21xx | Epyc 7000 | Epyc 3000 | Threadripper | |
base | 1−8 × socket 3647 | Base 2066 | Base 2066 | Solder base BGA2518 | 1−2 × SP3 (LGA4094) | SP3 (LGA4094) | TR4 (LGA4094) |
Cores | 4−28 | 4−18 | 6−18 | 4−18 | 8−32 | 4−16 | 8-16 |
Clock rate (GHz) | up to 2.7 / 3.7 | up to 4.5 / 3.7 | 4.0 / 4.3 | up to 2.3 / 3.0 | up to 2.4 / 3.2 | ? /? | 3.8 / 4.0 |
RAM (GByte, max.) | 1536 / base, ECC | 512, ECC | 128, no ECC | 512, ECC | 2048 / base, ECC | 1024 | 128, ??? |
Number RAM channels | 6 × DDR4 | 4 × DDR4 | 4 × DDR4 | 4 × DDR4 | 8 × DDR4 | 4 × DDR4 | 4 × DDR4 |
L3 cache (MB) | 8.25-38.5 | 8.25-24.75 | 8.25-24.75 | 8−25 | 32-64 | 8-16 | 32 |
TDP (W) | 70-205 | 120-140 | 140-165 | 60-110 | 120-180 | 35-100 | 140-180 |
AVX | 2 × AVX-512 | 2 × AVX-512 | 2 × AVX-512 | 1 × AVX-512 | 1 × AVX2 | ||
PCIe 3.0 lanes | 48 | 44 | 28-44 | 32 | 128 | 32-64 | 64 |
Chipset | C620 series | C422 | X299 | C620 series | X399 |
It can be seen that functions of the Scalable Processor series have been removed from the Xeon W as well as the Xeon D and Skylake-X. All three derivatives can increase the number of units sold and reduce scrap, since processors that do not meet the specifications of the upper series can still be used in some cases in the derived series. Since Xeon W, Xeon D and Core-i9-7xxx are intended for single-socket systems, the UPI and OPA links are also not used, as are only four of the six DDR4 main memory channels. This enables the use of a smaller socket 2066 or BGA2518, which reduces the costs for the motherboard. The waste heat (TDP), however, remains in the order of magnitude of the scalable processors, since the same "dies" are the basis, which are operated at similar frequencies. The functions of the competing processor AMD Threadripper are directly comparable with the two derived series. Graphics units are not integrated in any of the processors.
Xeon W is more of the successor to Xeon E3-1xxx v5 and v6, as it offers more cores, more main memory and AVX-512 instructions, but requires different motherboards.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Intel C236 chipset. Retrieved February 6, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel C232 chipset. Retrieved February 6, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel Xeon Gold, Platinum: Skylake-SP for server "mid-summer". Retrieved August 1, 2017 .
- ↑ Volker Rißka: Cascade Lake-X: Skylake-X successor will be available at the end of 2018. December 4, 2017, accessed on May 17, 2018 .
- ↑ Product Brief: Intel® Xeon® Scalable Platform. Retrieved August 1, 2017 .
- ↑ The X86 Battle Lines Drawn With Intel's Skylake Launch. Retrieved August 1, 2017 .
- ↑ Skylake Xeon Platforms Spotted, Purley Makes A Quiet Splash At Computex. Retrieved February 6, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel Skylake Xeon V5 process lineup. Retrieved February 6, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel® Server Board S2600WF Family. Retrieved December 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel Xeon-W workstation processors. Retrieved December 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel Product Specifications - C422 Chipset. Retrieved December 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel® Xeon® W-3175X Processor. Accessed January 31, 2019 .
- ↑ Intel Xeon W-3175X: With 28 cores past Ryzen Threadripper 2000. Accessed January 31, 2019 .
- ↑ Xeon-D-2100-for-Edge-Server. Retrieved February 9, 2018 .
- ↑ Intel sharpens edge-Skylake-Xeon-D. Retrieved February 9, 2018 .
- ↑ Overview of Supermicro motherboards. Retrieved February 9, 2018 .
- ↑ Gigabyte MB51-PS0. Retrieved February 9, 2018 .
- ↑ Intel Xeon-W-Family. Retrieved December 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel Core X Series. Retrieved December 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Xeon D-2100 product letter. Retrieved February 9, 2018 .
- ↑ Intel C620 Series. Retrieved December 10, 2017 .
- ↑ Intel X299 chipset. Retrieved December 10, 2017 .