United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

UNIFIL / FINUL
operation area	Lebanon
German name	United Nations interim force in Lebanon
English name	United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
French name	Force intérimaire des Nations Unies au Liban
Based on UN resolution	425 and 426 (March 19, 1978)
Other UN resolutions	1701 (2006) 2373 (2017)
Type of mission	Peace mission
Beginning	March 1978
status	ongoing
management	Major General Stefano del Col ( since August 7, 2018 )
Operating strength (min.)	about 11,300, of which approx.10,500 soldiers
Operating strength (max.)	15,000
Military out
Deaths	313, including 296 soldiers
costs	$ 483 million (July 2017 to June 2018)
Location of the operational area

UNIFIL MAROPS badge (Task Force 448)

Sisu XA-180 of UNIFIL in southern Lebanon (1998)

United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon ( UNIFIL , German  Interim Force of the United Nations in Lebanon ) is an observer mission to the United Nations in Lebanon . The UNIFIL mission was launched in 1978 and is one of the oldest active UN observer missions. The headquarters has been stationed in Naqura since 1978 .

When they were drawn up in 1978, resolutions 425 and 426 of March 19, 1978 were implemented. The observer mission was originally tasked with confirming the withdrawal of Israeli troops , which Resolution 425 required. It should also serve to restore peace and security in southern Lebanon and ultimately help the Lebanese government regain sovereignty and authority in the area. The tasks of UNIFIL were adapted to the changed situation several times in the following years and the mandate was repeatedly extended.

During the 2006 Lebanon War , UN resolution 1701 was passed on August 11, 2006, which fundamentally expanded the UNIFIL mandate. In contrast to before, the mission is now based on Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations . It is an armed blue helmet mission, which means that the UNIFIL troops can carry out their tasks within the scope of the mandate by force. (In the press this was referred to as a robust mandate .) As part of this mandate, the UN peacekeeping force in southern Lebanon , which has grown from 2,000 to 15,000 men, is to take over the positions occupied by Israel during the Lebanon War in 2006, together with an equally large contingent of the regular army and make sure there are no armed militia roaming the area. For the first time, the blue helmet soldiers were supplemented by naval units. The naval task force is to monitor Lebanon's 225 km long coast and prevent the smuggling of weapons. Based on the resolution, the conflicting parties, Hezbollah and Israel, approved the ceasefire, which came into force on August 14, 2006.

Since August 7, 2018, Italian Major General Stefano Del Col has been in command of UNIFIL.

background

After “ Black September ” 1970, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and its supporters were driven out of Jordan. The PLO had established its new main base for the fight against Israel in Lebanon in southern Lebanon . The organization then created its own structures in southern Lebanon and maintained public facilities such as hospitals and schools. The Palestinian presence and the demographic imbalance caused by the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians was one of the factors behind the Lebanese civil war , which lasted from 1975 to 1990.

On March 11, 1978, an eleven armed force from Fatah landed on a beach north of Tel Aviv . The command hijacked a bus and opened fire on Israeli military installations. All members of the commando and 36 Israelis died in the subsequent chase and shooting. On March 14, three days after the incident known as the coastal road massacre, the Israeli army (Tzahal) marched into Lebanon with 25,000 soldiers and occupied the area south of the Litani River (see Operation Litani ). Between 1,000 and 2,000 Palestinians were killed and around 280,000 displaced.

The Lebanese government, which was confronted with the civil war at the time , protested against the Israeli action and turned to the United Nations Security Council , which in its resolutions 425 and 426 of March 19, 1978, called for the cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of the Israeli troops demanded. At the same time, it was decided to send a reaction force - UNIFIL. The first UNIFIL units derived from stationed in neighboring Syria of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for Separation of Forces were withdrawn (UNDOF), reached the area in southern Lebanon on 23 March 1978. The German Air Force participated with a Transall C-160 at the UN mission and flew Norwegian soldiers to the UNIFIL mission in southern Lebanon.

UNIFIL mission from 1978 to 2006

Although Israel withdrew its troops from Lebanon in 1978, their positions were held by the Israel-backed South Lebanese Army (SLA). In the following years there were fights between the SLA and PLO troops and artillery duels across the border with Israel.

In 1982 the Tzahal invaded Lebanon again (see Lebanon War 1982 ) and occupied large parts of the country. This war made the previous tasks of the troops practically impossible. UNIFIL therefore began to provide humanitarian aid to the population. In the course of this war the PLO was expelled from Lebanon, but in 1983 the Shiite militia " Hezbollah " was founded, which was supported by Iran and later also Syria . In 1985, the Tzahal largely withdrew, but continued to occupy a strip of land in southern Lebanon. Around this strip, known as the security zone, the Tzahal and the SLA, which was actually just a militia, fought with Hezbollah. In the course of this period, Hezbollah repeated actions in Israel.

In 1993, during Operation Responsibility , Tzahal troops marched into Lebanon.

During this and the subsequent Israeli military operation "The Fruits of Wrath " the UN troops were practically overrun and could only provide humanitarian aid. On April 18, 1996, a UNIFIL facility in the village of Kana was hit by Israeli artillery. Of the around 800 refugees who sought protection there, over 100 were killed and around 300 injured. The incident became known as the artillery attack on Cana .

When Israel withdrew its remaining troops from Lebanon in 2000, the SLA collapsed. Due to the changed security situation, the mission was temporarily increased from 4,500 to around 8,000 men. The UNIFIL mission is still stationed in Lebanon today. UNIFIL's tasks include monitoring the ceasefire and clearing mines.

She was also involved in the documentation of the so-called Blue Line . This is a demarcation line that essentially follows the armistice line of 1947, but formally does not represent an international border.

The UNIFIL mandate has been renewed every six months since the Israeli withdrawal. Reasons for this include the ongoing territorial disputes over the Shebaa farms . The United Nations have established that the area belongs to the Israeli occupied Golan Heights , but these are still claimed by Lebanon. (This also results in Hezbollah's claim not to consent to their disarmament as long as Lebanese territory is occupied by Israeli troops.)

Subsequently, the Lebanese government has so far failed to effectively enforce its authority and sovereignty, as well as compliance with public security and peace in southern Lebanon.

During the 2006 Lebanon War, a UNIFIL bunker was destroyed by an Israeli bombing on July 25, 2006. Four unarmed UNTSO military observers from China, Finland, Canada and Austria were killed in the incident .

The then Secretary General of the United Nations , Kofi Annan , then only proposed an extension of UNIFIL's mandate by just one month. This should make it possible to react more flexibly to current developments. On July 31, the Security Council passed Resolution 1697 , which extended the mandate of the blue helmets to August 31, 2006.

resolution	date	object
Resolution 425	March 19, 1978	Establishment of the UNFIL observer mission
Resolution 426	March 19, 1978	"Technical" regulations
Resolution 1310	July 27, 2000	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until January 31, 2001
Resolution 1337	January 30, 2001	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until July 31, 2001
Resolution 1365	July 31, 2001	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until January 31, 2002
Resolution 1391	January 28, 2002	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until July 31, 2002
Resolution 1428	July 30, 2002	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until January 31, 2003
Resolution 1461	January 30, 2003	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until July 31, 2003
Resolution 1496	July 31, 2003	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until January 31, 2004
Resolution 1525	January 30, 2004	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until July 31, 2004
Resolution 1553	July 29, 2004	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until January 31, 2005
Resolution 1583	January 28, 2005	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until July 31, 2005
Resolution 1614	July 29, 2005	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until January 31, 2006
Resolution 1655	January 31, 2006	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until July 31, 2006
Resolution 1697	July 31, 2006	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2006
Resolution 1701	August 11, 2006	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2007
Resolution 1773	August 24, 2007	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2008
Resolution 1832	August 27, 2008	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2009
Resolution 1884	August 27, 2009	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2010
Resolution 1937	August 30, 2010	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2011
Resolution 2004	August 30, 2010	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2012
Resolution 2064	August 30, 2012	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2013
Resolution 2115	29th August 2013	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2014
Resolution 2172	August 26, 2014	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2015
Resolution 2236	August 21, 2015	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2016
Resolution 2305	August 30, 2016	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2017
Resolution 2373	August 30, 2017	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2018
Resolution 2433	August 30, 2018	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2019
Resolution 2485	August 30, 2019	Extension of the UNIFIL mandate until August 31, 2020

Incidents and criticism

Over the years of their existence, the UNIFIL mission's blue helmets have been caught in the crossfire repeatedly, both in terms of criticism and literally, as the observation posts were often at the center of the fighting during the various armed conflicts in the area. Since the troops were first stationed, 258 UN soldiers or civilian UN employees have been killed in accidents or as a result of combat operations.

During the course of the Lebanon war itself, there were repeated attacks on UN personnel, with the attack on an observer post of the UNTSO mission in Chiyam attracting particular attention. A total of seven UN personnel were killed and 12 injured between July 12, when fighting began in the border area and Armistice Day on August 14.

Extended UNIFIL mandate after the 2006 Lebanon War

With the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1701 , the mission was fundamentally expanded both in terms of its mandate and its strength. The mission is therefore informally referred to as UNIFIL II or UNIFIL Plus . In contrast to the original task of the observer force, the soldiers are now equipped with a "robust mandate" under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The resolution introduced by France and the United States is essentially based on the seven-point plan of Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora , which is also informally known as the Siniora plan . A new task for the peacekeeping forces is to prevent arms deliveries to Hezbollah. However, that does not include disarming Hezbollah. According to a Spanish press officer, there are no patrols at night either.

The UN Security Council decided on 27 August 2008, a extension of the mission until the end of August, 2009.

Deployment of blue helmet soldiers in southern Lebanon

Step by step, with the deployment of increased UNIFIL troops and soldiers from the regular Lebanese armed forces, Israel has withdrawn its units from southern Lebanon. On October 1, 2006, the Israeli army reported that all of their soldiers had left Lebanon, but following a UNIFIL report, they had to admit that soldiers were still present north of the border in the divided border town of Ghajar .

France and Italy were the first countries to deploy additional blue helmet soldiers.

On September 3, 2006, Italy had already stationed 480 soldiers from the San Marco Regiment in Tire , the fourth largest city in Lebanon. Overall, Italy will provide the most soldiers with an estimated 2450 soldiers. The French troops are expanded by up to 1,600 soldiers to 2,000 soldiers and carry with them: 13 Leclerc tanks, 30 transport tanks of the type AMX-10P , four 155 mm self -propelled howitzers of the type AMX-30 AuF1 and two high-performance Cobra radars mounted on trucks for detection enemy artillery.

Surveillance of the coast of Lebanon by the naval task force

Tasks and composition of the association

UN naval forces at the start of the operation

nation	Ships	staff
Denmark	1	17th
Germany	7th	636
Greece	1	189
Netherlands	1	154
Sweden	1	40
Turkey	4th	779

On September 9, 2006, the Lebanese government asked UNIFIL for assistance in securing Lebanese maritime borders and entry points. UNIFIL immediately took on this task with an interim maritime task force with ships from Italy, France, Greece and Great Britain under the leadership of the Italian Admiral Giuseppe de Georgi on the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi .

Since October 16, 2006, the Maritime Task Force (MTF) 448 consists of changing ships from different nations. The aim of the mission is the reconnaissance and control of the sea routes within the Lebanese territorial waters and the diversion of the ships in case of suspicion. Other tasks include humanitarian aid, training aid for the Lebanese security forces and military advice to Lebanon.

Monitoring area of ​​the maritime component of UNIFIL

UNIFIL Naval Task Force in the port of Limassol on July 3, 2011

The surveillance area is divided into four zones:

• Zone 1: Along the Lebanese coast to a depth of 12 nm nm to 50th
• Zone 2: The twelve nautical mile zone from the height of the Litani River to the border with Israel.
• Zone 3: From the border with Syria to the height of the Litani River at a depth of 6 nm to 12 nm.
• Zone 4: The six nautical mile zone from the border with Syria to the level of the Litani River.

In zones two, three and four, operations by the naval task force are only possible if requested by Lebanon and when a ship is in pursuit. However, there are agreements with the Lebanese government that UNIFIL may independently monitor the entire ship traffic for the time being, even without a request from the Lebanese government. For example, on November 1, the Lebanese government gave the UN control of shipping in zone four.

At the request of the United Nations, Germany led the MTF until February 29, 2008. Thereafter, leadership was transferred to the European Maritime Force (EUROMARFOR), initially under Italian leadership.

German participation in the Maritime Task Force (MTF) 448

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , October 15 to November 15, 2006 Flagship of the UNIFIL Marine Operations Association

After the German Federal Government had already decided on September 13, 2006 for up to 2,400 soldiers to participate in the UNIFIL mission in Lebanon, the German Bundestag also voted in favor on September 20, 2006. The deployment should initially last until August 31, 2007. By resolution of the German Bundestag, most recently on June 14, 2018, the mission was extended to June 30, 2019. The core mandate remains unchanged. For the mandate period 2017/2018, similar to 2016/2017, additional expenses of around 28 million euros are forecast.

The navy initially dispatched two frigates of classes 122 and 123, four speedboats of the Gepard class and two supply ships (1 task force supplier of class 702 and 1 tender of class 404 ). A fleet service boat supported the association as a national contribution outside of the UN subordination. The Bundeswehr and other armed forces involved set up a logistical base in Limassol , Cyprus, for land support, and several Sea King helicopters were stationed in Pafos, western Cyprus . Units of naval protection forces were deployed to secure the logistical base set up in Limassol and to support the self-protection of ships and boats at sea .

The German units were not exchanged as whole contingents, but alternately. The speedboats were replaced by anti-mine boats (hollow rod diving boats and mine-hunting boats). The German Navy completely replaced entire crews in order to make full use of the possible downtime of the boats in the operational area without unnecessary transfers. Currently and for the foreseeable future, the German Navy is involved in UNIFIL with corvettes of the BRAUNSCHWEIG class (K130) and a crew of around 60 soldiers.

Incidents

• On September 28, 2006, Israeli troops were stopped by French UNIFIL troops in front of the Lebanese village of Marwahin.
• On October 19, Alain Pellegrini expressed his wish to change the UNIFIL rules of engagement in a press conference in order to prevent Israeli overflights of Lebanon. Israel justified its military flights over Lebanon by stating that the Lebanese Hezbollah would not be disarmed and that there were indications of arms supplies to them.
• On October 24, several Israeli F-16s fired two shots in the air and fired decoys over the German fleet service boat Alster . The ship was in international waters, about 100 kilometers from the coast. In addition, a helicopter with Admiral Andreas Krause on board was approached by Israeli fighter planes on its flight to the UN headquarters. The two defense ministers responsible, Franz Josef Jung and Amir Peretz, are said to have had a sharp telephone conversation.
• On the night of October 26-27, another incident occurred in which Israeli F-16 fighter-bombers came dangerously close to a German naval helicopter.
• On November 9, 2006, French Defense Minister Michèle Alliot-Marie announced in the National Assembly that on October 31, several Israeli F-15s had targeted French Unifil positions "in a nosedive". The Israeli ambassador was summoned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He explained the incident as a misinterpretation of the intentions of the Israeli pilots. Amir Peretz added that only the return of the kidnapped Israeli soldiers will lead to the end of the flights over Lebanon. However, since November 23, the French leadership gave their troops direct permission to react to Israeli fighter planes with violence if soldiers from the Unifil protection force felt threatened. In addition, the French contingent brought the air defense they had brought with them since the beginning of the mission into position to 'prevent the illegal overflights'. There therefore does not seem to have been an agreement between France and Israel.
• There are also reports of an incident with Hezbollah. For example, some time before October 25, 2006, Hezbollah prevented a Spanish mine clearance squad from continuing their journey.
• On April 30, 2007, an Israeli speedboat headed for the frigate Lower Saxony at high speed . The day before, an Israeli drone approached a Swedish speedboat. On May 9, 2007, several Israeli fighter planes flew to the frigate Lower Saxony. All three incidents were confirmed by the Bundeswehr operations command .
• On June 17, 2007, four Katyusha rockets were launched from the Lebanese town of Taibeh , one of which fell on Lebanese territory and two or three on Kirjat Shmona . No one was injured in the attack, the origin of which is unknown.
• Three Spaniards and three Colombians in Spanish service were killed in a remote-controlled explosion near Chiyam when the patrol armored vehicle passed by on June 24, 2007.

Protection of cultural property

In April 2019 there was a cultural property protection mission of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon with Blue Shield International . The President of Blue Shield International, Karl von Habsburg, explained the connection between the destruction of cultural assets and the causes of flight : “Cultural assets are part of the identity of the people who live in a certain place. If you destroy their culture, you also destroy their identity. Many people are uprooted, often no longer have any prospects and as a result flee from their homeland. "

statistics

• Participating countries (even only temporarily): Belgium , China , Finland , France , Ghana , India , Ireland , Italy , Norway , Poland and Spain , from October 2006 additionally: Bulgaria , Denmark , Germany , Greece , the Netherlands , Sweden and Turkey . Since the end of November 2011, Austria has also been involved in the deployment in southern Lebanon with 160 armed forces .
• From November 2011 to July 2012, 14 officers from East Timor took part in UNIFIL as part of the Portuguese contingent . It was the first time that the Southeast Asian country took part in a UN mission.
• Previously involved countries: Fiji , Ukraine
• Personnel: 1990 soldiers, 50 UNTSO military observers , 95 international civilians, 304 local civilians.
• Current Commander: Major General Stefano del Col ( Italy )
• Annual budget: around $ 100 million (as of May 31, 2006)
• Losses: 249 soldiers, 6 military observers, 8 civil employees.

UNIFIL commanders

No.	Surname	nationality	Beginning of the appointment	End of appointment	Remarks
01.	Major General Emmanuel A. Erskine	Ghana	March 1978	February 1981	Also twice Commander UNTSO .
02.	Lieutenant General William Callaghan	Ireland	February 1981	May 1986	Previously also Commander UNTSO .
03.	Major General Gustav Hägglund	Finland	June 1986	June 1988	Later chairman of the European Union Military Committee .
04th	Major General Lars-Eric Wahlgren	Sweden	July 1988	February 1993	Later also Force Commander UNPROFOR .
05.	Major General Trond Furuhovde	Norway	February 1993	February 1995
06th	Brigadier General Stanisław Franciszek Woźniak	Poland	April 1995	October 1997
07th	Major General Jioje Konousi Koronte	Fiji	February 1997	September 1999	Previously Deputy Force Commander.
08th.	Interim: Brigadier General James Sreenan	Ireland	September 30, 1999	December 1, 1999	Deputy Force Commander.
09.	Major General Seth Kofi Obeng	Ghana	November 16, 1999	May 15, 2001	Previously Deputy Force Commander ECOMOG Liberia and Force Commander MONUA .
10.	Brigadier General Ganesan Athmanathan	India	May 15, 2001	August 17, 2001
11.	Major General Lalit Mohan Tewari	India	August 17, 2001	February 17, 2004	Previously Chief Military Observer ONUCA .
12.	Major General Alain Pellegrini	France	February 17, 2004	February 2, 2007
13.	Major General Claudio Graziano	Italy	February 2, 2007	January 28, 2010	Later chairman of the European Union Military Committee.
14th	Major General Alberto Asarta Cuevas	Spain	January 28, 2010	January 28, 2012
15th	Major General Paolo Serra	Italy	January 28, 2012	July 24, 2014
16.	Major General Luciano Portolano	Italy	July 24, 2014	19th July 2016
17th	Major General Michael Beary	Ireland	19th July 2016	7th August 2018	Previously also Force Commander EUTM Somalia .
18th	Major General Stefano Del Col	Italy	7th August 2018	officiating	Previously Sector Commander of Sector West at UNIFIL from 2014–2015.

Maritime Task Force commanders 448

No.	Surname	nationality	Beginning	The End
01.	Ammiraglio di Divisione Giuseppe De Giorgi	Italy	September 9, 2006	October 16, 2006
02.	Flotilla Admiral Andreas Krause	Germany	October 16, 2006	March 18, 2007
03.	Flotilla Admiral Karl-Wilhelm Bollow	Germany	March 18, 2007	September 25, 2007
04th	Flotilla Admiral Hans-Christian Luther	Germany	September 25, 2007	February 29, 2008
05.	Contrammiraglio Ruggiero di Biase	Italy	February 29, 2008	September 2008
06th	Contre-amiral Alain Hinden	France	September 2008	November 15, 2008
07th	Contre-amiral Kérignard	France	November 15, 2008	March 1, 2009
08th.	Contre-amiral Jean-Thierry Pynoo	Belgium	March 1, 2009	May 30, 2009
09.	Contrammiraglio Ruggiero di Biase	Italy	May 30, 2009	September 1, 2009
10.	Flotilla Admiral Jürgen Mannhardt	Germany	September 1, 2009	December 1, 2009
11.	Contrammiraglio Paolo Sandali	Italy	December 1, 2009	February 1, 2011
12.	Contra-almirante Luiz Henrique Caroli	Brazil	February 1, 2011	February 2012
13.	Contra-almirante Wagner Lopes de Moraes Zamith	Brazil	February 2012	February 2013
14th	Contra-almirante Joese de Andrade Bandeira Leandro	Brazil	February 2013	February 2014
15th	Contra-almirante Walter Eduardo Bombarda	Brazil	February 2014	February 2015
16.	Contra-almirante Flavio Macedo Brasil	Brazil	February 26, 2015	February 2016
17th	Contra-almirante Claudio Henrique Mello de Almeida	Brazil	February 2016	February 27, 2017
18th	Contra-almirante Sergio Fernando de Amaral Chaves Jr.	Brazil	February 27, 2017	February 2018
19th	Contra-almirante Eduardo Machado Vazquez	Brazil	February 2018	February 28, 2019
20th	Contra-almirante Eduardo Augusto Wieland	Brazil	February 28, 2019	February 28, 2019
21st	Contra-almirante Sergio Renato Berna Salgueirinho	Brazil	February 29, 2020	officiating

References

Web links

Commons : United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon  - Multimedia content

 Wikinews: UNIFIL Portal  - in the news

• Official website of UNIFIL (English)
• UNIFIL MAR OPS - Maritime component of the UNIFIL mission
• German ships and boats at UNIFIL currently
• Map with the locations of the UNIFIL II mission (French)
• Welkom bij Unifil - Veel informatie, bijzondere informatie, interviews en veel meer (Dutch)
• Matthias Korfmann: German naval ships are looking for weapons off Beirut. derwesten.de, February 26, 2012, accessed on February 1, 2019 . 

literature

• Sebastian Bruns: UNIFIL's Maritime Task Force and Germany's Contribution . In: Bernhard Chiari (Hrsg.): Mission abroad. The latest military history at the interface between historical science, politics, the public and the armed forces (=  latest military history. Analyzes and studies ). tape 1 . Rombach, Freiburg i.Br., Berlin, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-7930-9694-8 (published on behalf of the Military History Research Office ).
• Sebastian Bruns, Jasna Makdissi: Maritime Task Farce? The UNIFIL commitment to the test . In: European Security . April 2010, p. 82-84 .
• Bernhard Chiari, Dieter H. Kollmer (Ed.): Guide to history: Middle East . Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn, Munich, Vienna, Zurich 2007, ISBN 978-3-506-76371-6 , pp. 264 (published on behalf of the Military History Research Office).
• Franz Hammerbacher: Naqoura. Miniatures. Edition Korrespondenzen, Vienna 2018, ISBN 978-3-902951-22-9 .
• Ron de Vos: Only children cry . Lemmens, Valkenburg aan de Geul 2007, ISBN 978-90-77490-16-7 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Mission Leadership. UN, 2017, accessed July 29, 2017 . 
2. ↑ Ulrike Putz: The worst enemy is boredom. In: Spiegel online. October 30, 2006, accessed November 3, 2017 . 
3. ^ Italian UNIFIL soldiers in Lebanon. (No longer available online.) In: az-online.ch. Archived from the original on December 1, 2002 ; Retrieved November 3, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ Opération Baliste - renforcement de la UNIFIL. In: defense.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on November 28, 2006 ; Retrieved November 3, 2017 (French). 
5. ↑ UNIFIL Maritime Task Force is operational. (PDF) UNIFIL, October 16, 2006, archived from the original on October 17, 2006 ; accessed on November 3, 2017 (English). 
6. ↑ The four zones of the operational area. In: Der Tagesspiegel. November 3, 2006, accessed November 3, 2017 . 
7. ↑ Robust only in criticism. In: Der Tagesspiegel. October 29, 2006, archived from the original on January 17, 2017 ; Retrieved November 3, 2017 . 
8. ↑ March 1 to July 12, 2007 the crews of the speed boats P6129 / S79 Wiesel and P6123 / S73 Hermelin on P6127 / S77 Dachs and P6130 / S 80 Hyäne, 1./7. February 2008 to June 5, 2008 crews of the hollow rod steering boat M1092 Hamelin and mine hunting boat M1099 Herten on M 1093 Auerbach / Oberpfalz and M 1095 Überherrn
9. ↑ UNIFIL tanks block IDF force. Ynetnews, September 28, 2006, accessed November 3, 2017 . 
10. ^ UNIFIL suggests force against Israel. In: The Australian. October 20, 2006, archived from the original on October 24, 2006 ; accessed on November 3, 2017 (English). 
11. ↑ Doubts about the Israeli version are growing. In: tagesschau.de archive. October 26, 2006, accessed November 3, 2017 . 
12. ↑ Peter Blechschmidt: Middle East deployment of the Bundeswehr - FDP: government has deceived parliament. In: Süddeutsche. October 27, 2006, archived from the original on May 22, 2008 ; Retrieved November 3, 2017 . 
13. ↑ Israeli fighter bombers harass German army helicopters. In: Süddeutsche. May 17, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2017 . 
14. ↑ More IAF flights reported over Lebanon. In: Jerusalem Post. November 9, 2006, accessed November 3, 2017 . 
15. ↑ France allows defensive fire. In: ntv. November 23, 2006, accessed November 3, 2017 . 
16. ↑ faz.de: Alarm in Paris
17. ↑ tagesspiegel.de: Another incident with the Israeli air force
18. ↑ Jerusalem Post : “Up to 4 Katyusha rockets fired at northern Israel; none hurt ”  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , June 17, 2007  
19. ↑ United Nations : "Security Council, Ban Ki-moon condemn deadly attack on UN peacekeepers" , June 25, 2007
20. ↑ Financial Times Deutschland : “UN holds fast to Unifil mission” ( Memento of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), June 25, 2007
21. ^ Karl von Habsburg on a mission in Lebanon. Retrieved July 19, 2019 . 
22. ↑ Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - United Nations Peacekeeping, April 12, 2019.
23. ^ The Daily Star, May 17, 2011, East Timor to send 14 soldiers to join UNIFIL
24. ↑ Wolfgang Paterno: Franz Hammerbacher: Flosse hoch. In: profile. January 8, 2013, accessed March 7, 2019 . 
25. ↑ Franz Hammersbacher, Naqoura, miniatures. In: Edition Korrespondenzen. Retrieved March 7, 2019 .