Pennsylvania Turnpike
The Pennsylvania Turnpike (short PA Turnpike or Penna Turnpike ) is a toll road in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States . The road is part of the interstate highway system and runs for a total of 579.51 kilometers from the border with the state of Ohio at North Beaver Township , Pennsylvania, to the border with New Jersey at Bristol Township , Pennsylvania, in the metropolitan area of Delaware Valley . The Pennsylvania Turnpike runs along the route of several interstate highways.
Construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike began in the 1930s to connect the metropolitan regions around the larger cities of Pittsburgh , Harrisburg and Philadelphia and to develop the inland sparsely populated areas around the Appalachians . The first section of the Turnpike between Irwin and Carlisle was opened on October 1, 1940, making the Pennsylvania Turnpike one of the oldest longer highways in the United States and serving as a model for the planning of other similar roads. After the end of the Second World War , further construction work was carried out on the turnpike until the current route was completed in 1956.
In addition to the main route between the Ohio and New Jersey borders, Interstate 476 between the start of the road at Clarks Summit and the Mid-County Interchange is also dedicated as part of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. This part of the road has a total length of a further 177.99 kilometers and connects the metropolitan region of Delaware Valley with the cities of Wilkes-Barre and Scranton , whereby the metropolitan regions of Wyoming Valley and Lehigh Valley are opened up by the highway . The line was laid out from the 1970s and completed in December 1992. Until 1996, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension was dedicated as Pennsylvania Route 9 .
course
Western extension
The Pennsylvania Turnpike begins on the Ohio State border in Lawrence County as a continuation of the Ohio Turnpike . From its beginning, the Turnpike runs as a four-lane road to the southeast, at this point the Pennsylvania Turnpike is identical to Interstate 76 . The freeway runs through rural areas around the town of New Castle . Immediately after the state line between Ohio and Pennsylvania, the toll begins with the first toll booth . Then the Pennsylvania Turnpike crosses the border to Beaver County , there is the first junction of the turnpike on Interstate 376 (Beaver Valley Expressway), which leads to Hermitage and Pittsburgh.
Later in a connection is made of the Pennsylvania Turnpike to the Pennsylvania Route 18 , before the road over the Beaver River Bridge to Beaver River crossing. Then Interstate 76 runs through Butler County . In the city of Cranberry Township , the Pennsylvania Turnpike separates the inhabited urban area from a larger industrial area with retail stores, there are also connections to Interstate 79 to Erie and to US Highway 19 . A few kilometers from Warrendale there is another toll booth. The Pennsylvania Turnpike then runs through the Allegheny County area through predominantly rural areas. In the area of Hampton Township there is a connection to Pennsylvania Route 8 and later at Harmar Township to Pennsylvania Route 28 . From this point the Pennsylvania Turnpike becomes six lanes and crosses the Allegheny River south of Cheswick .
After the bridge over the Allegheny River, the Pennsylvania Turnpike becomes four-lane again. In Monroeville , a northern suburb of Pittsburgh, there is an interchange with Interstate 376 and US Highway 22 with connection to the city of Pittsburgh, around which Interstate 76 / Pennsylvania Turnpike leads east. The freeway crosses into Westmoreland County and intersects with US Highway 30 at Irwin .
Irwin to Carlisle
After the intersection with US Highway 30, the Pennsylvania Turnpike initially continues south and is expanded to six lanes. After a little over three miles, the road bends east and reaches the city of New Stanton , where the turnpike intersects US Highway 119 and Pennsylvania Route 66 . The Pennsylvania Turnpike is narrowed again to four lanes after New Stanton and runs from this point on the route of Interstate 76 and Interstate 70 coming from the west at this point , which runs on the same route as Interstate 76 here. In the village of Donegal , a junction follows Pennsylvania Route 31 . The Pennsylvania Turnpike then crosses Laurel Hill and leads to Somerset County .
The Pennsylvania Turnpike passes the city of Somerset north. Although the route is crossed here by US Highway 219 , there is no direct connection to it, the highway can only be reached via the connection to Pennsylvania Route 601 . The Allegheny Mountains begin east of Somerset and the Pennsylvania Turnpike first crosses them through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel . The freeway goes into Bedford County . In Bedford , a larger junction is connected to terminals at the southern end of Interstate 99 and Highway US 30 and 220 .
On the further course to the east the Pennsylvania Turnpike crosses the city of Breezewood , there the Interstate 70 splits off again from the Pennsylvania Turnpike and leads north, while the turnpike continues on the course of the Interstate 76 to the east. The highway leads into Fulton County and near Fort Littleton a junction with US Highway 522 , which runs parallel to the Pennsylvania Turnpike from here. In Huntingdon County , the Pennsylvania Turnpike passes under Tuscarora Mountain and continues into Franklin County . There the motorway first crosses Kittatinny Mountain and immediately afterwards Blue Mountain. In Cumberland County , the Pennsylvania Turnpike reaches the city of Carlisle with an intersection with US Highway 11 and Interstate 81 after a roughly 40-kilometer, almost dead-straight course .
Harrisburg to Valley Forge
The eastern extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike begins beyond Carlisle. In Mechanicsburg , the turnpike joins US Highway 15 . Interstate 76 runs south around Harrisburg and crosses the suburbs of the city in York County . After connecting to Interstate 83 near New Cumberland , the Pennsylvania Turnpike passes Capital City Airport and crosses the Susquehanna River . Behind the bridge, the Turnpike runs through Dauphin County . In Lower Swarata Township, the Pennsylvania Turnpike crosses Interstate 283 and passes Harrisburg International Airport . In the further course predominantly rural areas follow. After a short walk through Lebanon County , Interstate 76 leads into Lancaster County .
In the vicinity of the city of Manheim , the Pennsylvania Turnpike is linked to Pennsylvania Route 72 in the direction of Lancaster and to US Highway 322 . East of Denver there is a connection to Pennsylvania Route 272 and US Highway 222 between Lancaster and Reading . The Pennsylvania Turnpike leads into Berks County to Morgantown , where Interstate 76 intersects with Interstate 176 to Reading. In Chester County , the Pennsylvania Turnpike finally runs southeast and later east again to the Delaware Valley metropolitan area that begins there . At Malvern there is a connection via the E-ZPass toll system to Pennsylvania Route 29 and via this to US Highway 202 . The Pennsylvania Turnpike leads into Montgomery County . In the Valley Forge settlement, the Pennsylvania Turnpike passes a major transportation hub with interchanges on US Highways 202 and 422 . Interstate 76 leaves the course of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which now runs eastward on Interstate 276 .
Interstate 276 and Delaware Valley
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As Interstate 276, the Pennsylvania Turnpike first runs through King of Prussia and immediately past the King of Prussia Mall , the largest shopping mall in the United States by sales area. South of Norristown , the Pennsylvania Turnpike crosses the Schuylkill River . The freeway continues through industrial areas and after four kilometers comes to an interchange with Interstate 476 , which leads to Chester and Allentown . In Fort Washington there is a junction on Pennsylvania Route 309 , about two kilometers further there is a connection for holders of E-ZPass transponders to Virginia Drive. In Willow Grove, there is a connection to the inner-city Pennsylvania Route 611 and later in Neshaminy to US Highway 1 .
Interstate 276 is then narrowed again to four lanes and ends at Newportville at a junction with Interstates 95 and 295 . The Pennsylvania Turnpike continues on Interstate 95. In the city of Bristol Township, the Pennsylvania Turnpike has a connection to US Highway 13 , and after a further two kilometers, the route crosses the Delaware River . The Pennsylvania Turnpike ends there on the border with New Jersey and continues as the New Jersey Turnpike .
Northeast Extension (I-476)
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Interstate 476 begins as an extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike System at the Mid-County Interchange junction north of Plymouth Meeting and runs north from there, while the south-facing portion of the Interstate Highway is not part of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Extension. The route runs through other suburbs of Philadelphia and reaches its first junction with Pennsylvania Route 63 at Lansdale . After this connection the highway begins to lead again through rural farm area. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension leads into the Bucks County and comes near Quakertown to a connection to the Pennsylvania Route 663. In its further course the highway leads into the Lehigh County and into the metropolitan area Lehigh Valley . In the city of Wescosville south of Allentown , Interstate 476 meets a traffic junction with US Highway 222 (Fred Jaindl Memorial Highway), which also offers a direct connection to Interstate 78 (Walter J. Dealtrey Memorial Highway).
Just about one kilometer further north is another junction on US Highway 22. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension runs as a bypass west around Allentown. In its further course Interstate 476 leads into the area of the Pocono Mountains and crosses them through the Lehigh Tunnel . Behind the tunnel, the route initially runs parallel to the Lehigh River and finally crosses it, and immediately behind it there is a junction with US Highway 209 . The Northeast Extension has a junction with Pennsylvania Route 903 that is only usable for E-ZPass vehicles , after which the course of the highway begins through Hickory Run State Park . In the Kidder Township area , Interstate 476 is crossed by Interstate 80 , but changing between the two highways is only possible via the interchange on Pennsylvania Route 940.
Over the next twenty kilometers, Interstate 476 crosses the Lehigh River again, then the Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension runs west past the town of Wilkes-Barre . The city is accessible from the freeway via Pennsylvania Routes 115 and 315. Between the suburbs of Dupont and Moosic , Interstate 81, coming from the southwest, runs parallel to the Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension, with Wilkes-Barre / Scranton International Airport partially between the routes. After the airport, Interstate 81 eventually crosses Interstate 476, but there is no connection. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension passes the town of Scranton to the west . At Clarks Summit , Interstate 476 first crosses US Highway 11 and then makes a bend south. After the tollbooth that follows, the Pennsylvania Northeast Turnpike Extension initially joins Interstate 81, after another 300 meters the freeway ends at a freeway triangle with US Highway 11.
toll
On the section of the route between the Warrendale and Neshaminy Falls toll stations, tolls are collected via a ticket system. The drivers receive an invoice with the prices for the individual motorway sections, when they leave the motorway this ticket is issued and the totaled toll for the exits passed is added up. The flat-rate toll can be charged in cash, by card payment or via the electronic E-ZPass system. There are no tolls between the Gateway and Warrendale interchanges and between Neshaminy Falls and the end of the road at Bristol Township. The toll stations at the junctions on Pennsylvania Route 29 and on Virgina Drive in Dresher can only be passed by drivers with E-ZPass transponders, as these toll stations are not manned and do not provide for cash payments.
In 2019, the cost of a ride on the Pennsylvania Turnpike between Warrendale and Neshaminy is $ 50.40 when paying in cash and $ 36.20 when using the road with an E-ZPass. A toll of US $ 7.90 is payable for using the western extension to Gateway, the crossing of the Delaware River via the Delaware River Bridge, which is subject to tolls, costs US $ 7.20; here, too, there are toll discounts when using the E-ZPass . Since 2009, tolls have been raised annually by the highway operator, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commision.
Resting places
There are 15 highway rest stops on the entire Pennsylvania Turnpike plus two other rest stops along the northern upgraded route. Each rest stop has restaurants from larger system catering companies such as Burger King , Subway , Sbarro , Roy Rogers Restaurants, Auntie Anne's, Hershey's Ice Cream, Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits and Starbucks , gas stations and convenience shops from A-Plus . Some rest areas also have ATMs and tourist information . Farmers ' markets are also held at rest stops in New Stanton and Sideling Hill, depending on the season . The rest area in North Midway is operated by Energy Transfer Partners; all other rest areas are owned by HMSHost .
Over the course of the history of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, highway rest stops have been closed and new ones opened. Two original rest areas in Laurel Hill and New Baltimore were closed in the 1950s after the routing of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was relocated, in return for the opening of the rest area in Sideling Hill. In 1980 the rest stops in Denver, Pleasant Valley and Mechanicsburg were sold, and the Path Valley rest stop was closed in 1983 after falling sales and because of its proximity to the Sideling Hill rest stop. The Brandyvine rest area was demolished and rebuilt in 1990, the Butler rest area had to give way to the toll station at Warrendale in 2002.
In 2006, the rest area operator HMSHost began to build numerous rest areas, starting in Oakmont . The rest areas North Somerset and Sideling Hill opened in 2008, New Stanton in 2009, King of Prussia 2010, Lawn and Bowmansville 2011, South Somerset, Blue Mountain and Plainfield in 2012, South Midway and Highspire in 2013 and the remaining rest areas in 2015. The rest stops in Hempfield Township and Neshaminy were demolished in 2007 for the construction of new junctions.
history
prehistory
Before the establishment of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the infrastructure development of Pennsylvania was carried out in particular by rail. In 1854 the Pennsylvania Railroad between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia was completed. In the 1880s, a railway line was built for the Southern Pennsylvania Railroad with nine tunnels through the Allegheny Mountains and a bridge over the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg. After the invention of the automobile, the train was slowly replaced as a means of transport, but the sparsely populated center of Pennsylvania was hardly accessible by roads. The plans for the construction of an expressway over the Allegheny Mountains began in 1934 under the direction of William Sutherland and Victor Lecoq. The German autobahns and the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut served as models for the Pennsylvania Turnpike .
Construction and opening of the main route
Construction of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was approved on May 21, 1937. The planned section had a length of 261 kilometers and should lead from Irwin to Middlesex Township . On October 27, 1938, construction began on the first section between Irwin and Carlisle . The opening of the line was scheduled for May 1, 1940. In the following time, the construction contracts for the individual construction phases were put out to tender. On August 31, 1939, the asphalting of the route began; around two kilometers of the route were completed per day. Due to the paving work, however, the expansion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was delayed, so that the opening date was later postponed to June 29, 1940, as no paving work could be carried out in the winter months. The opening date was later postponed again to October 1, 1940.
Around 700,000 tons of sand, 1,100,000 tons of stone, 46,000 tons of steel and more than 270,000 tons of cement were used to build the main route of the Pennsylvania Turnpike alone. A total of 18,000 workers were involved in the construction of the motorway, 19 of whom were killed during the construction work.
The Pennsylvania Turnpike was opened to traffic on October 1, 1940 at midnight. Within the first 15 days after the opening, the Turnpike was already passed by over 150,000 vehicles, a very high volume of traffic for the time. Collecting tolls raised approximately $ 3 million in the first year after opening. In the years that followed, revenue from the Turnpike declined due to developments in World War II , before increasing again since the end of the war. When it opened, the Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first toll highway in the United States. The road is an important link between the American East Coast and the Midwest and has reduced travel time between the cities of Pittsburgh and Harrisburg by over three hours from six to just two and a half hours.
Extensions
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Even before construction of the main line began, an extension of the already planned line to Philadelphia was discussed. In 1940, then Pennsylvania Governor Arthur Horace James approved the expansion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike eastwards. In 1941, the cost of building the line was estimated at $ 40 million to $ 50 million. The financial means for the expansion were available from 1948. The plans envisaged an extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike from Carlise to US Route 202 at King of Prussia and then a route to downtown Philadelphia. The groundbreaking ceremony for the expansion was on September 28, 1948.
Since the extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike passed through less mountainous terrain behind Carlisle, less earthworks were required to build the Turnpike than to build the main route. However, the expansion required the construction of several larger road bridges over the Susquehanna River and Swatara Creek . The Susquehanna River Bridge was not given a hard shoulder for cost reasons . The originally planned opening date on October 1, 1950 had to be postponed to November 20, 1950, as due to weather conditions and a strike by the cement workers, construction work was temporarily impossible.
In 1941, Governor James also discussed an extension towards the Ohio border. On October 24, 1949, construction began on the western extension of the Turnpike. As with the eastern extension of the motorway, several large road bridges over the Beaver River and the Allegheny River had to be constructed on the western extension . On August 7, 1951, the section between Irwin and Pittsburgh was opened to traffic, the section between the toll booth at Gateway and the Ohio border was opened on December 26, 1951. On the border, the Pennsylvania Turnpike ended in a field until the end was connected to the newly built Ohio Turnpike on December 1, 1954.
1951 began with the planning for a connection between the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the New Jersey Turnpike . In May of the same year, the expansion to the Delaware River was approved by the then governor John Sydney Fine . The route for the expansion, which was to lead north around the city of Philadelphia, was announced in 1952. For the construction of the route section 65 million US dollars were made available, on November 20, 1952 construction work began. A bridge over the Schuylkill River also had to be built on the section between Valley Forge and the Delaware River , as was the case with the construction of the Susquehanna River Bridge, for reasons of cost there was no hard shoulder. On August 23, 1954, the extension to the Delaware River was completed and the section between King of Prussia and US Highway 611 at Willow Grove was opened to traffic, the remainder of the route was opened on November 17, 1954.
In April 1954, $ 233 million was made available for the construction of the Delaware River Bridge and the connection of the Pennsylvania Turnpike with the New Jersey Turnpike. The foundation stone for the bridge was laid on June 26, 1954 in Florence , New Jersey. The arch bridge opened on May 23, 1956, and the opening ceremony was attended by the two governors of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, George Michael Leader and Robert B. Meyner . The bridge was originally designed to have six lanes with three lanes in each direction of travel, later the bridge was reduced to four lanes by converting one lane to a hard shoulder. The final completion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike made it possible for motorists to drive from New York City on a continuous road to Chicago .
Dedications
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In August 1957, the Bureau of Public Roads distributed numbers on the Pennsylvania Turnpike for the first time as part of the introduction of the Interstate Highway system. On June 26, 1958, almost the entire route between North Beaver Township and the King of Prussia was dedicated as Interstate 80S , and the section between Pittsburgh and Breezewood was also given the number 70. The remainder of the Pennsylvania Turnpike between King of Prussia and the end of the road in Bristol Township received the dedication as Interstate 280 .
In April 1963, the state of Pennsylvania announced the rededication of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The reason for the name change was the fact that the Pennsylvania Turnpike does not meet Interstate 80 at any point , as the previous names might suggest. On February 26, 1964, Interstate 80S on the section between Pittsburgh and King of Prussia was named Interstate 76 and Interstate 280 became Interstate 276 . Seven years later, in 1971, Interstate 80S was completely canceled and the section between the Ohio border and the city of Pittsburgh became Interstate 76.
The Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension was designated Pennsylvania Route 9 in 1980. On November 1, 1996, the route was added to the interstate highway system and was given the number 476.
Speed limits
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Speed limit on the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1942 and 2014.
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At the time of opening, the Pennsylvania Turnpike had no speed limits, with the exception of the tunnels, which had a maximum speed of 55 kilometers per hour. A first general speed limit was introduced in 1941, with a limit of 115 kilometers (70 miles) per hour for passenger cars and 80 to 105 kilometers (50 to 65 miles) per hour for trucks . During the Second World War, the speed limit of 55 kilometers per hour, which is valid for the entire United States, was introduced, and this limit was raised again after the war.
Due to an accumulation of traffic accidents, the speed limit on the stretch between the start of the road to Breezewood was lowered to 95 kilometers per hour in 1953, but this measure was reversed shortly afterwards. With the passage of the National Maximum Speed Law in 1974, the maximum speed on the Pennsylvania Turnpike was reduced to 90 kilometers, or 55 miles per hour. In 1995 the limit was raised again to 105 kilometers (65 miles) per hour. Since July 22, 2014, the section between the Blue Mountain Tunnel and the junction in Morgantown has been allowed to drive 115 kilometers per hour again. On May 3, 2016, the speed limit was raised to 115 km / h on almost the entire route, with the exception of construction sites, tunnels, toll stations, the section in front of the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel and the section between Bensalem and the Delaware River Bridge.
After completion
Due to the increasing volume of traffic, the bottlenecks in the two-lane tunnels in the Allegheny Mountains became a major problem from the late 1950s. In the summer months, long traffic jams often formed in front of the tunnels. In 1959, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission commissioned several studies to improve traffic conditions. In the following year the Turnpike Commission announced the construction of a second tube in the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel and a bypass around the Laurel Hill Tunnel. The construction was approved in 1962, and the new bypass was opened on October 30, 1964 after construction costs of 7.5 million US dollars. The drilling for a second tunnel tube in the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel began on September 6, 1962, and the tunnel was reopened on August 25, 1966. The renovation costs here were about 12 million US dollars.
In 1965, the construction of a second tunnel tube for the Tuscarora Mountain Tunnel, the Kittantiny Mountain Tunnel and the Blue Mountain Tunnel was announced. The Rays Hill and Sideling Hill Tunnels were to be replaced by a bypass around 22 kilometers long. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission sold $ 77.5 million in bonds to fund this construction project. The new construction began at the motorway junction near Breezewood and partly followed US Highway 30. On November 26, 1968, the bypass around the Rays Hill Tunnel and the Sideling Hill Tunnel was opened to traffic. The Cove Hill rest area on the old route has been replaced by the Sideling Hill rest area.
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From 1969, plans began to widen the Pennsylvania Turnpike due to the increasing volume of traffic on the route. The number of lanes should be increased from four to eight lanes. Due to the estimated construction costs of 1.1 billion US dollars and the oil crisis in 1973 , these plans were quickly discarded. In the following time, the traffic on the Pennsylvania Turnpike decreased again due to the oil crisis and the opening of Interstate 80 . On December 2, 1981, truck lanes were set up near New Baltimore because they drive very slowly due to the incline there. Between 1985 and 1987, the Pennsylvania Turnpike was expanded to six lanes on the section between Valley Forge and Philadelphia. The cost of widening was approximately $ 120 million. In March 1989, planning began for the construction of an interstate on Interstate 476, which was completed in November 1992 and released on December 15, 1992.
Between 1998 and 2000, the E-ZPass electronic toll system was introduced on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. In the same year the bridge over the Schuylkill River was rebuilt and widened to six lanes. From 2004, the section between Norristown and Valley Forge was also widened to six lanes, the construction work was completed in November 2008, the costs amounted to about 330 million US dollars. In the same year, the construction of the road bridge over the Susquehanna River began, the westward part of the bridge was opened on May 17, 2007, the other side of the road followed a month later. In 2005, plans for a further widening of the Pennsylvania Turnpike between Downingtown and Valley Forge and between Irwin and New Stanton were rejected due to a lack of building permits .
In 2006, the rest stop operator HMSHost received planning permission to convert the motorway rest stops along the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The renovation included the complete new construction of individual rest stops with food courts and improved toilet facilities. As part of the renovation project, four rest areas were closed, three due to construction work on the Pennsylvania Turnpike and one due to falling business figures. The cost of remodeling all of the rest stops was approximately $ 100 million.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ 2019 Great Schedule. (PDF) Pennsylvania Turnpike Commision, January 2019, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Service plazas. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commision, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Butler Service Plaza Closes to Make Way for Toll Plaza. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commision, February 28, 2002, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Service Plazas: Tentative Reconstruction Schedule. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commision, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Dan Cupper: The Pennsylvania Turnpike: A History. Applied Arts Publishers, Lebanon, Pennsylvania 1990, ISBN 0-911410-90-2 , pp. 6 (English).
- ↑ a b Mitchell Dakelman, Neil Schoor: The Pennsylvania Turnpike . Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 2004, ISBN 0-7385-3532-X , pp. 24 (English).
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 30.
- ^ Ricky Longfellow: Back in Time: The Abandones Pennsylvania Turnpike. Federal Highway Administration, June 27, 2017, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 88.
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 86.
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; Pp. 90/91.
- ↑ 100 Miles Added to Pennsylvania Turnpike As Eastern Section Opens Near Philadelphia. New York Times November 21, 1950.
- ↑ a b See cupper; P. 24.
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 95.
- ↑ See cupper; P. 27.
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 100.
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 103.
- ^ Open Bridge on Turnpike. The Milwaukee Journal, May 25, 1956, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ^ What I-76 Numbered to Honor Philadelphia for Independence Day, 1776? Federal Highway Administration, June 27, 2017, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Pennsylvania Official Transportation Map. (PDF) Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, 1980, accessed March 31, 2019 .
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 110.
- ^ Tunnel, By-Pass To Relieve Pike Jams. The News Dispatch, June 22, 1960, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ See cupper; P. 36.
- ↑ See Dakelman, Schoor; P. 112.
- ↑ See cupper; Pp. 43/44.
- ↑ Joseph P. Ferry: Opening of Blue Route Link Fits Missing Piece In Puzzle. The Morning Call of December 16, 1992.
- ↑ SCHUYLKILL RIVER BRIDGE / DIAMOND RUN VIADUCT PROJECT COMPLETED A MONTH EARLY. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commision, May 12, 2000, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Pa. Turnpike Announces 12-Month Delay in Construction of Six-Lane Widening Project. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commision, October 12, 2012, accessed March 30, 2019 .
- ^ Amy Worden: Honoring a piece of Turnpike history. The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 19, 2013, accessed March 30, 2019 .