ATM

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A Diebold-Nixdorf ATM ("Cineo 2550") in Koblenz, 2011

An ATM , automated teller machine ( ATM ), ATM , debit , ATM or as in English ATM 's (Automated Teller Machine) a technical device for cash withdrawal in self-service for ATMs and banks from their own checking account or credit card account (see also Electronic Cash ). In the meantime, many machines can also be used to make deposits, and some of them allow you to do so in foreign currencies . The cash dispenser was - even before the PC  - the first computer terminal that was accessible to broad sections of the population worldwide.

Swedish ATM from Wincor Nixdorf ("ProCash 2150")

Designation, delimitation and subdivisions

In Germany, the term money (issuing) machine has established itself . The term ATM is common in Austria , but the terms ATM and cash dispenser are also established . In Switzerland and Liechtenstein , the term Bancomat is used for machines operated by a bank, and Postomat for machines operated by Swiss Post.

ATMs are divided into

  • Dispensing machines
  • Cash deposit machines
  • Combination devices: contain both functions, with the " cash recycling " variant (CRS), deposited money can be paid out to third parties through the machine

A subdivision is also made according to the location-related construction . Other self-service terminals in the banking area are account statement printers for printing account statements and transfer terminals for entering transfers . To the presence of small change to guarantee and outside the bank opening times, we may coin exchanging used. In the counter area , automatic teller safes are used, which, unlike ATMs, are operated by the bank's staff.

Ticket machines and other self-service machines have the option of paying by card and a similar structure as well as security problems similar to those of an ATM .

Construction, handling and security

Cut through an ATM

Components

hardware

The core of a “ATM” is an armored safe , which in Germany usually contains four cash cassettes, each of which can hold 2800 euro banknotes. The safe is usually firmly walled in or otherwise reinforced with the floor or wall . Further security measures can include video surveillance and access control by means of a door opener , because many ATMs are located in the vestibules of the banks so that they can also be accessed outside of the counter opening hours. ATMs are increasingly being installed in shopping center buildings, in train stations or in other publicly accessible locations.

In addition to the safe, the main component is a conventional PC with connected special peripherals , whereby the peripherals usually belong to the equipment of ATMs:

  1. a payout module (for pure cash dispensers) for separating and presenting banknotes or other paper-based media such as receipts
  2. an ID card reader for reading debit cards or credit cards
  3. an Encrypting PIN Pad (EPP) for recording and encrypted processing of the secret number , other operating functions and for secure and encrypted communication
  4. a screen for displaying messages, for selecting functions with a touchscreen (mostly replaces softkeys) and for interacting with the user
  5. Softkeys : these are unlabeled keys on the edge of the screen, the function of which is displayed on the screen
Cash machine with receipt issuing (NCR)

Additional units can optionally be connected:

  • a cash recycling module enables banknotes to be deposited and withdrawn
  • a coin dispenser is used to be able to pay out amounts accurate to the cent
  • a coin deposit module for depositing coins
  • a receipt printer through which the customer receives a receipt for his transaction
  • a touchscreen can replace the classic screen and softkeys.
Multifunctional ATM (NCR)

As an extension towards a multifunctional device there is

ATM ProCash 2050 ( Wincor-Nixdorf )

ATMs are often equipped with numerous sensors that detect various activities

  • Movements: if the ATM is moved without authorization, appropriate security protocols are triggered
  • Foreign bodies: metal foreign bodies such as coins, paper clips or the like are detected in input compartments and the customer is prompted to remove the foreign body from the compartment before the bill collection continues.
  • Gas detection: GPU units can detect incoming gas or even neutralize it.

The power consumption of an ATM (with tube screen) is 120–150  watts , with a TFT screen 100–120 watts.

software

The software consists of a standard operating system such as Windows XP , device drivers , a communication layer (e.g. CEN / XFS or J / XFS ) and an application that controls the ATM and organizes communication with the remote terminal ( server / host ).

Early ATMs were controlled by a mainframe close to the hardware . Nowadays, in addition to a standard PC, typical PC operating systems are also in use. In 2007, early operating systems such as MS-DOS and OS / 2 were rarely found in ATMs, while Microsoft Windows began to dominate the ATM market. Linux -based systems are currently only found in a few local markets such as Brazil .

GAA in the Vatican City with a Latin menu

Accessibility

Many machines now have a language , so that the customer can select the language that indicates the GAA on the screen. For barrier-free access, some ATMs have larger buttons and displays as well as a headphone connection or loudspeaker for voice output to make operation easier or even possible for people with a visual impairment .

In 2003, Wincor Nixdorf presented the first ATM for the blind in Germany that went into series production. Prototypes were in use in Gelsenkirchen and Gütersloh .

Some ATMs have been optimized for wheelchair users or small people : entrances to ATMs have been provided with ramps in order to be able to bypass stairs . With some machines the reach height has been lowered; The keyboard and input / output slots are closer to the floor than with standard devices.

In the USA, Canada and some Gulf states in particular, there are also ATMs that can be operated from the car.

Mobile ATM

Locations

ATMs were originally installed in bank branches, but other locations were added with the network connection. ATMs are particularly common in petrol stations , shopping centers , supermarkets , train stations and airports .

Mobile installation is possible; ATMs are standard on large cruise lines and ferries . Large US warships of the US Navy also have ATMs on board. Mobile bank branches - mainly used in rural regions - have an ATM with them.

"They even had the rather absurd idea of ​​setting up them [ATMs] in supermarkets so that the customer could get the cash there, which he would then return to the cash register."

- Jürgen Dube: Computers for cooperatives. 1993

Installation in private households is possible in some countries. The American basketball player DeShawn Stevenson had an ATM installed in his kitchen in 2012.

UK Through-the-Wall ATM : Peebles Post Office

The place of installation has an impact on the design and safety aspects that must be taken into account during installation. Based on the English terms ATM (see #Designation, delimitation and subdivisions ) ATMs are divided into:

Lobby ATMs
(in Austria foyer cash dispenser ) inside a bank, i.e. at the operator himself.
These devices are usually linked to other self-service devices and can be protected within the bank's overall security system. Often they are already installed barrier-free or are in a group of several machines, with at least one device being specially equipped. If they are to be accessible 24 hours a day, appropriate access options must be created and suitable locations selected.
Through-the-Wall ATMs
ATMs that are installed "through the wall", ie in a hole in the outer wall or window front.
At least the side of the street has to be insensitive to the weather. The ATMs are usually filled from the rear within the bank, which has an impact on the design; the customer does not need access to the bank building outside of the opening times.
Outdoor ATMs
Devices installed outdoors or in the open entrance area of ​​train stations or similar buildings.
As a complete system, these devices must be particularly weatherproof and robust. In addition, a cash transport is necessary for the filling, which is why the filling is often carried out by providers in this industry.
Off-premises ATMs
Off-bank locations in other buildings, especially supermarkets.
Often there is a need to use very compact devices due to the lack of space.
Drive-through ATMs
ATMs that can be operated from a vehicle .

handling

service

Keypad of an EPP from NCR for secure entry of the PIN

Almost every bank customer can use their debit or credit card to pay for their purchases cashlessly via a card reader (interface to the credit institute or ATM) and withdraw cash from ATMs in many countries around the world. To withdraw money, the customer inserts his card into the card reader of the machine and enters his (only known to him) secret number ( PIN ).

Cash withdrawals from ATMs typically go as follows:

  • The card (EC card, debit or credit card) is inserted.
  • The option "Cash Withdrawal" is selected (other menu items vary according to model, country and region - see #Other functions ).
  • The amount is chosen and confirmed. (With some machines, the denomination can be selected.)
  • The personal (card-based) secret number (also: PIN ) is entered and confirmed.
  • The card is returned and can be removed.
  • The money is paid out and can be withdrawn.

The processes can be interrupted by pressing the "Cancel" button. If the money is not withdrawn within a second, it is usually kept to secure property.

More functions

The operator of the cash dispenser is responsible for the variety of functions (and the sequence of steps) on the terminal. Typical (often country-specific or regional) additional functions are:

New generation ATMs allow you to deposit cash. The process is similar to withdrawing money. The customer inserts his customer card into the machine, then a money slot opens, the money is immediately checked for authenticity and credited to the customer's account (booked). In this way, the customer can deposit cash at any time, even outside of the official opening times, and the bank does not have to worry about a night safe. The deposited money is checked, booked and paid out to subsequent customers via an ATM with the so-called “ cash recycling function”, which reduces the effort for refilling.

At some ATMs, notes can be deposited in foreign currency and paid out in local currency. Some ATMs can handle not only banknotes but also coins.

The standard denomination of the money paid out may differ. So z. B. the Sparkasse in Germany 50 euros as 2 × 5 euros, 2 × 10 euros and finally 20 euros. In Austria, the same institute pays out a 50 euro note.

Customers - especially in Austria - can pay bills directly. You will receive an invoice with a printed barcode by post . The customer scans the barcode at a suitably equipped ATM and pays the invoice amount in cash. Such a barcode system was first implemented in 1994 by International Computers Limited (ICL) at the third largest Egyptian bank Banque du Caire .

The cards accepted at ATMs can generally also be used in cashless electronic cash and payments can be made using a PIN or PUK method at a POS terminal.

safety

Authorization

The ATM's card reader is connected online to an authorization center. This checks whether the card even has an account and compares it with a lock file. If a corresponding account is available and there are no blocks, the authorization center uses the online personalization of terminals (OPT) to ask the customer to enter the PIN . Their correctness is checked immediately. This number, called a PIN , is usually four digits, but it can be six digits for international credit cards. A wrong entry of the PIN can only be communicated to the customer after the sequence of further steps (for example after the desired denomination) until immediately before the actual payout process. So-called offline transactions, the only procedure in the initial phase of ATMs, are considered unsafe, have become superfluous thanks to OPT and are hardly ever practiced internationally.

If the entry is incorrect three times, the card will be withdrawn in most countries. In Austria, a message appears stating that the card will be withdrawn the fourth time for the customer's safety, and it will then remain in the machine. The withdrawn card is sent to First Data Austria (FDA, formerly Europay Austria), where the functionality of the card is restored and then sent to the account-keeping house bank. Within Germany, the card will be sent directly to the house bank - if known so far. In principle, the verification of non-resident debit cards as well as credit and cash withdrawal cards is carried out according to the guidelines of the card-issuing bank or the corresponding payment transaction organizations. The same applies to the measures taken if the PIN is entered incorrectly several times.

If the user has entered the correct PIN, the ATM is authorized to pay out a sum of money - generally limited by a limit - to the customer.

Disposition

To limit damage in the event of misuse, the house bank usually limits the amount paid out per day and week. Cash withdrawals from ATMs of other financial institutions are mostly chargeable .

In German-speaking countries, maximum cash withdrawal amounts apply as standard. These are usually controlled by an account-dependent limit . In Austria, the amount is authorized by SIX Group on behalf of the card-issuing bank using fixed or flexible daily or weekly limits, or it is transmitted to and authorized by the computer center of the card-issuing bank. For credit cards ( Maestro cards , Mastercard , Visa , American Express and Diners Club ) as well as Cirrus and Plus cash withdrawal cards, there is generally a limit of EUR 400 per transaction in Europe. The number of transactions depends on the customer guidelines of the card-issuing bank and the guidelines of the relevant payment organization.

biometrics

In Japan , biometrics is used as an additional security feature at ATMs. When withdrawing money, the fingerprint or the vein pattern on the palm of the hand is recorded and checked on a sensor provided for this purpose . The company Hitachi has its System 2010 into Turkey exported where the Türkiye İş Bankası A.Ş. by 2012 installed the largest biometric project in Europe at the time, which consisted of around 3400 finger vein scanners in 2400 ATMs and 1000 branches.

The first ATM with facial recognition (by camera) was used in 1999 by the South Korean manufacturer Chungho Comnet . The iris recognition has been successfully tested by the manufacturer. Both techniques are apparently not yet adopted into general series productions.

If a third person (with criminal intent) comes into possession of a customer card and the corresponding PIN, it is not possible to withdraw money when using biometric technology if the biometric features on site differ from the stored versions.

crime

As money stores, ATMs are exposed to criminal attacks and attempts at manipulation . For example, Great Britain recorded 213 attacks on ATMs in 2002, compared to 773 in 2005. In addition to the loss of cash, the machines were damaged and attacks on service staff were also recorded. In 26% of the cases, the attacks were directed at ATMs that were installed in shops. ATMs in bank branches were affected by 9%.

In order to curb fraud with data intercepted at ATMs (magnetic stripes, PIN), Austrian banks limited the validity of EC cards to Europe and the USA (other selected countries depending on the bank) with effect from 2015. When used in other countries, the card can be activated for a limited period of time .

Fraud - theft - robbery
Fraud by the customer

Since ATMs usually collect money after a few seconds and cancel the payout again , a fraudulent customer can get the idea of ​​only taking part of the money from the slot. He hopes that his partial removal will not be noticed. However, this hope is usually unfounded as numerous countermeasures have been taken. Due to the technical burden of proof, it can be considered hopeless to sue for a machine malfunction in court.

  • ATMs keep a precise log of transactions with a time stamp .
  • ATMs separate withdrawn money so that it can be counted afterwards.
  • Some ATMs do not collect the money and leave it to the customer's responsibility.
  • Surveillance cameras film customer behavior at the ATM or even the shaft itself, also from the inside.
Theft and robbery

ATM users are potential victims of robbers , pickpockets and other con artists . On the one hand, the perpetrator can observe whether his crime is financially worthwhile, and he already knows the location of the cash. Cash trapping is a special variant . For this purpose, devices are attached to the ATM to collect the money that can be stolen from the perpetrator after the customer has left because he mistakenly assumes a malfunction. Countermeasures are video cameras and card readers that recognize the card's output blockage and then hold the card or trigger an alarm.

Offenders can also target the cards. These could be captured by physical violence, in particular robbery extortion , but this is possible at the ATM itself, for example with a "Lebanese loop". This fishing loop is inserted into the ID card reader and blocks the issue of the customer card after the transaction has been completed. The perpetrator can now simply steal the card or even pretend to be a helpful customer or bank employee in order to also ask for the cardholder's PIN.

Identity theft

As early as the 1980s it was possible to copy cards - especially their magnetic strips - onto card blanks. If the PIN is found out, there is in principle an identity theft , since a perpetrator can use a copied card and PIN to authorize himself at an ATM as if he were a regular cardholder.

PIN capture
Infrared detection using the example of a pocket calculator. Here the number sequence 1258 was pressed, which can be recognized several seconds later. The lower point is the reflection from a metal surface.

The PIN can be captured by simply spying on it or by means of simple technical measures. The following variants have become known as methods for spying out the PIN.

  • Droplet method: a small drop of oil is dripped onto each key. After a customer has used the machine, it can be seen which keys were pressed. This makes it very easy to guess the PIN entered. Countermeasure: before or after entering the PIN, swipe once across all buttons or touch each button.
  • Double keyboard: A second thin keyboard is attached over the EPP, which records the PIN entry and mechanically forwards the keystrokes to the EPP below.
  • Miniature cameras: They are attached to or near the machine and film the PIN entry.
  • Infrared cameras: a fraudster takes a thermal image of the PIN pad shortly after the withdrawal process has been completed. The keys pressed shortly before can still be recognized by the residual heat of the fingers, and sometimes even the order in which they were entered.

Countermeasures against simple spying are u. a. the attachment of mirrors that show the user whether someone is looking over their shoulder . Markings can be made on the floor to define a privacy zone behind the ATM. Lateral panels should make it difficult to see from the side.

Against the droplet method and infrared cameras, the PIN user can disguise his input by touching additional numeric keys. Entering the PIN can be covered with the operator's free hand.

However, attacks of this kind show great risks for the perpetrators as long as the data and information have to be fetched from the device itself, as a return to the crime scene in particular provides a criminalistic starting point for combating.

Skimming

With newer methods, additionally attached ID card readers, dummy keypad or mini cameras send the data via radio technology to a receiving device in the vicinity. Notebooks were initially used; currently it is also smartphones . These methods are known as skimming . In principle, this type of data acquisition already represents a so-called man-in-the-middle attack . Modern GSM skimmers send the data on the magnetic stripe and the associated PIN to the criminal recipient.

Technical countermeasures are special stems equipped with alarm sensors, electronic detection of stems, enhanced card drive ( jittering when moving in), targeted electrical interference with the skimming magnetic head ( anti-skimming ) and the transition to chip card transactions.

In Germany and Sweden , customer cards have additional security features that are not in the lane data and are checked in ATMs when the card is withdrawn. This protection has previously been circumvented by using copies of the card in other countries with less protection for illegal transactions. With new EC cards that belong to V-Pay - that is, they are no longer Maestro cards - withdrawals can no longer be made abroad, so that copied cards no longer work there. However, these cards can sometimes not be used outside of Europe because the magnetic stripe is still the standard technology there.

Maintenance work on an ATM

In addition, the USA - in whose area duplicate cards from Europe have previously worked - joined the so-called EMV liability shift in April 2013 . In the future, the issuing banks will not be liable for damage caused by duplicate cards , but the banks that still accept such false card clones . A special variant exists when criminal maintenance technicians manipulate software or hardware components of the ATM during maintenance in order to access card data, intercept entries, install duplicate keypads and cameras more inconspicuously, or supply them with permanent power. As some of these skimming modules (especially the magnetic card copier) were also installed in the door openers of the banks, some banks do not use card access control in the vestibules. The doors are either open or are operated automatically by a motion detector or a switch.

Due to the increasing security at the ATMs, the perpetrators have switched to other devices in order to “skimm” data. Since the coveted data accumulates with cashless electronic cash and the card can be read, the corresponding devices - for example supermarket checkouts - have been manipulated.

Wincor Nixdorf: Breaking up a “Pro Cash” with an angle grinder
10 euro notes made unusable with red paint from a break-in in an ATM
Attack on the ATM

In addition to classic methods of cracking the safe on site using tools or welding equipment , other methods and refinements have been developed to access the money in the cash dispenser cassettes. For example, the machines are no longer broken into on site, but are torn from their anchoring with construction vehicles or other heavy equipment and transported away so that they can be opened elsewhere. Countermeasures are video cameras, alarms triggered by tear-off sensors, alarms triggered by seismic detectors in the safe, coloring of the banknotes in the event of a shock, and thicker armoring of the safes.

Blasting : As an alternative to blasting from the outside, the perpetrators also inject explosive gas mixtures through a hole in the wall of the device into the safe of the ATM with the help of a hose and detonate the whole thing remotely (so-called automatic explosion ). In the Austrian media, after a wave of such incidents in 2010 and 2011, the term ATM gang (es) was used . Julia Topaz, spokeswoman for the Federal Association of German Banks , believes the 100 demolitions that occurred within five years up to the end of 2011 is a negligible number given over 60,000 ATMs in Germany. Most recently, the number of blown ATMs had risen again: in the first half of 2017 there were 140 such crimes in Germany - a decrease of 20 percent compared to the previous year. In the first half of 2018, 187 ATMs were blown up in this way; however, in only 80 cases cash was stolen. Reasons were, in particular, effective countermeasures already taken: ATMs were structurally adapted; assembly foam was poured into the cavities of the machine, so that the effect of the explosion is reduced, as less gas can be introduced. In combination with colored cash cassettes, grid systems are installed in the safe, which ensure that money cannot leave the machine after the blast and is colored. The colors can be machine-specific, so that later notes from a loot can be unequivocally assigned to a certain safe. Many machines are already equipped with certified gas explosion protection systems (GPU) . These include a. Gas sensors, neutralize penetrating gas and set off a silent alarm .

Attack on the software

Since ATMs are operated by common operating systems, they are affected by errors, inaccuracies and sloppiness in handling this software. In 2006 it was disclosed in the United States that manufacturers use standard passwords and that certain keyboard combinations such as a backdoor were installed. For example, machines could be set to book $ 5 but pay out $ 20. 200,000 US devices were (presumably) affected by this bug. CNN reported and the manufacturers patched the devices to close the loopholes.

In 2009 Diebold distributed a patch for its ATMs. Vanja Svajcer from the British antivirus manufacturer Sophos reported on a Trojan that was found in Russia and classified as "Troj / Skimer-A". Compromised passwords were also suspected to be an import source; also been speculated that in Russia the provided and Diebold specially adapted versions of Windows could not be gone into action as well as an incorrect configuration of the used Firewall from Symantec . The Swiss security expert Candid Wüest assumed after his studies that the Trojan must have entered the system via the maintenance interface of the ATM via USB stick or a notebook . The service interface was then relocated to the machine and installed in a hidden place.

Another problem is the design-related fact that such USB interfaces are currently outside the armored area with which the cash is protected. If the location of a USB interface is known, it can be made accessible from outside with limited resources. At the meeting of the Chaos Computer Club in December 2013, a case from the summer of 2012 was reported in which this interface was exposed and payments could be made with a prepared USB stick. The perpetrators apparently planned not to clear the ATM once, but had only withdrawn small amounts in large bills and closed the break-in point again for further use.

At Black Hat 2010 , the hacker Barnaby Jack demonstrated how he could use the Dillinger software and the Scrooge rootkit to get Triton and Tranax ATMs to withdraw via an external interface . The weak point was the machine's PC motherboard , which could be exposed with a standard key. Barnaby had three ATMs delivered and identified the keys for all of them; In addition, this key was still freely available on eBay , so that in principle anyone could have access to the interface. In addition, the remote maintenance of the devices was always switched to active; the hack made the machine accept the hacker software as an authorized update .

Costs, fees and pricing

Acquisition and installation costs

For Germany, the ING-DiBa put the new price in 2011 at 20,000 euros for an ATM. The running monthly costs were given as 2021 euros. According to the Braunschweigische Landessparkasse, economic operation pays off for the bank from at least 2000 transactions per month.

In Switzerland, according to banks, the acquisition and installation costs per machine were 120,000 to 150,000 francs and several tens of thousands of francs annual maintenance (as of 2013). A new installation is therefore only considered economical if it is used around 25,000 times per year.

ATM fee, usage fees

An ATM fee is charged by banks and ATM operators when (mostly foreign) customers withdraw cash from ATMs. There are two types of fees: Operator fees (also: direct customer fees, English: access fees) are charged by the operator of a machine directly from the withdrawing customer. The card-issuing bank demands issuer fees from the customer for withdrawing from other machines. Consumer advocates criticize these issuer fees for the fact that at the time of withdrawal from another ATM, the customer does not find out what amount his card-issuing bank will charge him for it. There are also interchange fees that the machine operator demands from the card-issuing bank.

In Germany, use of ATMs is free within one's own group of institutes (see ATM networks ). Foreign customers will be charged a withdrawal fee. Since January 15, 2011, the price for the disposition must be displayed at German ATMs - before the payout. The withdrawing party can cancel the process if he does not accept the price. During a transition period until the end of June 2011, a sticker on the ATM explaining the price was sufficient; Unicredit Bank made use of this. The new regulation was preceded by a long dispute between the banking associations. The private banks demanded a uniform reduction in prices, and savings banks and cooperative banks insisted on prices set individually by each bank. ATMs in small towns with few transactions per day cause higher costs per transaction than ATMs in inner-city locations. Private banks operate relatively few ATMs outside of cities, while cooperative banks and savings banks operate relatively many. Early 2012 that tested the Federal Cartel Office in Germany , the lift-off fees for over 500 cooperative and savings banks; often these were between EUR 3.50 and EUR 5. Not all banks adhered to the obligation to display the price before withdrawing.

In Austria , no fees were initially charged for own or third-party customers. In 2010, individual banking divisions such as Raiffeisen-Landesbank Tirol began to offset fees for withdrawals from customers of other banking institutions, which led to great criticism, for example from the Association for Consumer Information., In 2011 the Raiffeisen Association Salzburg wants to follow this example. BAWAG / PSK has been warning since October 2015, and since March 2016 also Easy-Bank, that ATM operators could charge fees for the removal. The number of bank branches is falling slightly, but the number of ATMs is increasing because more and more ATMs are being operated without bank branches, for example in shopping centers, small town centers or motorway service stations. In 2010, 8,100 ATMs were in operation in Austria, in 2015 already 8,800. ATMs in bank branches are often operated by PSA Payment Services Austria GmbH (PSA), a subsidiary of all banks under the "BANKOMAT" brand; Companies that are independent of banks are Euronet and First Data (in SPAR branches since 2008). The cost rate charged between the bank and the machine operator for each removal “should be between 60 and 90 cents”. First Data charges 45 cents for every shortfall in the number of 2000 transactions per month and pays 5 cents for every overrun, according to the minutes of a municipal council meeting in Grabern, Lower Austria from 2013.

In 2002, five of the world's leading banks - Bank of America , Barclays , Deutsche Bank , Scotiabank and Westpac - founded the Global ATM Alliance to enable their customers to withdraw money from their partner bank's ATMs free of charge. In the meantime, other members have been added: BNP Paribas , Banco Santander and China Construction Bank . It is common for the waiver of third party withdrawal fees to apply at subsidiary banks and partner banks across Europe. The European savings banks have formally joined forces in the EUFISERV Group - the debit cards of the corresponding savings banks and some other financial institutions such as PostFinance therefore have their logo, which is uniform across Europe. In Germany, small banks often have double membership in the CashPool and in the Bankcard service network.

History of origin

precursor

George Luther Simjian

In 1939, the Armenian George Luther Simjian , who came from the Ottoman Empire, built the first functioning ATM, which the City Bank of New York ( Citibank ) put into operation on a trial basis as a bankographer. The operation was not particularly successful, which was less due to technical difficulties, but above all to a lack of customer acceptance. The device was dismantled after half a year of trial operation.

"It looks like a couple of prostitutes and gamblers who didn't want to be face to face with cashiers were the only users of the device."

- George Luther Simjian

Docutel Inc.

Donald Wetzel worked as a marketing expert for US American "Docutel Incorporated" since the mid-1960s, which specialized in the production of devices for automatic baggage handling for airlines . Job Because often the way he was one day standing in the queue a bank in Dallas to a few dollars stand out. As a result, from around 1968, together with other Docutel engineers and a budget of five million US dollars, he designed a machine that automated cash payments by inserting a card and entering a combination of numbers. The first machines were put into operation in 1971, a much improved version in 1973.

“People hated waiting in line. I thought this routine work could also be done by an automated bank clerk. "

- Donald Wetzel

De la Rue

Commemorative plaque in Enfield for the first GAA installation in 1967

On a Saturday morning in the spring of 1965, Scotsman John Shepherd-Barron narrowly missed the opening time of his bank's branch at 12:30 p.m. He wanted to cash a check for cash for the weekend. As manager of De La Rue , he was already familiar with the production of cash counters; As a model for the actual cash dispensing function, he used the confectionery vending machines with the chocolate bars stacked in them, which were widespread in British train stations. Sitting in the bathtub later, Shepherd-Barron pondered the possibility of developing something like this for paying out checks. The ATM developed by him as a result was set up on June 27, 1967 in Enfield Town north of London by the Barclays Bank . In this first version there was no computer connection and no card with a magnetic strip. The machine checked a check, withheld it, and canceled it. The customer received the equivalent in cash of a maximum of ten pounds . The checks were with the weakly radioactive carbon - isotope 14 treated C, to store information. The check owners identified themselves with a four-digit personal identification number. Initially, in 1967, bank customers could only withdraw as much money as they had in exchange for special checks. The first person to withdraw money from this machine in Enfield Town was actor Reg Varney . Initially only available in one branch, Shepherd-Barron's device was soon exported . In 1968 the Swiss National Bank installed a similar device, and in 1969 the Pennsylvania Bank followed suit . De La Rue's partner in the United States was Diebold ; Cooperations with the Japanese companies Fujitsu and Hitachi followed in the late 1960s .

James Goodfellow

The first ATM (Chubb) in Sydney , Australia. ABC television report from 1969

The still common principle of authentication by comparing an entered PIN with the number stored on a customer card was invented in 1965 by the British engineer James Goodfellow, who holds several patents for it. Despite these early successes, it was still a long time before the major breakthrough of this technology. Because when the first generation of ATMs came onto the market, it was only used hesitantly by financial institutions. The reasons for this lay in the technical design of the devices, the insufficient security and the insufficient information capacity of the card used. All of this allowed only a limited use for the customers of the respective financial institution operating the cash dispenser.

"Money dispenser"

On May 27, 1968, the Tübinger Kreissparkasse issued the money at Germany's first ATM. Security was the focus of these attempts: only 1000 customers had access, the slot for the cash dispenser was secured with a metal door in the outer wall of the bank. The customers got ten punch cards in stock and were able to take out a 100 DM note each. The upper limit of 400 D-Mark was set for a single withdrawal and the customer's solvency was required. The "cash dispenser" was developed and manufactured by the safe manufacturer Ostertag from Aalen in cooperation with AEG-Telefunken . The advertising stated the following goal: "It prevents working customers from having to withdraw larger amounts in advance due to a lack of time [at the counter]."

First generation

In December 1972, was in the UK in 2984, CIT (Cash Issuing Terminal) of Lloyds Bank as Cashpoint set up which can be regarded as the forefather of modern ATMs, since there is already essentially today's designs and the typical present-day handling corresponded; the machines were already networked online with the account. The term Cashpoint is still a registered trademark of the bank. Some machines were also exported to the United States of America. The so-called first generation - machines manufactured in large numbers - are essentially understood to mean ATMs from the manufacturer IBM . These were not yet based on a PC , but on an IBM-3624 with IBM firmware and an IBM processor . Instead of a monitor, a two-line display was used under a viewing slit. These were still to be found in some banks until the mid-1990s. Other devices of this first generation - besides the IBM-3624 - were in particular series from Diebold (Diebold-10xx, TABS-9000) and NCR (NCR-1780, the first NCR-770).

It was not until the early 1990s that PC-based devices were added, such as the IBM-4731 and the Bull 24100. These two were initially operated with the MS-DOS operating system.

Second generation

The second generation begins with the introduction of the still popular bank card , which at that time was provided with a magnetic strip as a magnetic card without a chip . The beginnings of card use go back to the 1970s. Standardized plastic cards have already been used here, with the information required for withdrawing cash being perforated on the cards. Blocking options were available in a restricted form. They were also used - now in large numbers - primarily by individual financial institutions. The use of PC-based machines led to the introduction of more sophisticated operating systems. OS / 2 was introduced with the new IBM 478x and Bull 34001 machines . The business division of IBM and Bull was later taken over by Diebold .

In Switzerland and Portugal , this generation of ATMs resulted in a pool solution that many financial institutions joined. Cardholders of a bank could withdraw money from ATMs of a third-party bank at no extra charge.

Older ATM from Nixdorf

Third generation

Due to the advances in hardware and software development, the third generation of ATMs brought about the breakthrough. This was achieved by equipping almost all bank cards as magnetic cards with a magnetic strip in accordance with globally uniform standards and specifications, and led to a rapidly increasing number of transactions and increased cross-institutional cooperation and cross-border acceptance.

Fourth generation

The fourth generation of ATMs is still based on both the magnetic stripe and the newer chip (hybrid card). These were first used in Europe in Denmark and from 1994 in Austria - in particular to implement the function as an electronic wallet . As of 2013, basically all cash withdrawal cards - such as the German and Austrian Maestro cards (eurocheque and ATM cards) - have an EMV- compatible chip. The chip has thus become a security feature of the card and will completely replace the magnetic strip in the next generation.

distribution

Around 1.7 million ATMs are in operation around the world, other sources after 1.2 million.

In Germany there were around 29,400 machines in operation in 1994, around 60,000 in 2011 and 61,100 at their peak in 2015. The number is shrinking, at the end of 2017 there were still 58,400 devices, of which 25,000 from the savings banks and 18,000 from the Volksbanken. Operating a device costs 20,000 to 25,000 euros a year.

Until the end of the 1960s, there was no record of the number of ATMs used due to the small number of pieces. From the beginning to the end of the 1970s, the number of ATMs increased moderately worldwide, from the beginning of the 1980s, the development became increasingly dynamic. ATMs are widely distributed according to the six regions, as is usual in international payment systems. In the three regions USA , Canada and Europe , the markets are largely saturated due to a high density of ATMs (based on the number of inhabitants). Despite the large number of ATMs, there are sometimes fewer machines per inhabitant in the Asia / Pacific region and Latin America . A largely untapped market for ATMs is the Middle East / Africa region , where both nominal and low per capita distributions suggest a future demand.

In the more developed countries there is a high density of ATMs, especially at locations with (potentially) high frequency. In these countries, the growth in ATMs is not stagnating, but is continuing to rise, as ATMs are also being fitted to places that were previously out of the question. In addition, hardware prices have fallen due to the mass production of ATMs, so previously unprofitable locations are being realized. The further spread of ATMs is limited by the trend towards cashless payment transactions and the falling demand for cash, since cashless electronic cash has also spread as a payment system in the pre-sale points. Cash withdrawals are also accepted at the checkout in various retail chains.

The acceptance of cash withdrawals at ATMs is determined by their benefit for bank customers, which is undisputed. In addition to their very own function of improving the timing of banking services through cash withdrawal options around the clock, seven days a week, ATMs also fulfill other purposes. They reduce the personnel and administrative costs for cash withdrawals, since cash withdrawals at the ATM only cause a fraction of the costs of a manual withdrawal by employees at the till, they relieve the bank employees of routine activities, which means that additional capacities are available for customer service and minimize the risk of errors Elimination of the " human factor " and they defuse the discussion about the opening times of the banks and the shrinking branch network of the savings banks and cooperative banks .

In addition, they improve the bank service spatially through cash withdrawal options beyond the ATMs of their own institute. This was made possible through the approval of customers from other credit institutions in addition to our own customers. While it was initially only possible to use the ATMs with the bank's own cards or regional or national card systems, the cards from the major payment organizations Mastercard (MasterCard, Maestro, Cirrus) and Visa (Visa, VisaElektron, VisaPlus) were soon sent to the ATMs accepted. Over half of the ATMs accept the cards of these global payment systems. This has led to the fact that the use of ATMs has increased, since the holder of such cards can assume that he can use it wherever he sees an ATM.

The number of ATMs has decreased slightly in recent years.

Germany

Number of ATMs in Germany (from 1990 including the new federal states )

year number
1981 22nd
1982 134
1983 790
1984 1,901
1985 2,490
1986 3,250
1987 4.033
1988 5,160
1989 7,000
1990 8,345
1991 11,100
1992 13,000
1993 k. A.
1994 k. A.
1995 k. A.
1996 38,662
1997 44,043
1998 45,615
1999 46,200
2000 47,650
2001 49,620
2002 50,487
2003 51.129
2004 52,595
2005 53,361
2006 53,887
2007 54,704
2008 55,468
2009 56,079
2010 56.104
2011 56,409
2012 56.025
2013 56.035
2014 58.014
2015 58,811
2016 58,843
2017 57,967

German-speaking area

Germany

Old federal states before reunification

The first ATM in Germany was put into operation by Kreissparkasse Tübingen on May 27, 1968 , after the safe manufacturer Ostertag AG from Aalen presented its prototype of an "ATM", manufactured in cooperation with AEG-Telefunken , to the public on February 29, 1968 .

For access, the 1000 selected customers needed a double-bit key for the safe, a plastic identification card and a punch card each as a payment receipt for requesting a DM 100 banknote. The issue was limited to 10 cards per customer. The maximum payment amount was DM 400 per day. The first modern online ATM was finally put into operation on February 9, 1977 by the Stadtsparkasse München .

Germany was long considered backward. While only a few hundred ATMs were in use in Germany up to 1982, in 1979 there were more than 12,000 ATMs each in the USA and Japan.

German Democratic Republic

In the GDR the mandated State Bank in 1983, the then Kombinat Robotron with the development of a microprocessor controlled automated teller machine, the only one type of the VEB weighing Rapido in Radebeul , operating from Kombinat Nagema , in close cooperation with the University of Transportation 's only when Provider was established. A separate cash card was also developed. The ATM worked with a magnetic card, the magnetic strip of which was divided into three data tracks, and a PIN entry. In August 1989 there were 274 machines in the GDR, 80 of them in East Berlin alone . These devices programmed for the GDR currency and equipped with this currency were decommissioned in the course of the 1990s monetary union until the end of 1991.

Features of German ATMs

  • Acceptance of all national debit cards
  • Identification of the customer always by entering the PIN
  • Online authorization to the card-issuing institute
  • Check the PIN and the limit
  • Query the lock file
  • Payment guarantee by the credit institution issuing the card
  • It is not possible to return the direct debit
  • Income for the credit institutions through fees for disposals at non-institution ATMs

Austria

ATM with identification that is common throughout Austria

introduction

On September 8, 1980, the ATM service was introduced for customers of Austrian financial institutions. It was initially offered to the bank's respective customers.

The first cash dispensers under the "BANKOMAT" brand were installed by IBM in Vienna on Schottengasse , on Graben and on Stock-im-Eisen-Platz . As a result, this service became more and more popular. From the introduction of the ATM service in 1980 to the end of 2003, there were more than 1.1 billion withdrawals in Austria with an amount of almost 170 billion euros. As market research shows, most Austrians can hardly imagine a life without ATMs anymore. In 2010, 30 years after its introduction, Austria had 7650 ATMs and thus one of the densest networks in Europe. The number of Maestro debit cards was around 7.7 million at the same time. In 2014, money was said to have been withdrawn around 246 million times at 8,700 ATMs, which corresponds to a monthly average of 2,350 withdrawals.

Since 2016, ATMs have been operated both by the banks via PSA Payment Services Austria GmbH (PSA) under the "BANKOMAT" brand itself, and by First Data since 2008 with around 1100 devices, mainly in supermarkets and by Euronet . Although it was agreed with the banks in May 2016 that cash withdrawals from ATMs would be free of charge, Euronet rushed forward two months later and charged 1.95 euros per withdrawal at ATMs operated by it, regardless of any bank charges.

As of January 13, 2018, the VZKG (Consumer Payment Account Act) was changed and obliged the banks to assume withdrawal fees from operators such as Euronet for their customers. This provision was declared invalid by the Constitutional Court on October 12, 2018. The automatic charging of withdrawal fees from independent third-party providers such as Euronet to the banks was viewed as an interference with the integrity of the property of the financial institutions and thus unconstitutional. The customer at the Euronet machine must therefore pay the withdrawal fee again if he agrees to the withdrawal.

Furthermore, banks may only charge withdrawal fees in individual cases. When opening an account, customers must choose between a flat-rate account management fee (including ATM withdrawals) and a lower account management fee, which, however, incurs additional costs for individual ATM withdrawals. According to the Chamber of Labor, a simple reference to this in the general terms and conditions is not sufficient.

Criticism of the supply by the banks will become louder from 2017, as the banks are thinning out the rural areas more and more in the course of cost-saving measures and either closing ATMs or demanding default payments from the municipalities for insufficient withdrawals. For their part, the municipalities see a supply mandate given by the banks.

Statistics from the ÖNB show that despite the decline in the number in 2017, the density of 9.7 ATMs per 1000 inhabitants is higher than, for example, in the neighboring countries of Switzerland with 8.3 and Germany with 7.0.

Networking

As in other countries, ATMs were only accepted hesitantly at the beginning of the 1970s, as there was no common machine system of the Austrian banks and the devices caused extremely high costs. A common Austrian cash dispenser system for all parties involved. In 1978, GABE Geldausgabeautomat Service-Gesellschaft mbH was founded. Ten Austrian financial institutions were involved in it, with the decentralized sectors being represented by their top institutions. The purpose of this company was the conception and later the construction and maintenance of a nationwide network of ATMs operated under the brand name "BANKOMAT". It performed its function until 1993 and then merged with Europay Austria Payment Systems GmbH .

The Austrian cash dispensers serviced by PSA are identified by a uniform green-blue logo, which mostly protrudes on house walls in the form of a neon sign in the direction of the street and is therefore visible from afar. This symbol is protected as a trademark several times. Participation in the Austrian ATM system - called ATM service - is open to every financial institution both as an issuer of authorized debit cards and as an operator of ATMs and is independent of participation in the system operator company. Initially, only the Maestro debit card issued for this purpose was used as a cash withdrawal card. Due to the good acceptance of the ATM service and the large number of eurocheque cards issued, the cash withdrawal function was also brought to the eurocheque card at the end of 1983.

In 1990, foreign eurocheque and bank customer cards with the ec pictogram were approved for the first time at ATMs operated under the "BANKOMAT" brand. In the following years, MasterCard and Visa credit cards followed, the cash withdrawal cards from Cirrus and the debit cards from Maestro, the cash withdrawal cards from Plus and the credit cards from Diners Club and American Express. Since 2008, bank-independent ATMs have also been installed, especially in shopping centers and supermarkets (e.g. 110 at SPAR). These are operated and maintained by First Data Austria. The private provider Euronet followed later. If the card-issuing bank authorizes online, withdrawals from ATMs are booked directly to the account; in the case of fallback authorization, the withdrawal is usually made within 2 days. In 2016, Bawag PSK switched its ATMs to the operator First Data.

"ATM" brands

The ATMs operated by PSA Payment Services Austria GmbH (PSA) or serviced for Austrian credit institutions (banks) are marked with the familiar green-blue B-symbol. This symbol is protected several times as a trademark with and without the word component “ATM”. The term "Bankomat" is an Austrian word mark that was registered in 1968. The trademark owner is PPE in each case. PSA was founded in 2012 and, as part of a restructuring of the Austrian card market, has provided PayLife Bank GmbH with the servicing of all ATM cards in circulation, the so-called "Debit Issuing Support", as well as the maintenance of the ATM system in Austria, the so-called "ATM Acquiring", taken over. Currently, around 714 million transactions from around 9.5 million ATM cards and around 7,350 ATMs are processed annually via PSA. Despite this protection, the term became a generic name over the years , which is also listed in the Austrian dictionary .

Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein

ATM system

The first ATM in Switzerland went into operation on November 1st, 1967 on Bahnhofstrasse in Zurich, next to the headquarters of the Swiss bank company SBG (later UBS ). Like other devices of the time, it was an offline device with punch card control .

In Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein , the current Bancomat system is based on the Bancomat interbank software of the same name, which showed the following development steps.

  • 1978: Telekurs AG set up the ATM system for Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein.
  • : Introduction of the ATM version (BM) 78 .
  • 1985: Introduction of the BM 85 :
  • : The Swiss Eurocheque guarantee card (EC card) and the Swiss EUROCARD can now be used as payment cards .
  • 1990: Introduction of the BM 90 :
  • : In addition, foreign EC cards and EUROCARD / MasterCard can now also withdraw money at the ATM. The system works 100% online.
  • 1997: Introduction of the BM 97 :
  • : New CASH service is introduced.
  • 2002: Introduction of BM 5.0 (renunciation of designation according to the year of introduction; specification of the version number):
  • : With this version, EMV and EUR transactions can now be processed.
  • 2007: Introduction of BM 5.1 :
  • : 4-way transactions, supervisor credit, dynamic currency conversion (DCC) and centralized card table on the central computers of SIX Card Solutions AG.
  • 2008: Introduction of the BM 5.1m :
  • : New service ATM Mobile Voucher (charge mobile phone).
  • 2009: Introduction of BM 5.1s :
  • : 3DES encryption technology is introduced.

At the end of 2009, the ATM software was in operation on over 5400 ATMs in Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein. The software is based on the Bancomat specification , which is developed under the leadership of SIX Card Solutions AG together with the Swiss financial institutions. All transactions carried out via the ATM are processed centrally by the SIX Card Solutions AG processor. Depending on the device type and the card used, the following ATM functions are available to the cardholder:

The following domestic and foreign cards are accepted at ATMs

Further functions are also implemented.

  • The ATM is 100% EMC compatible.
  • All ATM transactions are processed online. Offline transactions are not possible.
  • Upon request, cardholders will receive a printed out customer receipt.
  • The "Supervisor credit" function has been introduced for the uniform and simple processing of money left behind at the ATM.

Postomat and the bank's own services

Postomat ( Wincor Nixdorf ProCash 2050 Cash Dispenser)
  • The Postomat is a separate ATM system in Switzerland and is operated by PostFinance .
  • Bank's own services: In addition to the Bancomat interbank software, many ATMs run the “Bank's own services” software, the classic functions of which are offered to holders of a bank's own account card or Maestro card. These are "account functions" and the "deposit" and are processed by the banks themselves.

The aim of the ATMfutura project is to merge the interbank software Bancomat with these “bank-owned services” and central processing via SIX Card Solutions AG.

ATM manufacturer

Olivetti ATM

The world's largest manufacturers of ATMs are

See also

Web links

Commons : ATMs  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: ATM  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Wiktionary: ATM  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

literature

  • Goethe and Engels once came out of the machine , author: Reiner Graff, Münzen Revue issue 1/2013, Gietl-Verlag.
  • ATMs and cash cards of the GDR , parts 1–3, author: numiscontrol, online magazine MünzenWoche 2014.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Austrian Patent Office (ÖPA): Register extract of the brand "BANKOMAT", register no. 63285. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
  2. ↑ ATM. In: duden.de. Bibliographisches Institut GmbH, Dudenverlag, accessed on September 28, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Michael Höfling: The world of ATMs. In: welt.de . WeltN24 , September 13, 2009, accessed October 21, 2017 .
  4. ↑ From ATM to cash center.
  5. ↑ Series production of Germany's first blind-accessible ATM started - German Association of the Blind and Visually Impaired advised on development . netzwerk-artikel-3.de; Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  6. ↑ Overview: Navy Cash / Marine Cash: Programs and Systems: Financial Management Service . Fms.treas.gov. Retrieved February 8, 2013. (English).
  7. ^ A b c Jürgen Dube: Computers for cooperatives. The history of the cooperative data centers . DG Verlag, Wiesbaden 1993, ISBN 3-87151-002-5 , p. 29, 57, 104, 117, 158-161 .
  8. ↑ NBA player sets up ATM in his own kitchen. on german.ruvr.ru from June 1, 2012; Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  9. ↑ Picture of the GAA in DeShawn Stevenson's kitchen, including the same . Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  10. ↑ antarcticsun.usap.gov (PDF; 70 kB)
  11. ↑ Interview with the Vice President ATM banking division of Wells Fargo
  12. ^ ABC Nagqu Branch cares about rural Tibetans. (No longer available online.) En.tibet.cn, December 28, 2007, archived from the original on July 28, 2011 ; Retrieved February 11, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / en.tibet.cn
  13. ↑ ים המוות מתעורר לחיים; נרשמה עלייה של 8% בלינות באיזור בשנת 2006 - צרכנות. (No longer available online.) TheMarker, archived from the original on November 18, 2009 ; Retrieved August 18, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.themarker.com
  14. ↑ Cornelis Roba: t ATM. automatic plate machine . thocp.net; accessed on September 10, 2013
  15. ↑ İşbank implements Hitachi's finger vein technology on 2,400 biometric ATMs . hitachi.de, February 6, 2012; Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  16. ↑ ATM security in Great Britain: ATMs in retail are particularly at risk . ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. wik.info, April 11, 2008; Retrieved August 13, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wik.info
  17. ↑ No money abroad with an ATM card on ORF from November 14, 2014, accessed on January 8, 2015.
  18. ↑ The police warn of trick thieves at ATMs Police warn of "Lebanese noose" . derwesten.de, November 29, 2007; Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  19. ↑ A clever trick with the plastic card , Die Zeit 6/1986 of January 31, 1986.
  20. ↑ Daniel Bachfeld: Attack of the map cloners. From: c't. 25/2007, p. 76.
  21. ↑ Tom König: Waiting loop: Visa, I'll take your freedom . Spiegel Online ; Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  22. ↑ Skimming: ATMs are becoming more secure, criminals are evading . Spiegel Online , July 10, 2013; accessed on August 16, 2013.
  23. ^ Anja Kröll: Wanted: The ATM gang.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Salzburger Nachrichten. April 18, 2011, accessed April 27, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.salzburg.com  
  24. ↑ ATM gang strikes again. at: Orf.at , November 13, 2010, accessed April 27, 2011.
  25. ↑ Police break up the first ATM gang. on: krone.at , December 1, 2010, accessed on April 27, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Bank robbers let it crash" by Justus Randt in Weser-Kurier of December 4, 2012, p. 13.
  27. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH: ATM explosions: It makes "boom" less often. August 26, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017 .
  28. ^ Matthias Kremp: Computer crime: FBI warns of attack on ATMs worldwide . In: Spiegel Online . August 15, 2018 ( spiegel.de [accessed August 15, 2018]).
  29. ↑ Reprogram ATMs … tweakpc.de; accessed on August 16, 2013.
  30. ↑ Russian ATMs infected with Trojans . tecchannel.de; Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  31. ↑ Windows Trojans on Diebold ATM . heise.de of March 18, 2009; Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  32. ↑ The Tricks of the Cheaters . FAZ.net , May 5, 2011; Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  33. ↑ Theft by USB stick: This is how the cleverest bank robbery software works on Spiegel Online ; Retrieved December 4, 2014.
  34. ↑ Gangsters crack an ATM using a USB stick welt.de ; accessed on January 4, 2014.
  35. ↑ Chris Vallance: Cash machines raided with infected USB sticks . BBC Radio 4, bbc.co.uk; Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  36. ↑ ATM hacker Barnaby Jack is dead . golem.de; Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  37. ↑ ATM and bank branch blown up: How safe are ATMs actually? Finanznewsonline.de; Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  38. ↑ What an ATM costs the banks on Abendblatt.de from January 6, 2011
  39. ↑ Houses mourn their bank on observer-online.de from August 2, 2013
  40. ↑ Martina Läubli: An ATM for 150,000 francs , Berner Zeitung , February 27, 2013. Amounts stated in the article in CHF: “between 120,000 and 150,000 francs”.
  41. ↑ Bundeskartellamt examines savings banks: ATM fee too high?
  42. ↑ Criticism of the introduction of ATM fees. on: ORF . November 9, 2010, accessed June 11, 2011.
  43. ↑ More cost transparency. on: ORF. June 11, 2011, accessed June 11, 2011.
  44. ^ Homepage of PSA Payment Services Austria GmbH (PSA). Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
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  46. ↑ a b c Austrian Patent Office (ÖPA): Register extract of the brand "BANKOMAT", register no. 94757. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
  47. ↑ a b c d Austrian Patent Office (ÖPA): Register extract of the brand "BANKOMAT B", register no. 94758. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
  48. ↑ a b c Austrian Patent Office (ÖPA): Register extract of the brand "BANKOMAT", register no. 230443. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
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  50. ↑ This is how ... the ATM works. In: Focus technology. No. 5 (2008), September 1, 2008, accessed December 12, 2008.
  51. ↑ a b "The triumphant advance of the ATMs" by Michael Ossenkopf in Weser-Kurier on June 24, 2013, p. 7.
  52. ^ Konrad Lischka: 40 years of cash dispensers. When ATMs still had opening times. on: Spiegel-online. July 2, 2007.
  53. ↑ a b Konrad Lischka: 40 years of cash dispensers: When ATMs still had opening times . Spiegel Online ; Retrieved August 9, 2013.
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  55. ^ Brian Milligan: The man who invented the cash machine . In: BBC News , June 25, 2007, accessed September 17, 2018.
  56. ^ VDI news : With punch cards to the bar . May 25, 2018, 21/2018, p. 3 (dpa / jdb)
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  58. ↑ BankCard on the Bank Austria website, accessed on April 16, 2018
  59. ↑ sz-online.de: Expensive cash
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  62. ↑ https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/geldautomaten-rueckgang-abnahme-banken-1.4453109
  63. ↑ https://www.auepost.de/news/wirtschaft/volksbank-geldautomaten-bleiben-nicht-25772/
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  65. ↑ https://www.ln-online.de/Nachrichten/Norddeutschland/Online-Banking-statt-SB-Terminal-Der-Geldautomat-wird-im-Norden-ein-Auslaufmodell
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  67. ^ A b Thiemo Heeg: Money has been coming out of the machine for 40 years . In: FAZ , December 12, 2008, p. 21. ( Happy casgeldlos: The ATM is turning 40. faz.net)
  68. ↑ First ATM installed 40 years ago. In: Westfälische Nachrichten. December 11, 2008.
  69. ↑ The first ATM in Germany . In: bw week . No. 22 , June 9, 2008, p. 9 .
  70. ↑ Germany's first online ATM. on: muenchen.de , February 9, 1977.
  71. ↑ ATM. at: robotrontechnik.de, accessed on December 12, 2008.
  72. ↑ Machines spew out billions of dollars. ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Augsburger Allgemeine. December 11, 2008, accessed December 12, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.augsburger-allgemeine.de
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  74. ↑ a b c d Austrian Patent Office (ÖPA): Register extract for the trademark, register no . 285917. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
  75. ↑ a b 30 years of ATMs in Austria. on: ORF . September 8, 2010, accessed September 8, 2010.
  76. ↑ a b Money, even without branches , accessed on ORF from February 4, 2016, 2016
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  79. ↑ Durchblicker: ATM fees. Yousure Tarifvergleich GmbH, accessed on June 27, 2019 .
  80. ↑ ATMs: Municipalities against further dismantling on ORF Lower Austria from February 22, 2017, accessed on February 23, 2017.
  81. ↑ ATMs: Municipalities must pay on ORF-Burgenland from February 22, 2017, accessed on February 23, 2017.
  82. ↑ Fewer and fewer ATMs of domestic institutions on ORF from September 18, 2017, accessed on September 18, 2017.
  83. ↑ a b European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO): Extract EUTM file no. 014540256. Retrieved on September 28, 2018 .
  84. ↑ Gold award for mobile payment terminal. on: FirstData. February 15, 2011.
  85. ↑ a b Homepage of PSA Payment Services Austria GmbH (PSA). Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
  86. ↑ Jürg Müller: How a Scot turned the banking world upside down In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from June 24, 2017
  87. ↑ Homepage cashwaytech.com
  88. ↑ GRG Banking homepage
  89. ↑ The largest ATM manufacturer apparently had problems with fraudsters ( memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Dapd on May 11, 2011; Retrieved from de.nachrichten.yahoo.com on August 15, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / de.nachrichten.yahoo.com
  90. ^ A b Talaris, Glory Group integrate as Glory Global Solutions . ( Memento of the original from January 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. atmmarketplace.com; Accessed August 29, 2013 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.atmmarketplace.com
  91. ↑ Diebold buys the PoS division from Bull and Getronics . computerwoche.de of February 10, 2000; Retrieved August 18, 2013.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 11, 2005 .