Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (2005)

Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (born June 15, 1928 in Vienna ; † June 2, 2018 in Starnberg ) was an Austrian zoologist , evolutionary biologist , behavioral scientist and founder of human ethology .

Together with Konrad Lorenz , Hans Hass and Otto Koenig , he researched animal and human behavior and campaigned intensively for nature conservation. He was the first to describe the cleaning symbiosis of damselfish , the tournament behavior of marine iguanas and the swarming behavior of fish as well as the behavior of some species such as the cleaner wrasse ( Labroides dimidiatus ) and the cleaner imitator Aspidontus taeniatus . In the Galapagos he described several subspecies of the marine iguanas ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ) and in the Indian Ocean some types of tube eels .

Eibl-Eibesfeldt (right) and Hans Hass (1972)

His successes include the creation of the world's largest film documentation program on human behavior in a cultural comparison, the discovery of universals in the biological and cultural behavior of humans, the establishment of a research station on the Galapagos Islands and the establishment of human ethology as an independent branch of science.

Life

Eibl-Eibesfeldt on the Galapagos Islands with a giant tortoise (2006)

Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt came from the old Regensburg knight family Eibl von Eibesfeldt. His father was a botanist and taught botany at the higher federal teaching and federal experimental station for viticulture, fruit growing and horticulture in Klosterneuburg , his mother was a trained art historian . Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt grew up in Kierling (today part of Klosterneuburg), and in 1939 the family moved to Vienna. He began to be interested in animal science at the age of ten and, thanks to his parents, had access to magazines such as Kosmos . His father died in March 1941 as a result of a war suffering from the First World War . Now that his school performance deteriorated, he was enrolled in a boarding school. After his entire school class had been called up for military service in January 1944, after four weeks of training - at the age of 15 - he became an air force and flak helper in Breitenlee . In periods without air alert students in Breitenlee were still taught by their teachers, which helped make it certifies seven years secondary school education and the war Matura was awarded. As a result, he was able to begin his studies in natural sciences as early as May 1945 at the largely bombed but recently reopened University of Vienna .

Eibl-Eibesfeldt studied biology , physics , zoology and botany at the University of Vienna from 1945 to 1949 and was a student of Ludwig von Bertalanffy and Wilhelm von Marinelli , through whose zoological work group he met Otto Koenig , whose employee he was from 1946 to 1949. In 1945 Koenig occupied six empty military barracks across from Schloss Wilhelminenberg , surrounded the area with written entry bans and designated it as the Wilhelminenberg Biological Station , which later became today's Konrad Lorenz Institute for Comparative Behavioral Research . The pond on the site of the "Station Wilhelminenberg" contributed significantly to the fact that Eibl-Eibesfeldt - after the teaching examination for natural history and physics - in 1949 with a study on the mating biology of the common toad ( Bufo bufo ) for Dr. phil. received his doctorate . In his barracks he raised a young badger and described, among other things, its play behavior , and after numerous mice sought shelter in the barracks in winter, his first study on the behavior of rodents was made . After Konrad Lorenz was released from Soviet captivity to Austria in 1948, he made contact with the small Wilhelminenberg group and gave lectures for them on the basis of the so-called "Russian manuscript" written in captivity on cement sack packaging, which was posted in 1992 posthumously from the estate under the title The natural science of man. An introduction to comparative behavioral research was issued. At the same time, a close friendly relationship developed between Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Lorenz, which is why Eibl-Eibesfeldt worked temporarily until 1950 in Altenberg ( Lower Austria ) at the Institute for Comparative Behavioral Research by Konrad Lorenz, which was run by the Austrian Academy of Sciences from February 1949. On the initiative of Lorenz, in 1951 he joined Wolfgang Schleidt as a scientific assistant at the emerging research center for comparative behavioral research at the then Max Planck Institute for Marine Biology in Buldern, Westphalia . From 1956 he worked at the newly founded Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Seewiesen , Bavaria .

1953–54 he took part in the first Xarifa expedition to the Caribbean and the Galapagos Islands, led by Hans Hass . He was fascinated by the biodiversity of the local ecosystems and drafted a memorandum to protect the islands. In 1957 a second trip to the Galapagos took place on behalf of UNESCO and IUCN to record and document the ecological situation. His initiatives led to the establishment of the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz and the establishment of protected areas. 1957-1958 he was scientific director of the second Xarifa expedition by Hans Hass to the Indian Ocean, 1961 visiting professor at the University of Chicago (Dept. of Psychology). In 1963 he completed his habilitation in zoology (behavioral biology) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich , initially taught as a private lecturer, was appointed professor of zoology there in 1969 and professor there in 1970. In 1996 he retired . From 1997 he was a full member of the Human Sciences Center (HWZ) at Munich University.

Eibl-Eibesfeldt speaks in an interview about his work with Konrad Lorenz and Hans Hass

The expeditions piqued his interest in studying human behavior in general and innate behaviors in particular. From his research approaches, a new scientific discipline developed with human ethology .

In 1970 Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt became head of the working group for human ethology in Seewiesen. In 1971 he received the Golden Bölsche Medal of the Kosmos Society . In 1972 he founded the Ecology group together with well-known German, Austrian and Swiss natural scientists and publicists such as Konrad Lorenz, Otto Koenig , Paul Leyhausen , Bernhard Grzimek , Horst Stern , Heinz Sielmann , Josef H. Reichholf and others . From 1975 to 1996 he headed the independent research center for human ethology in the Max Planck Society in Seewiesen.

Eibl-Eibesfeldt was a member of numerous domestic and foreign scientific institutions, including the German Zoological Society , the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the Australian Forensic Society, the South West African Scientific Society and the Polish Academy for Sexual Research . From 1986 to 1993 he was President of the International Society for Human Ethology. In 1990 he was one of the founders of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Konrad Lorenz Society for Environment and Behavioral Studies. For a time he was also director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Urban Ethology in Vienna, which he co-founded . Since 1998 he has also been a member of the Advisory Board of the Heinz Sielmann Foundation . He was a founding member of the Liechtenstein PEN Club .

In 1995 Eibl-Eibesfeldt was awarded the Great Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, and in 1998 the Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art, 1st class . He was an honorary doctor from the Universities of Salamanca and Bologna .

Eibl-Eibesfeldt lived in Söcking and had been married to Lorle Siegel since February 1950, whom he met in 1947 when she was studying biology at the University of Vienna at the same time as he was studying. The children Bernolf and Roswitha emerged from the marriage.

Research priorities

A pair of breeding frigate birds

Communication issues were already the focus of his interest on the two Xarifa expeditions. He began by such diverse phenomena as the jousting of Galápagos marine iguanas that he discovered cleaning symbioses of coral fish and the ceremonies of courtship and breeding replacement of the frigate to study and flightless cormorants under a common theoretical aspect. Other focal points of his interest were questions of behavioral development and ontogenesis. His experiments contributed decisively to the clarification of the dispute about the innate in the behavior of mammals. Eibl-Eibesfeldt completed his research on animal ethology with the “Outline of Comparative Behavioral Research” in 1967 (8th edition 1999).

After twenty years of research in animal ethology and marine biology, Eibl-Eibesfeldt turned to research into human behavior in the 1960s. The question was to what extent hypotheses on the phylogenesis of behavior could also be transferred to human behavior. While many research trips to Africa , South America and East Asia , he examined among other things the expression of various tribes and pointed universals after so universal and presumably innate similarities, such as the showing of anger, sadness, surprise, embarrassment, joy and even in regards (see: eyebrow flash ). His studies with those born deaf and blind and his comparative cultural research program on human behavior made a decisive contribution to the establishment of human ethology as a behavioral biology and a sub-discipline of ethology. In 1984 he published the first textbook on human ethology ("The Biology of Human Behavior", 5th edition 2004), which was published in 1989 in English translation.

As part of a long-term project to research human behavior, he documented unconstrained everyday social interactions, rituals and other activities of people in different cultures in film and sound, which he visited at regular intervals over a period of forty years: the Kalahari Bushmen (! Ko , G / wi and! Kung, Namibia and Botswana), the Himba (Namibia), the Yanomami (Upper Orinoco, Venezuela), the Eipo (West New Guinea) and the Trobriand Islanders (Papua New Guinea). The documentation of this research, which has been continued to this day, housed the human ethological film archive in the Max Planck Society, Andechs, until 2014, and the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research in Frankfurt since mid-2014 .

Human communication and cooperation

Field photograph from 1978 in West New Guinea

In his animal ethological research, Eibl-Eibesfeldt had already specialized in questions of intra-species and inter-species communication and the behaviors that accompany them (e.g. ritualization). From the beginning, non-verbal communication was also in the foreground in his human ethological research . In addition to the mimic and gestural behavior repertoire, the context of the situation always came into focus, which allowed a social interpretation of the event and opened up a broader thematic perspective: give and take - people's willingness to cooperate - exchange rituals, greeting rituals, structures of community building, familiarity and artificial kinship systems, strategies of conflict and fear management and the social role of celebrations. The antagonism of striving for rank and dominance on the one hand and the behavior of love and caring on the other hand were repeatedly discussed as the cornerstones of human social behavior. Above all, the theoretical anchoring of the prosocial predispositions in the phylogenetic legacy of humans contradicted the socially critical theories common at the time. According to these, the abilities to cooperate and care were solely the result of socialization processes without taking biological foundations into account.

Cultural influences on human behavior

In addition to behavior, the topics of human emotionality, concepts of perception, processes of cognition and awareness-building are therefore also part of the theories and research spectrum of human ethology. The step into a cultural ethology proved to be inevitable from the start. Many of the similarities between phylogenetic and cultural ritualization are the result of similar demands on the part of the environment and thus selection pressures acting in the same way (analogy, convergence). As early as 1970, “Liebe und Hass. On the natural history of elementary behavior ”, 1975“ War and peace from the point of view of behavioral research ”. Both are still longsellers and classics in behavioral research.

Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt occupied himself with the question of how behaviors that are phylogenetically acquired in humans under culturally changed environmental conditions prevailed and maintained, right up to the research of modern social behavior. Adaptation can be the result of ancestral, cultural and individual historical development. If the survival of a species is defined in terms of its adaptability to its environment, the question of the effectiveness of selection pressures arises. This corresponds to an evolutionary biological approach. Since the acquisition of information about our environment includes processes of perception, adjustments in the sensory area must also be taken into account. The systems of action on which a behavior is based require a longer period of time to develop and acquire information than would be necessary for learning processes. One can investigate the immediate ( proximate ) causes and triggers underlying a behavior , which set the physiological interaction in motion, or ask about the ( ultimate ) function that a behavior fulfills.

The cultural evolution of the socialization of humans into larger associations brought u. a. pressure to accelerate, which man's ability to adapt was only partially able to cope with. Building on older structures of the repertoire of expression and behavior, which dates back to the long time in which humans lived culturally as hunters and gatherers in small groups, proved to be an advantage. Emotionality is one of the oldest structures to which the behavior of modern humans can dock. The attachment and care behavior could be derived from brood care - according to Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, a “great moment” in behavioral evolution - and the often aggressive group identification from family defense. Much, however, turns out to be archaic ballast with a relic character.

Universals of human behavior

Yanomami mother and child, Venezuela

What can be described as research on universals affects both the innate and parts of human cultural behavior: the need for cultural peculiarities, identification and demarcation, the formation of myths, indoctrinability of group values ​​and the development of special forms as well as the elementary emotions and behaviors of Fear, joy and sadness, love and hate. Speech, play and flirting behavior, dress customs, greeting rituals, the aforementioned exchange and kinship systems as well as monument culture and symbol identification have been part and parcel of this right from the start and through involvement in appropriate specialist and working groups. It was always about a universal grammar of human behavior that appeared behind the cultural variants. Collaboration with ethnologists, physicians, linguists, psychologists and cultural scientists turned out not only to be necessary, but also to be extremely fruitful.

The relationship between behavior and art

Since the early 1980s, visual communication has also been the focus of his interest, that is, understanding about man-made structures. That includes art. The colloquium on the “Biological Foundations of Aesthetics” (1979–1983), supported by the Reimers Foundation, provided a first platform for collaboration with musicians, artists, architects and art historians.

Urban ethology

His research took another decisive turn at the end of the 1980s when Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt explicitly turned to “urban ethology”. The question of how humans deal with their innate dispositions in the modern life situation has interested him since he was concerned with archaic communities. The project on living satisfaction was created in collaboration with Viennese architects and sociologists. Thanks to new employees and institutions, he was able to devote himself to the topics using modern methods. Together with his student Karl Grammer , he founded the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Urban Ethology in 1991, which was affiliated to the Department of Anthropology at the University of Vienna. This also stimulated the project on behavior in public places. Here, the new situation of life in the anonymous big city is the focus of interest: How do people who have successfully evolved in small associations - where everyone knew everyone - deal with the conditions of a large society, where new forms apply to build a solidarity community? This can be achieved by transferring the ethos of the small group to the larger community and by making the fellow citizen a "brother" or a "sister" within a new covenant ("father state"). One way of doing this is through symbol identification.

Philosophy of Science and Methods

Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt in 2001

The epistemological basis of human ethology is critical realism and the modern theory of evolution . As early as 1872, Charles Darwin in The Expression of Emotional Movements in Man and Animals pointed to universals in human facial expressions , and also to some homologies in the facial expressions of chimpanzees and humans.

Parallels between natural and cultural evolution can be grasped in the form of analogies. The idea of ​​a similarity of courses due to similar selection conditions (convergence) plays a role here. One should not think of the copy of natural history through human cultural history, but of similar processes based on common conditions. The questions about function and career can be asked for cultural behavior patterns as well as for phylogenetic ones. In terms of method, human ethology adopts the tried and tested procedures in ethology of creating statistically evaluable data sets from field observations (documentation and description), a comparative morphological approach and experimental approaches. Three fields of investigation proved to be particularly relevant: research into people in early childhood, children with experience deprivation (blind, deaf-blind) and human social behavior in a cultural comparison. The focus was on film documentation and its analysis. In terms of methodology, human ethology has also caught up with many neighboring disciplines, especially when it comes to the statistical analysis of the data.

criticism

Instrumentalization of his work

Eibl-Eibesfeldt is recognized as a leading behavioral researcher; At the same time, Josef Berghold accused him of having "instrumentalized his theses in support of xenophobic ideologies".

Biological reductionism

The focus of the criticism is Eibl-Eibesfeldt's conviction that findings from behavioral research on animals can in part be transferred to humans. Like all behavioral researchers , sociobiologists and evolutionary psychologists , he is accused of advocating anthropological justifications for human behavior and thus a biological reductionism .

Thesis of innate xenophobia

It is also criticized that he postulates an innate fear of xenophobia . In 1989, Marielouise Jurreit described Eibl-Eibesfeldt's theses about human fear of xenophobia as "chauvinistic". This can be countered by the fact that Eibl-Eibesfeldt has no longer been afraid of an innate stranger since the mid-1990s , but rather shyly speaks of an innate stranger . This stands in an ambivalence to the likewise innate curiosity behavior. Whether a person approaches a foreign culture with shyness or with curiosity depends on the social framework.

Right of ethnic groups to their own identity

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Eibl-Eibesfeldt was also accused of speaking out for the right of ethnic groups to their own identity. As a member of the Society for Threatened Peoples , he advocated this right for every population or group, be it ethnicities of the rainforest in Venezuela or San ethnicities of Botswana as well as European ones. According to Eibl-Eibesfeldt, belonging to such a group is often social constructs, but fulfills the function of an evolutionary pacemaker, as members of social groups not only identify with such a group, but usually marry one another. In 1998, Eibl-Eibesfeldt wrote the article “Why we love nature and yet destroy it” in the national revolutionary or new-right magazine Wir sich.

In 1998 Eibl-Eibesfeldt gave some critics new cause for reproach when, in his book In derfall des Kurzzeitdenkens “in the interest of maintaining peace”, he worried, among other things, that “the politicians of a community providing help the identity of their political community” could take: "This makes it necessary to limit immigration from culturally and anthropologically distant populations."

Awards (selection)

Fonts (selection)

A comprehensive list of publications (1947–2008) can be found on the website of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, see: Publications by Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (accessed on July 17, 2015).

  • Mating biology of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.). Vienna 1949, Permalink , (Dissertation University of Vienna 1949, 55 pages ( University Library Vienna , Main Library: AV04483914)).
    • Reichsstelle for the educational film Berlin (ed.): Mating biology of the Anurs: common frog, common toad, tree frog, water frog, by Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (=  publications of the Reichsstelle for the educational film part: No. C 628). Institute for Scientific Film, Göttingen 1954, DNB 364222174 (13 pages, 5 images).
  • Innate and acquired behavior in some mammals. In: Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie . Volume 20, 1963, Issue 6, pp. 705-754, Munich 1963, DNB 481952578 (habilitation thesis University of Munich, Faculty of Natural Sciences, June 11, 1963, 49 pages).
  • Galápagos: Noah's Ark in the Pacific. Piper, Munich 1960. (Updated paperback edition. Piper series, volume 1232, second edition. Piper, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-492-21232-8 ).
  • In the realm of a thousand atolls: As an animal psychologist in the coral reefs of the Maldives and Nicobar Islands. Piper, Munich 1964; Paperback edition: dtv 769, Munich 1971, ISBN 3-423-00769-9 .
  • Outline of comparative behavioral research. Piper, Munich 1967; 8th, revised edition. Approved special edition, Blank Media, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-937501-02-9 .
  • Love and hate. On the natural history of elementary behavior. Piper, Munich 1970; Expanded paperback edition (= Piper series, Volume 113), 12th edition. Piper, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-492-20113-X .
  • The ǃKo -Buschmann Society. Group bonding and aggression control in a hunter-gatherer people. Monographs on Human Ethology, Volume 1, ZDB -ID 184306-0 . Piper, Cologne 1972, ISBN 3-492-01948-X .
  • The preprogrammed person. The inheritance as a determining factor in human behavior. Molden, Vienna / Zurich / Munich 1973, ISBN 3-217-00568-6 .
  • War and Peace from the Behavioral Research Point of View. Piper, Munich 1975, ISBN 3-492-02118-2 .
  • Human research on new paths: The scientific consideration of cultural behavior. Molden, Vienna et al. 1976, ISBN 3-217-00622-4 .
  • The biology of human behavior. Outline of human ethology. Piper, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-492-02687-7 .
  • The human being, the risked being. On the natural history of human unreason . Piper, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-492-03014-9 .
  • And the golden tree of life green. Experiences of a naturalist. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1992, ISBN 3-462-02231-8 .
  • Christa Sütterlin: Under the spell of fear. On the natural and art history of human defense symbolism. Piper, Munich et al. 1992, ISBN 3-492-03387-3 .
  • Against the no-confidence society. Polemic for a better future. Piper, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-492-03682-1 .
  • In the case of short-term thinking. Piper, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-492-03315-6 .
  • Gabriele Herzog-Schröder, Marie-Claude Matteí-Müller: Yanomami. Human ethological accompanying publications. Publications on scientific films, ethnology, special volume 10.2001, ZDB -ID 2023072-2 . Institute for Scientific Film, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-88222-080-5 .
  • Christa Sütterlin: World Language Art. On the natural and art history of visual communication. Brandstätter, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-85033-093-0 .
  • What is life Creation - Research - Conservation. Antal-Festetics -Festschrift. Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen 2010, ISBN 978-3-7888-1355-0 .
  • Great moments of behavioral evolution. In: Michael Kaasch (Hrsg.), Joachim Kaasch (Hrsg.): The becoming of the living. Contributions to the 18th annual conference of the German Society for the History and Theory of Biology V. (DGGTB) in Halle (Saale) 2009. Negotiations on the history and theory of biology, Volume 16, ZDB -ID 1461546-0 . VWB (Publishing House for Science and Education), Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86135-396-6 , pp. 29–52.

literature

Critical arguments

  • Rainer Floth: The preprogrammed person? Investigation of the sustainability and scope of Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt's behavioral research with special consideration of xenophobia and aggression. Augsburg 2004, DNB 974849383 (Dissertation University of Augsburg 2005).
  • Gerhard Roth (ed.): Critique of behavior research. Konrad Lorenz and his school. Beck, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-406-04909-5 .
  • Ludwig A. Minelli : Sexuality and "Deviation". About strange prejudices of Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt. In: einspruch - journal of the authors. No. 3, Zurich, June 1987, pp. 60–63 ( full text online PDF; 4.5 MB, free of charge, 5 pages).
  • Ingo Loose: "A solid castle ...". How a Süddeutsche Zeitung sings the song of praise from "Fortress Europe" (= DISS texts. Volume 26), DISS - Duisburg Institute for Language and Social Research , Duisburg 1993, ISBN 3-927388-35-1 .
  • Franz Seifert: The argument of human nature in the immigration debate is illustrated by the example of Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: For a new approach to dual natures. In: Austrian Journal for Political Science. Volume 25, No. 2, 1996, pp. 193–206 ( full text online PDF; 1.2 MB, free of charge, 15 pages).

The mirror

Festschrift

  • Christa Sütterlin, Frank K. Salter (Eds.): Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: on person and work; Festschrift on the occasion of the 70th birthday (= Bibliotheca aurea hominum illustrium, locorum amoenorum, librorum numinosorum. Volume 1), Lang, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin / Bern / Bruxelles / New York, NY / Oxford / Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-631 -34541-0 .

Web links

Commons : Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt died. In: orf.at. June 2, 2018, accessed June 2, 2018.
  2. ↑ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: "Fishy, ​​Fishy, ​​Fishy." Autobiographical Sketches. In: Donald A. Dewsbury: Studying Animal Behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 1985, pp. 69-74, ISBN 0-226-14410-0 .
  3. ↑ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: "Fishy, ​​Fishy, ​​Fishy." P. 74.
  4. ↑ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Mating biology of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.). Dissertation . University of Vienna, Vienna 1949.
    Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: A contribution to the mating biology of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.). In: Behavior. Volume 2, 1950, pp. 217-236.
  5. ↑ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: About the youth development of the behavior of a male badger (Meles meles L.) with special consideration of the game. In: Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie . Volume 7, No. 3, 1950, pp. 327-355, doi: 10.1111 / j.1439-0310.1950.tb01629.x .
  6. ↑ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Contributions to the biology of the house mouse and the ear mouse, together with some observations on other rodents. In: Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. Volume 7, No. 4, 1950, pp. 558-587, doi: 10.1111 / j.1439-0310.1950.tb01638.x .
  7. ↑ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: "Fishy, ​​Fishy, ​​Fishy." P. 76.
  8. ↑ Konrad Lorenz : The natural science of humans. An introduction to comparative behavioral research. The 'Russian Manuscript' (1944–1948). Piper, Munich and Zurich 1992, ISBN 3-492-03082-3 .
  9. ^ Klaus Taschwer and Benedikt Föger : Konrad Lorenz. Biography. Zsolnay, Vienna 2003, pp. 147–149, ISBN 3-552-05282-8 .
  10. ↑ Galapagos still needs protection. Interview with Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. April 7, 2007, Science Dept., p. 24.
  11. ↑ Michael Globig: The Rescue of Noah's Ark. In: MaxPlanckResearch. Issue 3, 2007, p. 58 f. (PDF; 325 kB)
  12. ↑ Member entry by Prof. Dr. Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (with picture) at the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , accessed on July 5, 2016.
  13. ↑ Institut Erling closes. In: Münchner Merkur . January 9, 2014.
  14. ↑ See Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: The biology of human behavior. Outline of human ethology. Piper, Munich 1984, p. 597 ff .; also Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: love and hate. On the natural history of elementary behavior. 7th edition. Piper, Munich 1976, pp. 28-30.
  15. ^ H. Sbrzesny: The games of the! Ko-Bushmen. (= Monographs on human ethology. 2). Piper, Munich 1976.
  16. ↑ K. Grammer: Human courtship behavior: Biological basis and cognitive processing. In: A. Rasa, C. Vogel, E. Voland (Eds.): The Sociobiology of Sexual and Reproductive Strategies. Chapman and Hall, London 1976, pp. 147-169.
  17. ↑ Ch. Tramitz: To be mad is male. Female body language and its effect on men. Bertelsmann, Munich 1993.
  18. ^ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Elementary interaction strategies and linguistic action. In: M. Liedtke (Ed.): On the evolution of communication and language - expression, communication, representation. (= Matreier Talks. Series of publications by the Research Association Wilhelminenberg). Austria Medien Service, Graz 1998, pp. 9–35.
  19. ^ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt: The song in the service of conveying values ​​and indoctrination. In: M. Liedtke (Ed.): Sound, song, music - aspects of natural and cultural history. (= Matreier Talks. Series of publications by the Research Association Wilhelminenberg). Austria Medien Service, Graz 1999, pp. 258–267.
  20. ^ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Ch. Sütterlin: The beard as an apotropaic gesture. In: Homo. 36 (4), 1985, pp. 241-250.
  21. ^ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, W. Schiefenhövel, V. Heeschen: Communication with the Eipo. A human ethological inventory. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 1989.
  22. ^ I. Bell-Krannhals: To have to give. Ownership and possessions in the Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea. (= Basel contributions to ethnology . 31). Basel 1990.
  23. ^ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt: The Biological Foundation of Aesthetics. In: I. Rentschler, B. Herzberger, D. Epstein (Eds.): Beauty and the Brain. Biological Aspects of Aesthetics. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston 1988.
  24. ↑ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Ch. Sütterlin: Im Banne der Angst. On the natural and art history of human defense symbolism. Piper, Munich 1992.
  25. ^ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, C. Sütterlin: Weltsprache Kunst. On the natural and art history of visual communication. Brandstätter, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-85033-093-0 .
  26. ^ I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, H. Hass, K. Freisitzer, E. Gehmacher, H. Glück: City and quality of life. DVA / ÖVB, Stuttgart / Vienna 1985.
  27. ↑ K. Atzwanger: Habitat Street: Aspects of human walking speed. In: Customs texts. Journal of the Austrian landscape planners and landscape ecologists. 5, 1995, pp. 19-21.
  28. ↑ M. Butovskaya, F. Salter, I. Diakonov, A. Smirnov :: Urban begging and ethnic nepotism in Russia. In: Human Nature. 11 (2), 2000, pp. 157-182.
  29. ↑ K. Atzwanger, K. Schäfer, K. Kruck, C. Sütterlin: Well-being and cooperation in public space. A human ethological field study. In: Report Psychology. 5, 1998, pp. 450-455.
  30. ↑ Josef Berghold: enemy images and understanding: basic questions of political psychology. Wiesbaden 2005, p. 151.
  31. ^ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: On the problem of a multiethnic immigration society. Reflections on Xenophobia and Territoriality. In: Wilhelm Ockenfels (Ed.): Problem case migration. Migration - Asylum - Integration. Publication by the International Foundation HUMANUM, Munich 1994, pp. 37–61.
  32. ↑ a b Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: fear of foreigners and exclusion. In: Magazine of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. Issue 9, 1992, p. 52.
  33. ↑ Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: The biology of human behavior. Outline of human ethology. Piper, Munich 1984, p. 223 and p. 476.
  34. ↑ Ingo Loose: "A strong castle ...". How a Süddeutsche Zeitung sings the song of praise from "Fortress Europe" (= DISS texts. Volume 26). Duisburg 1993, p. 11. Cf. also the DISS note : “The analysis of an article by the behavior researcher Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt from the magazine of the Süddeutsche Zeitung shows how existing hostilities towards foreigners are turned into 'archaic defensive reactions', which are inevitable to defend the habitat. ” (Online).
  35. ^ Marielouise Janssen-Jurreit: Battle of the cradles inevitable . In: Der Spiegel . No. 6 , 1989, pp. 197-200 ( online ). Quote: "Whether Eibl-Eibesfeldt has considered his chauvinistic theses about innate xenophobia to the end can be doubted."
  36. ↑ Why we love nature and still destroy it. In: We ourselves . No. 1/1998, p. 12 ff., Table of contents.
  37. ↑ In the case of short-term thinking. Munich 1998, p. 182.
personal data
SURNAME Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian behavioral scientist and ethologist
DATE OF BIRTH June 15, 1928
PLACE OF BIRTH Vienna - Döbling
DATE OF DEATH 2nd June 2018
Place of death Starnberg