Isaccea

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Isaccea
İshakçı
Isaccea coat of arms
Isaccea (Romania)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : RomaniaRomania Romania
Historical region : Dobruja
Circle : Tulcea
Coordinates : 45 ° 16 '  N , 28 ° 27'  E Coordinates: 45 ° 16 '13 "  N , 28 ° 27' 29"  E
Time zone : EET ( UTC +2)
Height : 15  m
Area : 101.68  km²
Residents : 5,026 (October 20, 2011)
Population density : 49 inhabitants per km²
Postal code : 825200
Telephone code : (+40) 02 40
License plate : TL
Structure and administration (as of 2016)
Community type : city
Structure : 2 districts / cadastral communities: Revărsarea , Tichilești
Mayor : Anastase Moraru ( PSD )
Postal address : Str. 1 Decembrie, no. 25
loc. Isaccea, jud. Tulcea, RO-825200
Website :

Isaccea ( pronunciation ? / I ; Turkish İshakçı ) is a small town in the Tulcea district in the Romanian Dobruja . Audio file / audio sample

location

Isaccea is located on the south bank of the Danube, which forms the border with Ukraine here. The beginning of the Danube Delta and the district capital Tulcea are about 30 km to the east.

history

Antiquity

Isaccea under the name Novioduni xli on the Roman map Tabula Peutingeriana

The area of ​​today's city has been inhabited for a long time; in the north-western part of the city the remains of a settlement dating back to around 4000 BC have been found. Is to be dated.

Geten , influenced by Hellenic culture, followed later . In the 3rd century BC The Celts extended their sphere of influence to the lower Danube and gave the place the name Noviodunum .

The Persian King Dareios I passed 514 BC. BC probably here with a ship bridge the Danube to fight against the Scythians . Greek chroniclers like Claudius Ptolemy and Hierocles called the place " Polis ".

The Roman Empire took control of the city, which became part of the Moesia Province, in AD 46 . Noviodunum - which is 2 km east of the present city - was fortified and the main military and economic center of the region. Here was the base of the Roman Navy on the lower Danube, then temporarily the headquarters of the Legio V Macedonica , the Legio I Italica and the Legio I Iovia .

Around 170 the Roman settlements in Dobruja were attacked by the Dacian tribe of Costoboci from what is now the Republic of Moldova . Attacks by the Carps and Goths followed in the 3rd century . Presumably in the year 247 the Romans had to give up Noviodunum. The Carps sacked the city and enslaved its residents. The fortifications were probably destroyed during the invasions of the Goths and Heruli in 267, during the reign of the Roman emperor Gallienus . Numerous archaeological finds date from this period, including a treasure trove of 1,071 Roman coins. The looting left Noviodunum uninhabited and destroyed by the end of the 3rd century at the latest.

During the reign of Emperor Constantine the Great (306–337) the fortifications were renewed; The aim was to stabilize the borders of the Roman Empire on the lower Danube again.

In the 4th century the city became a center of Christian life. In 1971 the grave of four Christian martyrs was discovered in the nearby town of Niculițel , who were probably killed in Noviodunum during the persecution of Christians under Diocletian (303-304) and Licinius (308-324).

In 369, a battle took place on the opposite bank of the Danube between the Roman troops of Emperor Valens and the Terwingen under Athanaric .

After the division of the Roman Empire, Noviodunum became part of the Byzantine Empire and was an important naval base. Between 434 and 441 the city belonged to the Hunnic Empire . After Attila's death, the region was part of the domain of his son Hernac .

Slavs began to settle in the early 6th century, as evidenced by a report by the historian Jordanes from the year 551. The city again belonged to the Byzantine Empire, but suffered from frequent attacks by various nomadic peoples ( Kutriguren 559, Avars 561/562). In the middle of the 6th century new fortifications were built; under Emperor Justinian I , the city became a bishopric.

During the reign of Emperor Phokas (602–610), numerous Avars settled in addition to Slavs. Byzantine rule was increasingly weakened until in 681 the Byzantine Empire recognized the First Bulgarian Empire and gave up its claims to the region. From then on there was no written or archaeological evidence of the city's existence for more than 300 years.

middle Ages

Around 950, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII spoke of six desert cities in the area, which could be the earliest mention of the city in a long time. In 971 Isaccea was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire and the defenses restored. In 1036 Petschenegen settled down. They carried on a brisk trade with the Byzantines, which led to a significant economic boom. The Pechenegs assimilated and soon no longer appeared in the history of the city.

Seal of Isaac II found in Isaccea

In the middle of the 12th century, Isaccea was completely destroyed by attacks by the Cumans and then rebuilt. During the next few decades the city became an important military base again. Important archaeological finds also date from this period, including a. a seal of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II.

Tatars settled here in the late 13th century . Between 1280 and 1299 the city was a starting point for Kara Nogai Khan's campaigns against the Bulgarian city of Tarnowo . At that time it was a Muslim center and residence of the Turkish dervish Sarı Saltuk . In the early 14th century, the Arab chronicler Abu l-Fida described the city as predominantly Turkish and ruled by the Byzantines. Isaccea became the center of a Byzantine despotate who became a vassal of the Golden Horde between 1332 and 1337 . During this time the name Saqčï appears for the city .

The Tatars maintained a mint in the city , whose coins were minted with Greek and Arabic letters between 1286 and 1351.

In the late 14th century, the city was temporarily under the control of the Wallachian prince Mircea cel Bătrân . In 1417 the Ottomans under Mehmed I conquered the city ​​and stationed a garrison here . In 1462 the city was recaptured by Vlad Țepeș for Wallachia; his soldiers carried out a massacre of the Bulgarian and Turkish urban populations. In 1484 the Ottomans took over again and incorporated Isaccea into the province of Silistria .

The massacre and destruction of the city in 1462 fundamentally changed the ethnic makeup of the city. In the 16th century it remained a small town, mostly inhabited by Christians. With the victory of Mehmed II against the Wallachians and the conquests of Bayezid II ( Kilija and Akkerman ), Isaccea was no longer directly threatened, so that the Ottomans saw no more reason to rebuild the fortifications.

In 1574 the Moldovan prince Ioan Vodă cel Viteaz failed due to the betrayal of a military leader in an attempt to conquer the city - which was then called Oblucița in Romanian . In 1598/1599 there were clashes between the Ottomans and the Wallachian prince Mihai Viteazul , who was able to bring Isaccea temporarily under his control.

In 1603 Cossacks set fire to the city. Sultan Osman II then began a series of campaigns against the Cossacks; In 1620 he also arranged for a fortress to be rebuilt, this time at a different location.

In December 1673, the noble Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino was elected prince of the principality of Moldavia, which was dependent on the Ottoman Empire , in the Ottoman camp of the city .

Modern times

During the Russo-Turkish wars in the 18th and 19th centuries, Isaccea was occupied several times by troops from both sides, set on fire several times and completely destroyed.

In the 1770s, Isaccea was besieged three times (1770, 1771, 1779), in 1771 it was conquered by the Russians, who destroyed the fortifications and the mosques. After ten years of war there were still 150 houses in the city. In the war of 1787–1792 , the Russian fleet at Isaccea under José de Ribas captured the Turkish fleet. During the war, the city changed hands several times. During the war of 1828–1829 , the Ottoman occupation of Isaccea capitulated on May 30, 1828 without resistance. In 1853 - during the Crimean War - Isaccea was again besieged by the Russians and liberated on March 11th (23rd) 1854. before the warfare shifted to the Crimean Peninsula and the city was then abandoned by the Russian army in June.

In the course of the Russo-Ottoman War (1877–1878) Isaccea was taken by Russian troops without a fight; many Muslim residents fled the city. After the war, Dobruja and with it Isaccea became part of Romania.

In 1915 the Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga described Isaccea as "a collection of small and poor houses spread out on a hill".

During the First World War , Russian forces crossed the Danube at Isaccea in 1916 to support the Romanian troops in their war against the Central Powers . After the failure of this action, the Russians and Romanians withdrew and had to surrender the city to the German and Bulgarian troops on December 24, 1916. After the end of the war, Isaccea came under Romanian administration again.

Isaccea's main industries are agriculture, fishing and tourism.

population

In 1930 there were about 4500 people living in the area of ​​today's city, including about 3500 Romanians , 600 Russians , 350 Turks and Tatars and 50 Bulgarians . The 2002 census counted 5374 inhabitants, including 5118 Romanians, 208 Turks and 21 Ukrainians . About 4800 lived in Isaccea itself, the rest in the two incorporated villages.

traffic

Isaccea has no rail connection. The European route 87 runs through the city from Odessa to Antalya . There are regular bus connections to Tulcea and Constanța .

energy

South of Isaccea is the only 750 kV substation in Romania, which is the only such substation in the EU, along with the substations in Suworowo (Bulgaria), Widelka (Poland) and Albertirsa (Hungary). It is the only substation for 750 kV in the EU, from which two 750 kV lines originate - one to the Ukraine to the South Ukraine nuclear power plant , which crosses the Danube at 2,118 meters without masts, and one to Suvorovo. The latter line is currently operated at 400 kV.

Attractions

  • Remains of the Roman city of Noviodunum
  • Church Sf. Gheorghe (18th century)
  • Mosque Geamia Azizie (18th century)
  • Cocoș Monastery (1883–1913, 6 km south)

sons and daughters of the town

Web links

Commons : Isaccea  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 2011 census in Romania at citypopulation.de
  2. ↑ a b c d Integratio: Dobrogea de Nord: Isaccea: History, a project of the Centro Universitario Europeo per i Beni Culturali. December 2006. ( Memento from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ a b Constantin Haită: Studiu sedimentologic preliminar pe situl neolitic Isaccea-Suhat . Campania 1998, Peuce , 2003, 14 ISSN  0258-8102 , pp. 447-452.
  4. ↑ DM Pippidi et al. a .: Dicționar de istorie veche a României . Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 1976, OCLC 251847977 , p. 149.
  5. ↑ a b Alexandru Barnea: Noviodunum, azi Isaccea. In: Ziarul Financiar. August 17, 2007, accessed June 21, 2009
  6. ↑ a b c D.M. Pippidi et al. a .: Dicționar de istorie veche a României . Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. 1976, OCLC 251847977 , pp. 431-432.
  7. ↑ Bărbulescu, Hitchins, Papacostea, Teodor, Deletant and others. a .: Istoria Românilor . Edited by the Institutul de Istorie Nicolae Iorga, 1998, ISBN 973-45-0244-1 , p. 73.
  8. ^ JJ Wilkes: The Roman Danube: An Archaeological Survey . In: The Journal of Roman Studies . 95, 2005, ISSN  0075-4358 , p. 217.
  9. ↑ Bărbulescu et al. a., p. 57.
  10. ↑ a b Bărbulescu u. a., p. 60
  11. ↑ DM Pippidi et al. a .: Dicționar de istorie veche a României . Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1976, OCLC 251847977 , p. 185.
  12. ↑ Mircea Păcurariu: Sfinţi daco-Roman şi Romani . Editura Mitropoliei Moldovei și Bucovinei. Iași 1994, ISBN 973-96208-6-8 , p. 25.
  13. ^ Michael Kulikowski: Rome's Gothic Wars . Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-84633-2 , p. 116.
  14. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus: The Later Roman Empire, AD 354–378. translated by Walter Hamilton. Book 15, Penguin, 1986, ISBN 0-14-044406-8 .
  15. ^ Edward A. Thompson : The Huns . Blackwell Publishing, 1999, ISBN 0-631-21443-7 , pp. 269-270.
  16. ↑ a b c Bărbulescu u. a., p. 103.
  17. ↑ Jordanes : The Origins and Deeds of the Goths . Translated by Charles C. Mierow. P. 35.
  18. ↑ Machiel Kiel: Ottoman Urban Development and the cult of a Heterodox Sufi Saint: Sarı Saltuk Dede and towns of Isakçe and Babadagin the Northern Dobrudja . In: Gilles Veinstein: Syncrétismes Et Hérésies Dans L'Orient Seljoukide Et Ottoman (XIVe-XVIIIe Siècles): Actes Du Colloque Du Collège de France, Octobre 2001. Peeters Publishers. 2005, ISBN 90-429-1549-8 , p. 288.
  19. ↑ Paul Stephenson: Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204. Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-77017-3 , p. 103.
  20. ^ Florin Curta: Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 . Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-81539-8 , p. 302.
  21. ↑ Observaţii asupra revoltei din Paradunavon din 1072-1091 . ( Memento of the original from March 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Istorie și ideology . Editura Universității din Bucureşti. 2002, ISBN 973-575-658-7 , pp. 34-46 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ebooks.unibuc.ro
  22. ↑ Stephenson, p. 86
  23. ↑ Curta, pp. 319-320.
  24. ↑ Robert Stănciugel, Liliana Monica Bălaşa: Dobrogea în Secolele VII-XIX. Evoluție istorică . Bucharest 2005, p. 45.
  25. ↑ Kiel, p. 289
  26. ↑ Stănciugel u. a., p. 55.
  27. ↑ István Vásáry: Cumans and Tatars . Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-511-11015-4 , p. 90.
  28. ↑ Vásáry, pp. 89-90.
  29. ^ Colin Imber: The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45 . Ashgate Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-7546-0144-7 , pp. 4-5.
  30. ↑ David Turnock: The Making of Eastern Europe . Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-415-01267-8 , p. 138.
  31. ^ Kurt W. Treptow: Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Tepes . Columbia University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-88033-220-4 .
  32. ↑ Kiel, pp. 289-290.
  33. ^ Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu: Ioan Vodă cel Cumplit , 1865, in the Romanian-language Wikisource
  34. ↑ Ileana Căzan, Eugen Denize: Marile puteri şi spaţiul românesc în secolele XV – XVI ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Editura Universității din București, 2001, ISBN 973-575-597-1 , p. 276. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ebooks.unibuc.ro
  35. ↑ Nicolae Iorga: štúdií istorice asupra Chiliei şi Cetăţii-Albe . Institutul de arte grafice C. Göbl, 1900, p. 217.
  36. ↑ Kiel, p. 291.
  37. ↑ Valentin Gheonea: Dumitraşcu Cantacuzino - Un fanariot pe tronul Moldovei în secolul XVII . ( Memento from September 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Istoric magazine, December 1997
  38. ^ A b c Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. (Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона). IA Efron. 1906. Volume 13, p. 364
  39. ↑ Сборник История русской армии
  40. ↑ История на България, С., 1983, т. 5, изд. на БАН, p. 396.
  41. ↑ James J. Reid: Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878 . Franz Steiner Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-515-07687-5 , p. 317.
  42. ↑ Keith Hitchins: Rumania: 1866-1947 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) . Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-19-822126-6 , pp. 47-48.
  43. ^ A b Glenn Torrey: Indifference and Mistrust: Russian-Romanian Collaboration in the Campaign of 1916 . In: The Journal of Military History , Volume 57/2, April 1993, pp. 284, 288
  44. ^ Russians still retire in Dobrudja. In: New York Times , December 25, 1916, p. 3.
  45. ^ Map of the 1930 census
  46. ↑ 2002 census , accessed June 21, 2009.
  47. ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: receptie.ro ) accessed on June 21, 2009@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.receptie.ro